February 1949 - Philippine Supreme Court Decisions/Resolutions
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G.R. No. L-2451 February 24, 1949 - JOSE M. TUMULAK v. PROTOLICO EGAY
082 Phil 828:
082 Phil 828:
EN BANC
[G.R. No. L-2451. February 24, 1949.]
JOSE M. TUMULAK, Petitioner, v. PROTOLICO EGAY, Respondent.
Petitioner Tumulak in his own behalf.
Respondent Egay in his own behalf.
SYLLABUS
1. QUO WARRANTO; PUBLIC OFFICERS; LIMITATIONS OF ACTION; CASE AT BAR. — The petitioner’s right of action, if any, accrued in July, 1946, when respondent allegedly usurped the office. From that day to August, 1948, more than one year has elapsed. The petition, therefore, may not be entertained.
2. ID.; ID.; ID.; APPLICABILITY TO OFFICERS WHOSE TENURE OF OFFICE IS PROTECTED BY CONSTITUTION. — Constitutional rights may be waived, and the inaction of the officer for one year could be validly considered as a waiver, i. e., a renunciation which no principle of justice may prevent.
3. ID.; ID.; ID. — It is not proper that the title to public office should be subjected to continued uncertainty, and the people’s interest requires that such right should be determined as speedily as practicable.
2. ID.; ID.; ID.; APPLICABILITY TO OFFICERS WHOSE TENURE OF OFFICE IS PROTECTED BY CONSTITUTION. — Constitutional rights may be waived, and the inaction of the officer for one year could be validly considered as a waiver, i. e., a renunciation which no principle of justice may prevent.
3. ID.; ID.; ID. — It is not proper that the title to public office should be subjected to continued uncertainty, and the people’s interest requires that such right should be determined as speedily as practicable.
D E C I S I O N
BENGZON, J.:
Through this quo warranto proceeding filed in August, 1948, the petitioner seeks to wrest from respondent the position of justice of the peace of the municipalities of Gigaquit and Bacuag, Province of Surigao. He alleges that in December, 1932, he became the duly appointed judge of said towns and acted accordingly until August, 1942, when the Japanese seized the province; that after the liberation, and in January, 1946, he received from President Sergio Osmeña an appointment ad interim for the same position; that in May, 1946, he duly qualified and assumed the office; that thereafter he went to Cebu to fetch his family, but upon returning he found the respondent Protolico Egay occupying the post beginning July, 1946; that he "had no other remedy" but to "accept the situation" ; that in February, 1948, he was informed of the decision of this Court in Tavora v. Gavina, 1 that thereafter and pursuant to said decision he asked the Department of Justice for reinstatement; and that, having failed to obtain relief, he instituted this litigation to vindicate his right to the office.
Required to answer, respondent submits a motion to dismiss the case, asserting that the action has lapsed because it was commenced more than one year after the cause of action had accrued. The Rules provide that:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"SEC 16. Limitations. — Nothing contained in this rule shall be construed . . . to authorize an action against an officer for his ouster from office unless the same be commenced within one year after the cause of such ouster, or the right of the plaintiff to hold office, arose; . . ." (Rule 68, Rules of Court, page 139.)
There is no question that petitioner’s right of action, if any, accrued in July, 1946, when respondent allegedly usurped the office. From that day to August, 1948, more than one year has elapsed. This petition is, therefore, out of time and may not be entertained. (Bautista v. Fajardo, 38 Phil., 624; Abeto v. Rodas, supra, p. 59 46 Off. Gaz., 930-938).
During our deliberations, some doubt was expressed as to the validity of this period of limitation when it refers to officers whose tenure is protected by the Constitution. Reduced to its simplest terms, the position seems to be that a statute may not limit the period within which a constitutional right should be asserted or enforced before judicial tribunals. The statement, however, would, in effect, contradict settled doctrines and practices. For instance, the right to recover real property admittedly prescribes after ten years; yet nobody will deny that such right is verily protected by the Constitution. Contracts are guaranteed by the Constitution; but none, question the applicability of the statute of limitations to belated proceedings to enforce contractual obligations.
Furthermore, constitutional rights may certainly be waived, 2 and the inaction of the officer for one year could be validly considered as a waiver, i.e., a renunciation which no principle of justice may prevent, he being at liberty to resign his position anytime he pleases.
And there is good justification for the limitation period: it is not proper that the title to public office should be subjected to continued uncertainty, and the people’s interest requires that such right should be determined as speedily as practicable.
Remembering that the period fixed may not be procedural in nature, it is quite possible that some persons will question the validity of the "rule of court" on the point. However, it should be obvious that if we admit the inefficacy of the particular rule of court hereinbefore transcribed, the previous statute on the subject (Act 190, section 216) — equally providing for a one-year term — would automatically come into effect, and we return to where we started: one year has passed.
It is also suggested that according to Agcaoili v. Suguitan, 3 the one-year period does not refer to public officers, but to corporations. In that litigation, it is true that the court, on this particular point, decided by a bare majority, the case for the petitioner on two grounds, namely, (a) the one-year period applies only to actions against corporations and not to actions against public officers and (b) even if it applied to officers, the period had not lapsed in view of the particular circumstances. However, upon a reconsideration this Court "modified" the decision "heretofore announced" 4 by limiting it to the second ground.
