Philippine Supreme Court Jurisprudence


Philippine Supreme Court Jurisprudence > Year 1968 > February 1968 Decisions > G.R. No. L-28517 February 21, 1968 - AMELITO R. MUTUC, ET AL. v. COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS, ET AL.:




PHILIPPINE SUPREME COURT DECISIONS

EN BANC

[G.R. No. L-28517. February 21, 1968.]

AMELITO R. MUTUC, GINES SORIANO with TV SCREEN NAME NESTOR DE VILLA, JOSE ALARILLA, TOMAS A, BALUYUT, OSCAR CALVENTO, RAFAEL GAITE, MICHAEL JOSEPH, AMADO DE VERA, JR. and FILOMENA VILLAMOR, Petitioners, v. THE COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS, MAXIMO ESTRELLA, TEOTIMO GEALOGO, JOSE LUCIANO, JUSTINO VENTURA, JOHNNY WILSON, PEDRO ISON, BERNARDO NONATO, IGNACIO BABASA, JUAN TENGCO and CESAR ALZONA, Respondents.

Amelito R. Mutuc for and in his own behalf as petitioner.

Ramon Barrios for respondents Comelec, Et. Al.


SYLLABUS


1. ELECTION CODE; PROCEDURE FOR CANVASSING OF VOTES; MUNICIPAL AND PROVINCIAL BOARD OF CANVASSERS, MINISTERIAL DUTY OF; INCOMPLETE CANVASS OF VOTES, ILLEGAL. — It is now a settled doctrine that an incomplete canvass of votes is illegal and cannot be the basis of a subsequent proclamation. Indeed, it is the ministerial duty of a municipal canvassiug body to count the votes cast "in the same manner as hereinbefore provided for the provincial board (of canvassers)," which means to say to count all me votes cast. Thus, Section 160 of the Election Code enjoins provincial boards of canvassers as follows: "As soon as all the statements are before it but not later than fifteen days next following the date of election, the provincial board of canvassers shall proceed to make a canvass of all the votes in the province for national, provincial, and city candidates and upon the completion of the canvass, shall make, as the case may be, separate statements of all the votes received by each candidate ...." A municipal board of canvassers must thereupon count all the votes cast in the election and, for this purpose, must consider all returns presented to it by the municipal treasurer. If material defects there are in the form of the returns, it must send them back to the corresponding boards of inspectors for correction. If certain precincts have not sent in their returns, the board must send for them, and the fiscal should forthwith institute criminal proceedings against those who may be criminally responsible for the delay. If there is a discrepancy between two authentic copies of an election return and the difference affects the result of the election, the board may ask the proper court of first instance to order a recount of the ballots.

2. ID.; ID.; ELECTION RETURNS; ALL VOTES CAST MUST BE CONSIDERED; DISREGARD, EFFECT OF; IRREGULAR AND MANUFACTURED RETURNS. — Only when the returns are palpably irregular or obviously manufactured may they be rejected but even then the board must exercise "extreme caution." And where a return is falsified, the board may apply to the Comelec for authority to use another copy which is genuine and authentic. Why must all the votes be counted when there is a need to finish the canvass on time so that proclamation can be made before the beginning of the term of office? Because to disregard returns is in effect to disfranchise the voters.

3. ID.; ELECTION RETURNS; QUESTIONS INVOLVING RIGHT TO VOTE; COMELEC WITHOUT POWER TO DECIDE. — Where it appears that election returns in the municipality of Makati are incomplete in the sense that the election return in precinct No. 124 of the said municipality did not contain at all the entry of votes cast for each candidates as mayor, hence the municipal board of canvassers cannot proceed with the canvassing of votes, the Comelec is bereft of power to order the board of canvassers of Makati to disregard the return from precinct 124, even if it noted from its copy (which was likewise blank or incomplete) that the number of votes cast in the precinct (263) was too small to be of any significance to any candidate. This, because the Comelec has no power to decide questions involving the right to vote, as to disregard a return is in effect to deny the voters their votes.

4. ID.; JURISDICTION WHERE PROCLAMATION WAS ILLEGAL. — Although respondents have been proclaimed and have subsequently assumed office, and that as a matter of fact some of the petitioners, more specifically the petitioner Michael Joseph, have pending election protests in the Court of First Instance of Rizal against some of the respondents, and although it is also indeed true that after proclamation the usual remedy of any party aggrieved in an election is to be found in an election protest, that is so only when the assumption was made under a valid proclamation. On the other hand where as in the case at bar the proclamation itself is illegal, the assumption of office cannot in any way affect the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court to take cognizance of the case.

5. COMELEC; CONSTITUTIONAL DUTY OF. — What the Comelec should have done is to take the logically