And thereafter — this is conclusive — this Court, with the concurrence of justices who had signed the original Agcaoili decision, expressly applied the one-year period in a quo warranto contest between two justices of the peace. 5
Wherefore, the petition is dismissed, with costs. So ordered.
Moran, C.J., Paras, Pablo, Tuason and Montemayor, JJ., concur.
FERIA, J., concurring and dissenting:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
I concur in the dismissal of the petitioner’s petition or action of quo warranto on the ground that it is barred by the statute of limitations specially provided in section 6, Rule 68, Rules of Court, taken substantially from section 216 of Act No. 190, because the respondent has filed a motion to dismiss on the ground that the petitioner’s cause of action is barred by statute of limitations section (e) Rule 8 of the Rules of Court.
Had not the respondent filed a motion to dismiss on that ground, or alleged the statute of limitations as a defense in his answer in case he had not filed a motion to dismiss, this Court could not dismiss the petitioner’s petition on said ground. Because, according to Sec. 10, Rule 9, "defenses and objections not pleaded either in a motion to dismiss or in the answer are deemed waived, except the defense of failure to state a cause of action" and "that the court has no jurisdiction over the subject-matter." And bar of an action by the statute of limitations is one of said objection or defenses.
But I dissent from the decision in that, besides correctly citing the ruling of this Supreme Court in the case of Bautista v. Fajardo, 38 Phil., 624, which is one of the several cases in which this Court has declared that the period of one year within which a petition for quo warranto must be filed, fixed by section 216 of Act No. 190 and reproduced in section 16, Rule 68, is a limitation of action as clearly stated in the caption of said sections 216 and 16, it also cites in support of the decision the case of Abeto v. Rodas, 6 L-2041, promulgated on November 3, 1948, 46 Off. Gaz., 930-938, in which it was held by the majority of the members of this Court that the said period of time is not a limitation of action, but a condition precedent or essential element of the petitioner’s right of action. For in said case of Abeto v. Rodas, this Court dismissed the petition of Judge Abeto because it was filed more than one year after his cause of action accrued, although the respondent Judge Rodas had not filed a motion to dismiss on the ground that Abeto’s action is barred by the statute of limitation, nor an answer alleging the statute of limitation as a defense.
By citing the cases of Bautista v. Fajardo 7 and Abeto v. Rodas at the same time, the decision seems to convey the idea that the period of time within which an action must be filed, may be considered indifferently either as a limitation of action or a condition precedent. We differ from that concept of two wholly different things in their nature and effects, as we have shown in our dissenting opinion in the aforementioned case of Abeto v. Rodas, which we have to reproduce below to support our conclusion:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"I strongly dissent from the decision of the majority.
"The pertinent provision of section 16, Rule 68, is substantially taken from section 216 those of the old Code of Civil Procedure, Act No. 190, as amended, which read as follows:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"‘SEC. 216. Limitations. — Nothing herein contained shall authorize an action against a corporation for forfeiture of charter, unless the same be commenced within five years after the act complained of was done or committed; nor shall an action be brought against an officer to be ousted from his office unless within one year after the cause of such ouster, or the right to hold the office, arose.
"This Court in construing the above quoted provisions in the case of Bautista v. Fajardo (38 Phil., 624) quoted in the decision of the majority and the case of Agcaoili v. Suguitan, 48 Phil., 697, has held that said section provides for limitation of an action of quo warranto.
"In the case of Bautista v. Fajardo it was said:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"‘. . . if a petitioner delays bringing his action, as in this case, for more than one year after his right to hold the office arises, the action is barred although the usurper or other person holding the office at the time of the institution of the proceeding to oust him may not himself have been in adverse possession for a full year.’
"‘It cannot be supposed that the Legislature intended that the right to a public office, when dependent upon prescription, should be subject to continued uncertainty; and the public interest clearly requires that such right should be determined as speedily as practicable. It is evident that where the action to recover an office has once prescribed it cannot be revived by any change in the personality of the incumbent; and it cannot be admitted that a new right, different from that which he had previously possessed, accrued to the petitioner upon May 6, 1917, when the respondent was inducted into office. If the petitioner had any right it had existed at least from the beginning of the official term, and the prescription must be computed from that date.’ (38 Phil., 627, 628.)
"And in the case of Agcaoili v. Suguitan, this Court held:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"‘In our opinion, even granting that section 216 is applicable to the appellant, the period of prescription had not begun to run at the time of the commencement of the present action. He was justified in delaying the commencement of his action until an answer to his protest had been made. He had a right to await the answer to his protest, in the confident belief that it would be resolved in his favor and that action would be unnecessary.’ (48 Phil., 676, 697.)
The very caption of the above quoted provisions, and of section 16, Rule 68, plainly shows that it refers to ’Limitation’ of action. Second paragraph of Act 336 of the Code of Commerce which provides that:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"‘The purchaser shall have a right of action against the vendor for defect in the quantity or quality of merchandise received in bales or packages, provided he brings his action within the four days following that of its receipt, and the damage is not due to fortuitous event, inherent defect of the thing, or fraud.’
"It has been construed by this Court, in the case of Ban Kiat & Co. v. Atkins, Kroll & Co. (44 Phil., 4, 12-13), to provide for limitation of actions, because it refers to the time for bringing an action, and therefore it was superseded by the statute of limitation contained in the old Code of Civil Procedure, according to this Court.
"The provisions of our law on quo warranto were taken from the laws or statutes in force in the States, and there is no statute or decision in the States of the Union which considers the time within which a special civil action of quo warranto as a condition precedent to the institution of the action. It has always been construed or established as a limitation of action (51 C. J., p. 330; 44 Am. Jur., p. 62).
"The limitation provided for in said section 16, Rule 68 applies not only to action against an officer for the ouster from office, whether a public office or an office in a private corporation, but also to actions against a corporation for forfeiture of charter, and against the person ousted for damages. It was substantially taken from sections 211 and 216 of old Code of Civil Procedure, and it can not have a different import from the latter’s provisions, because this Supreme Court has no power under the Constitution to promulgate Rules providing for limitation of actions, as well as conditions precedent to the bringing of action, for they are not matters of procedure, pleading and practice, but of substantive law. Said section 211 provided that the person declared entitled to the office may, at any time within one year after the date of the judgment, bring an action against the person ousted and recover the damages sustained by reason of his usurpation; and section 216 prescribed that no action shall be brought against a corporation for forfeiture of charter, or against an officer to be ousted from his office unless within one year after the case of such ouster or the right to hold office arose. Besides, there is absolutely reason why the time within which such actions must be instituted should be considered as a condition precedent to the institution of an action or right of action.
"In the case of Sempio v. Del Rosario, 44 Phil., 1, this Court construed the period of nine days as a condition precedent to or essential element of the right of legal redemption, because said period refers to the exercise of legal redemption and not to the institution of the action to redeem. That is, that the legal redemptioner in such case has, within that period, to exercise his right or make demand upon the purchaser of an adjacent rural estate with an area less than one hectare and offer the repurchase price, because if he does not do so he loses or waives his right of legal redemption. If the latter refuses to accept it, he may file the corresponding action at any time with the corresponding period of limitation provided by law. A substantive right may be exercised without necessity of instituting a judicial action against the one having the correlative obligation, unless the latter refuses or fails to perform it.
"The extinction of a substantive right must be distinguished from the bar by the statute of limitation of the action to enforce it. The right to institute an action may be barred by the statute of limitation, and yet the substantive right subsist, as shown by the fact that if the defense of prescription of action or statute of limitation is not set up, the plaintiff or the person having the right may enforce it may recover. But the extinction of a right carries necessarily with it the extinction of the corresponding right of action, as well stated by the late Chief Justice Arellano in the case of Domingo v. Osorio (7 Phil., 405)."cralaw virtua1aw library
PERFECTO, J., dissenting:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
We are of opinion that the petition should be granted, and so we vote.
To deny the petition because it was filed more than one year after the cause of action had accrued, by applying to that effect the limitation provided in Section 16 of Rule 68, Rules of Court, is a grievous error that should not be allowed unobjected to.
We are of opinion that section 16 of Rule 68 cannot impair judicial tenure of office as guaranteed by the Constitution, and our position in this respect has been explained in our opinion in the case of Abeto v. Rodas, L-2041, supra.
The argument by analogy as to constitutional guarantees of properties and contracts has no force. The constitutional guarantees as to properties and contracts are conditioned by due process of law, and prescription and the statute of limitations provided by law under which property and rights under a contract may be lost, satisfy the constitutional requirement of due process.
If applied to judicial tenure of office, section 16 of Rule 68 would not satisfy the guarantee of due process of law. As hinted in the majority decision, the one-year limit provided therein is based on the presumption of waiver. That presumption cannot exist in the case of petitioner Tumulak. The fact that he has instituted the action in this case is a conclusive evidence that he has not renounced his right to continue occupying his judgeship. A presumption that an attitude has been adopted cannot prevail upon the reality that such attitude has never been adopted. A legal or technical presumption regarding a reality cannot prevail against the reality itself.
BRIONES, M., disidente:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
Estimo que el recurrente tiene derecho a ser repuesto en su cargo. No cabe alegar prescripcion contra el recurso, porque el articulo 16, regla 68 de los tribunales, que trae su origen de los articulos 211 y 216 de la ley No. 190 (antiguo Codigo de Procedimiento Civil), se refiere solamente a oficiales o funcionarios de corporaciones particulares y no es aplicable a funcionarios publicos (Agcaoili contra Suguitan, 48 Jur. Fil., 717).
En el asunto citado se suscito la misma cuestion planteada en el que nos ocupa. La Corte Suprema, en una sentencia de 6 contra 3, resolvio categorica mente que el articulo 216 del Codigo de Procedimiento Civil no era aplicable a funcionarios publicos sino solo a los de corporaciones. No veo ninguna razon por que se va a abrogar ahora una doctrina tan sana como la sentada en el referido asunto.
". . . La regla de que las leyes de prescripcion no obligan al rey (al Estado) o al pueblo, se aplica a procedimientos de quo warranto, siendo la regla la de que el representante del Estado puede presentar una querella a nombre del pueblo en cualquier tiempo; y el transcurso del tiempo no constituye impedimento alguno a las actuaciones, con arreglo a la maxima pullum tempos occeurrit regi. (Catlett v. People, ex rel. State’s attorney 151 Ill., 16.) El que el Estado pretenda que las leyes de prescripcion no se aplican a el y sin embargo insista en que puede interponerlas para impedir un juicio de quo warranto entablado por uno de sus funcionarios publicos a quien el mismo ha privado de su cargo, nos parece injusto, inequitativo e irrazonable y no cae dentro de las reglas de sana jurisprudencia." (Agcaoili contra Suguitan, supra, p. 734.)
En la sentencia citada la Corte desarrolla el argumento de que tal como esta redactado el articulo 216 de la ley No. 190 (la redaccion del articulo 16, regla 68, del presente reglamento de los tribunales, es enteramente igual), no puede referirse en su segunda parte u oracion, que viene despues de un punto y coma, mas que a los oficiales de una corporacion, puesto que la primera parte trata de la accion de quo warranto contra una corporacion. He aqui el argumento que para mi sigue siendo tan inexpugnable como cuando se expuso por primera vez:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"Pero aun concediendo que el apelante queda obligado por las disposiciones del articulo 216 8 segun aparece en ingles, �es dicho articulo aplicable al apelante? Consultando dicho articulo arriba citado en ingles, se vera que despues de la palabra "committed" hay un punto y coma. �Lo que viene despues del punto y coma se refiere acaso a la misma materia que le precede? Un punto y coma es una marca de puntuacion gramatical, en el lenguaje ingles, para indicar una separacion en la relacion del pensamiento, un grado mayor que lo expresado por la coma, y lo que sigue al punto y coma debe tener relacion con la misma materia que le precede. Lo que sigue a un punto y coma siempre tiene relacion con la misma materia de aquello que le precede. Un punto y coma no se usa con el fin de introducir una nueva idea. Se usa el punto y coma con el fin de continuar la expresion de un pensamiento, un grado mayor que lo expresado por una mera coma. Nunca se usa con el fin de introducir una nueva idea. Se usan la coma y el punto y coma ambos para un mismo fin, a saber, para dividir oraciones y partes de oraciones, con la unica diferencia de que el punto y coma hace la division un poco mas pronunciada que la coma. Siempre puede hacerse referencia a la puntuacion en una ley con el fin de determinar el verdadero significado de una ley dudosa. Siguese por tanto que comoquiera que todas las disposiciones de dicho articulo 216 que preceden al punto y coma se refieren solamente a las corporaciones, lo que sigue a dicho punto y coma tiene referencia a la misma materia o a los funcionarios de uno corporacion."cralaw virtua1aw library
El Magistrado Sr. Malcolm, en su opinion concurrente, desenvuelve el mismo argumento con claridad y vigor, si bien en forma mas breve y condensada, a saber:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"(B) La accion del demandante no ha prescrito en virtud de las disposiciones del articulo 216 del Codigo de Procedimiento Civil. Ese articulo se contrae particularmente a una accion ’contra una corporacion.’ Mas adelante, despues de un punto y coma, viene esta clausula ’tampoco se podra iniciar un juicio contra la persona que ejerza un cargo,’ que plenamente se retrotrae a ’corporacion.’ De otro modo, la nueva idea se hubiera expresado ya en un articulo separado, ya en una oracion separada. Que esto es cierto lo corrobora, ademas, la traduccion al castellano, haciendo uso de la frase ’la persona que ejerza un cargo en una corporacion,’ que tenemos el privilegio de consultar para explicar alguna ambig�edad en el texto en ingles." (Agcaoili contra Suguitan, supra, pp. 741, 742.)
Pero aun concediendo por un momento que la regla sobre prescripcion es aplicable al recurrente, sostengo que el plazo de un año no debe contarse desde el mes de Julio de 1946 en que el recurrido comenzo a ocupar el cargo sino desde el 20 de Marzo de 1948, fecha de la comunicacion del Secretario de Justicia en que se denego la solicitud presentada por el recurrente para su reposicion, o en todo caso desde que quedo firme la sentencia en el asunto de Tavora contra Gavina y Arciaga, (45 Gac. Of., 1769, 1776,) 9 El presente recurso se registro en nuestra escribania el 26 de Agosto de 1948; por tanto, muy dentro del plazo de un año señalado por la ley de prescripcion, si el mismo se cuenta desde cualquiera de las dos ultimas fechas.
Es preciso tener en cuenta que el presente caso asi como el de Tavora y otros congeneres no son casos ordinarios de desposeimiento y usurpacion, sino que han sido el resultado de una politica basicamente erronea del Gobierno al considerar cesantes a los jueces de paz de la preguerra en virtud de la solucion de continuidad causada por la ocupacion japonesa. El caso de Tavora fue un "test case", un caso de prueba. El caso no era solo de Tavora, sino de todos los jueces de paz colocados en la misma situacion. Por tanto, en equidad y en justicia, el periodo de prescripcion, suponiendo que existiera, tenia que quedar interrumpido para todos, hasta que el asunto se decidiese finalmente por este Tribunal Supremo. Es aplicable al presente caso lo que el Magistrado Sr. Malcolm dijo en su citada opinion concurrente en el asunto de Agcaoili contra Suguitan, a saber:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"(C) Aun en el supuesto de que el articulo 216 del Codigo de Procedimiento Civil sea aplicable, aun no resulta claro que haya trascurrido un año ’siguiente a la fecha de la comision del hecho que dio motivo a su privacion.’ En realidad, no ha existido motivo alguno para la privacion, puesto que fue una interpretacion erronea de la ley, que fue desaprobada por el Tribunal Supremo, la que dio por resultado la tentativa de desposeer del cargo al Sr. Agcaoili, y de poner en posesion del cargo al Juez de Paz Auxiliar. Lo mas que podria decirse de esa tentativa de desposeerle ee que el Juez de Paz Auxiliar meramente se convirtio en juez de paz de facto." (Agcaoili contra Suguitan, supra, p. 742.)
Mi conclusion, por tanto, es que el recurrente es juez de paz de jure y tiene derecho a ser repuesto en su cargo. Usando la frase del Magistrado Sr. Malcolm, el recurrido no es mas que un juez de facto.
Required to answer, respondent submits a motion to dismiss the case, asserting that the action has lapsed because it was commenced more than one year after the cause of action had accrued. The Rules provide that:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"SEC 16. Limitations. — Nothing contained in this rule shall be construed . . . to authorize an action against an officer for his ouster from office unless the same be commenced within one year after the cause of such ouster, or the right of the plaintiff to hold office, arose; . . ." (Rule 68, Rules of Court, page 139.)
There is no question that petitioner’s right of action, if any, accrued in July, 1946, when respondent allegedly usurped the office. From that day to August, 1948, more than one year has elapsed. This petition is, therefore, out of time and may not be entertained. (Bautista v. Fajardo, 38 Phil., 624; Abeto v. Rodas, supra, p. 59 46 Off. Gaz., 930-938).
During our deliberations, some doubt was expressed as to the validity of this period of limitation when it refers to officers whose tenure is protected by the Constitution. Reduced to its simplest terms, the position seems to be that a statute may not limit the period within which a constitutional right should be asserted or enforced before judicial tribunals. The statement, however, would, in effect, contradict settled doctrines and practices. For instance, the right to recover real property admittedly prescribes after ten years; yet nobody will deny that such right is verily protected by the Constitution. Contracts are guaranteed by the Constitution; but none, question the applicability of the statute of limitations to belated proceedings to enforce contractual obligations.
Furthermore, constitutional rights may certainly be waived, 2 and the inaction of the officer for one year could be validly considered as a waiver, i.e., a renunciation which no principle of justice may prevent, he being at liberty to resign his position anytime he pleases.
And there is good justification for the limitation period: it is not proper that the title to public office should be subjected to continued uncertainty, and the people’s interest requires that such right should be determined as speedily as practicable.
Remembering that the period fixed may not be procedural in nature, it is quite possible that some persons will question the validity of the "rule of court" on the point. However, it should be obvious that if we admit the inefficacy of the particular rule of court hereinbefore transcribed, the previous statute on the subject (Act 190, section 216) — equally providing for a one-year term — would automatically come into effect, and we return to where we started: one year has passed.
It is also suggested that according to Agcaoili v. Suguitan, 3 the one-year period does not refer to public officers, but to corporations. In that litigation, it is true that the court, on this particular point, decided by a bare majority, the case for the petitioner on two grounds, namely, (a) the one-year period applies only to actions against corporations and not to actions against public officers and (b) even if it applied to officers, the period had not lapsed in view of the particular circumstances. However, upon a reconsideration this Court "modified" the decision "heretofore announced" 4 by limiting it to the second ground.
And thereafter — this is conclusive — this Court, with the concurrence of justices who had signed the original Agcaoili decision, expressly applied the one-year period in a quo warranto contest between two justices of the peace. 5
Wherefore, the petition is dismissed, with costs. So ordered.
Moran, C.J., Paras, Pablo, Tuason and Montemayor, JJ., concur.
Separate Opinions
FERIA, J., concurring and dissenting:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
I concur in the dismissal of the petitioner’s petition or action of quo warranto on the ground that it is barred by the statute of limitations specially provided in section 6, Rule 68, Rules of Court, taken substantially from section 216 of Act No. 190, because the respondent has filed a motion to dismiss on the ground that the petitioner’s cause of action is barred by statute of limitations section (e) Rule 8 of the Rules of Court.
Had not the respondent filed a motion to dismiss on that ground, or alleged the statute of limitations as a defense in his answer in case he had not filed a motion to dismiss, this Court could not dismiss the petitioner’s petition on said ground. Because, according to Sec. 10, Rule 9, "defenses and objections not pleaded either in a motion to dismiss or in the answer are deemed waived, except the defense of failure to state a cause of action" and "that the court has no jurisdiction over the subject-matter." And bar of an action by the statute of limitations is one of said objection or defenses.
But I dissent from the decision in that, besides correctly citing the ruling of this Supreme Court in the case of Bautista v. Fajardo, 38 Phil., 624, which is one of the several cases in which this Court has declared that the period of one year within which a petition for quo warranto must be filed, fixed by section 216 of Act No. 190 and reproduced in section 16, Rule 68, is a limitation of action as clearly stated in the caption of said sections 216 and 16, it also cites in support of the decision the case of Abeto v. Rodas, 6 L-2041, promulgated on November 3, 1948, 46 Off. Gaz., 930-938, in which it was held by the majority of the members of this Court that the said period of time is not a limitation of action, but a condition precedent or essential element of the petitioner’s right of action. For in said case of Abeto v. Rodas, this Court dismissed the petition of Judge Abeto because it was filed more than one year after his cause of action accrued, although the respondent Judge Rodas had not filed a motion to dismiss on the ground that Abeto’s action is barred by the statute of limitation, nor an answer alleging the statute of limitation as a defense.
By citing the cases of Bautista v. Fajardo 7 and Abeto v. Rodas at the same time, the decision seems to convey the idea that the period of time within which an action must be filed, may be considered indifferently either as a limitation of action or a condition precedent. We differ from that concept of two wholly different things in their nature and effects, as we have shown in our dissenting opinion in the aforementioned case of Abeto v. Rodas, which we have to reproduce below to support our conclusion:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"I strongly dissent from the decision of the majority.
"The pertinent provision of section 16, Rule 68, is substantially taken from section 216 those of the old Code of Civil Procedure, Act No. 190, as amended, which read as follows:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"‘SEC. 216. Limitations. — Nothing herein contained shall authorize an action against a corporation for forfeiture of charter, unless the same be commenced within five years after the act complained of was done or committed; nor shall an action be brought against an officer to be ousted from his office unless within one year after the cause of such ouster, or the right to hold the office, arose.
"This Court in construing the above quoted provisions in the case of Bautista v. Fajardo (38 Phil., 624) quoted in the decision of the majority and the case of Agcaoili v. Suguitan, 48 Phil., 697, has held that said section provides for limitation of an action of quo warranto.
"In the case of Bautista v. Fajardo it was said:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"‘. . . if a petitioner delays bringing his action, as in this case, for more than one year after his right to hold the office arises, the action is barred although the usurper or other person holding the office at the time of the institution of the proceeding to oust him may not himself have been in adverse possession for a full year.’
x x x
"‘It cannot be supposed that the Legislature intended that the right to a public office, when dependent upon prescription, should be subject to continued uncertainty; and the public interest clearly requires that such right should be determined as speedily as practicable. It is evident that where the action to recover an office has once prescribed it cannot be revived by any change in the personality of the incumbent; and it cannot be admitted that a new right, different from that which he had previously possessed, accrued to the petitioner upon May 6, 1917, when the respondent was inducted into office. If the petitioner had any right it had existed at least from the beginning of the official term, and the prescription must be computed from that date.’ (38 Phil., 627, 628.)
"And in the case of Agcaoili v. Suguitan, this Court held:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"‘In our opinion, even granting that section 216 is applicable to the appellant, the period of prescription had not begun to run at the time of the commencement of the present action. He was justified in delaying the commencement of his action until an answer to his protest had been made. He had a right to await the answer to his protest, in the confident belief that it would be resolved in his favor and that action would be unnecessary.’ (48 Phil., 676, 697.)
The very caption of the above quoted provisions, and of section 16, Rule 68, plainly shows that it refers to ’Limitation’ of action. Second paragraph of Act 336 of the Code of Commerce which provides that:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"‘The purchaser shall have a right of action against the vendor for defect in the quantity or quality of merchandise received in bales or packages, provided he brings his action within the four days following that of its receipt, and the damage is not due to fortuitous event, inherent defect of the thing, or fraud.’
"It has been construed by this Court, in the case of Ban Kiat & Co. v. Atkins, Kroll & Co. (44 Phil., 4, 12-13), to provide for limitation of actions, because it refers to the time for bringing an action, and therefore it was superseded by the statute of limitation contained in the old Code of Civil Procedure, according to this Court.
"The provisions of our law on quo warranto were taken from the laws or statutes in force in the States, and there is no statute or decision in the States of the Union which considers the time within which a special civil action of quo warranto as a condition precedent to the institution of the action. It has always been construed or established as a limitation of action (51 C. J., p. 330; 44 Am. Jur., p. 62).
"The limitation provided for in said section 16, Rule 68 applies not only to action against an officer for the ouster from office, whether a public office or an office in a private corporation, but also to actions against a corporation for forfeiture of charter, and against the person ousted for damages. It was substantially taken from sections 211 and 216 of old Code of Civil Procedure, and it can not have a different import from the latter’s provisions, because this Supreme Court has no power under the Constitution to promulgate Rules providing for limitation of actions, as well as conditions precedent to the bringing of action, for they are not matters of procedure, pleading and practice, but of substantive law. Said section 211 provided that the person declared entitled to the office may, at any time within one year after the date of the judgment, bring an action against the person ousted and recover the damages sustained by reason of his usurpation; and section 216 prescribed that no action shall be brought against a corporation for forfeiture of charter, or against an officer to be ousted from his office unless within one year after the case of such ouster or the right to hold office arose. Besides, there is absolutely reason why the time within which such actions must be instituted should be considered as a condition precedent to the institution of an action or right of action.
"In the case of Sempio v. Del Rosario, 44 Phil., 1, this Court construed the period of nine days as a condition precedent to or essential element of the right of legal redemption, because said period refers to the exercise of legal redemption and not to the institution of the action to redeem. That is, that the legal redemptioner in such case has, within that period, to exercise his right or make demand upon the purchaser of an adjacent rural estate with an area less than one hectare and offer the repurchase price, because if he does not do so he loses or waives his right of legal redemption. If the latter refuses to accept it, he may file the corresponding action at any time with the corresponding period of limitation provided by law. A substantive right may be exercised without necessity of instituting a judicial action against the one having the correlative obligation, unless the latter refuses or fails to perform it.
"The extinction of a substantive right must be distinguished from the bar by the statute of limitation of the action to enforce it. The right to institute an action may be barred by the statute of limitation, and yet the substantive right subsist, as shown by the fact that if the defense of prescription of action or statute of limitation is not set up, the plaintiff or the person having the right may enforce it may recover. But the extinction of a right carries necessarily with it the extinction of the corresponding right of action, as well stated by the late Chief Justice Arellano in the case of Domingo v. Osorio (7 Phil., 405)."cralaw virtua1aw library
PERFECTO, J., dissenting:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
We are of opinion that the petition should be granted, and so we vote.
To deny the petition because it was filed more than one year after the cause of action had accrued, by applying to that effect the limitation provided in Section 16 of Rule 68, Rules of Court, is a grievous error that should not be allowed unobjected to.
We are of opinion that section 16 of Rule 68 cannot impair judicial tenure of office as guaranteed by the Constitution, and our position in this respect has been explained in our opinion in the case of Abeto v. Rodas, L-2041, supra.
The argument by analogy as to constitutional guarantees of properties and contracts has no force. The constitutional guarantees as to properties and contracts are conditioned by due process of law, and prescription and the statute of limitations provided by law under which property and rights under a contract may be lost, satisfy the constitutional requirement of due process.
If applied to judicial tenure of office, section 16 of Rule 68 would not satisfy the guarantee of due process of law. As hinted in the majority decision, the one-year limit provided therein is based on the presumption of waiver. That presumption cannot exist in the case of petitioner Tumulak. The fact that he has instituted the action in this case is a conclusive evidence that he has not renounced his right to continue occupying his judgeship. A presumption that an attitude has been adopted cannot prevail upon the reality that such attitude has never been adopted. A legal or technical presumption regarding a reality cannot prevail against the reality itself.
BRIONES, M., disidente:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
Estimo que el recurrente tiene derecho a ser repuesto en su cargo. No cabe alegar prescripcion contra el recurso, porque el articulo 16, regla 68 de los tribunales, que trae su origen de los articulos 211 y 216 de la ley No. 190 (antiguo Codigo de Procedimiento Civil), se refiere solamente a oficiales o funcionarios de corporaciones particulares y no es aplicable a funcionarios publicos (Agcaoili contra Suguitan, 48 Jur. Fil., 717).
En el asunto citado se suscito la misma cuestion planteada en el que nos ocupa. La Corte Suprema, en una sentencia de 6 contra 3, resolvio categorica mente que el articulo 216 del Codigo de Procedimiento Civil no era aplicable a funcionarios publicos sino solo a los de corporaciones. No veo ninguna razon por que se va a abrogar ahora una doctrina tan sana como la sentada en el referido asunto.
". . . La regla de que las leyes de prescripcion no obligan al rey (al Estado) o al pueblo, se aplica a procedimientos de quo warranto, siendo la regla la de que el representante del Estado puede presentar una querella a nombre del pueblo en cualquier tiempo; y el transcurso del tiempo no constituye impedimento alguno a las actuaciones, con arreglo a la maxima pullum tempos occeurrit regi. (Catlett v. People, ex rel. State’s attorney 151 Ill., 16.) El que el Estado pretenda que las leyes de prescripcion no se aplican a el y sin embargo insista en que puede interponerlas para impedir un juicio de quo warranto entablado por uno de sus funcionarios publicos a quien el mismo ha privado de su cargo, nos parece injusto, inequitativo e irrazonable y no cae dentro de las reglas de sana jurisprudencia." (Agcaoili contra Suguitan, supra, p. 734.)
En la sentencia citada la Corte desarrolla el argumento de que tal como esta redactado el articulo 216 de la ley No. 190 (la redaccion del articulo 16, regla 68, del presente reglamento de los tribunales, es enteramente igual), no puede referirse en su segunda parte u oracion, que viene despues de un punto y coma, mas que a los oficiales de una corporacion, puesto que la primera parte trata de la accion de quo warranto contra una corporacion. He aqui el argumento que para mi sigue siendo tan inexpugnable como cuando se expuso por primera vez:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"Pero aun concediendo que el apelante queda obligado por las disposiciones del articulo 216 8 segun aparece en ingles, �es dicho articulo aplicable al apelante? Consultando dicho articulo arriba citado en ingles, se vera que despues de la palabra "committed" hay un punto y coma. �Lo que viene despues del punto y coma se refiere acaso a la misma materia que le precede? Un punto y coma es una marca de puntuacion gramatical, en el lenguaje ingles, para indicar una separacion en la relacion del pensamiento, un grado mayor que lo expresado por la coma, y lo que sigue al punto y coma debe tener relacion con la misma materia que le precede. Lo que sigue a un punto y coma siempre tiene relacion con la misma materia de aquello que le precede. Un punto y coma no se usa con el fin de introducir una nueva idea. Se usa el punto y coma con el fin de continuar la expresion de un pensamiento, un grado mayor que lo expresado por una mera coma. Nunca se usa con el fin de introducir una nueva idea. Se usan la coma y el punto y coma ambos para un mismo fin, a saber, para dividir oraciones y partes de oraciones, con la unica diferencia de que el punto y coma hace la division un poco mas pronunciada que la coma. Siempre puede hacerse referencia a la puntuacion en una ley con el fin de determinar el verdadero significado de una ley dudosa. Siguese por tanto que comoquiera que todas las disposiciones de dicho articulo 216 que preceden al punto y coma se refieren solamente a las corporaciones, lo que sigue a dicho punto y coma tiene referencia a la misma materia o a los funcionarios de uno corporacion."cralaw virtua1aw library
El Magistrado Sr. Malcolm, en su opinion concurrente, desenvuelve el mismo argumento con claridad y vigor, si bien en forma mas breve y condensada, a saber:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"(B) La accion del demandante no ha prescrito en virtud de las disposiciones del articulo 216 del Codigo de Procedimiento Civil. Ese articulo se contrae particularmente a una accion ’contra una corporacion.’ Mas adelante, despues de un punto y coma, viene esta clausula ’tampoco se podra iniciar un juicio contra la persona que ejerza un cargo,’ que plenamente se retrotrae a ’corporacion.’ De otro modo, la nueva idea se hubiera expresado ya en un articulo separado, ya en una oracion separada. Que esto es cierto lo corrobora, ademas, la traduccion al castellano, haciendo uso de la frase ’la persona que ejerza un cargo en una corporacion,’ que tenemos el privilegio de consultar para explicar alguna ambig�edad en el texto en ingles." (Agcaoili contra Suguitan, supra, pp. 741, 742.)
Pero aun concediendo por un momento que la regla sobre prescripcion es aplicable al recurrente, sostengo que el plazo de un año no debe contarse desde el mes de Julio de 1946 en que el recurrido comenzo a ocupar el cargo sino desde el 20 de Marzo de 1948, fecha de la comunicacion del Secretario de Justicia en que se denego la solicitud presentada por el recurrente para su reposicion, o en todo caso desde que quedo firme la sentencia en el asunto de Tavora contra Gavina y Arciaga, (45 Gac. Of., 1769, 1776,) 9 El presente recurso se registro en nuestra escribania el 26 de Agosto de 1948; por tanto, muy dentro del plazo de un año señalado por la ley de prescripcion, si el mismo se cuenta desde cualquiera de las dos ultimas fechas.
Es preciso tener en cuenta que el presente caso asi como el de Tavora y otros congeneres no son casos ordinarios de desposeimiento y usurpacion, sino que han sido el resultado de una politica basicamente erronea del Gobierno al considerar cesantes a los jueces de paz de la preguerra en virtud de la solucion de continuidad causada por la ocupacion japonesa. El caso de Tavora fue un "test case", un caso de prueba. El caso no era solo de Tavora, sino de todos los jueces de paz colocados en la misma situacion. Por tanto, en equidad y en justicia, el periodo de prescripcion, suponiendo que existiera, tenia que quedar interrumpido para todos, hasta que el asunto se decidiese finalmente por este Tribunal Supremo. Es aplicable al presente caso lo que el Magistrado Sr. Malcolm dijo en su citada opinion concurrente en el asunto de Agcaoili contra Suguitan, a saber:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"(C) Aun en el supuesto de que el articulo 216 del Codigo de Procedimiento Civil sea aplicable, aun no resulta claro que haya trascurrido un año ’siguiente a la fecha de la comision del hecho que dio motivo a su privacion.’ En realidad, no ha existido motivo alguno para la privacion, puesto que fue una interpretacion erronea de la ley, que fue desaprobada por el Tribunal Supremo, la que dio por resultado la tentativa de desposeer del cargo al Sr. Agcaoili, y de poner en posesion del cargo al Juez de Paz Auxiliar. Lo mas que podria decirse de esa tentativa de desposeerle ee que el Juez de Paz Auxiliar meramente se convirtio en juez de paz de facto." (Agcaoili contra Suguitan, supra, p. 742.)
Mi conclusion, por tanto, es que el recurrente es juez de paz de jure y tiene derecho a ser repuesto en su cargo. Usando la frase del Magistrado Sr. Malcolm, el recurrido no es mas que un juez de facto.
Endnotes:
1. 70 Phil., 421.
2. U. S. v. Laranja, 21 Phil., 500; U. S. v. Kilayco, 31 Phil., 371.
3. 48 Phil., 676.
4. 48 Phil., 707, 708.
5. Lim v. Yulo, 62 Phil., 161.
6. Supra p. 59.
7. 38 Phil., 624.
8. . . . "Nothing herein contained shall authorize an action against a corporation for forfeiture of charter, unless the same be commenced within five years after the act complained of was done or committed; nor shall an action be brought against an officer to be ousted from his office unless within one year after the cause of such ouster, or the right to hold the office, arose.""ART. 216. De las limitaciones. — Ninguna de estas disposiciones facultara la iniciacion de un juicio contra una corporacion por la perdida de sus derechos de concesion, a menos que el juicio se lleve a efecto dentro de los cinco años siguientes a la comision u omision del hecho objeto de la accion. Tampoco se podra iniciar un juicio contra la persona que ejerza un cargo en una corporacion para desposeerla, a menos que se lleve a efecto dentro del año siguiente a la fecha de la comision del hecho que dio motivo a su privacion, o que puso en duda su derecho para ocupar el cargo."
(Tomo I, Leyes Publicas de las Islas Filipinas.)
9. 79 Phil., 421.
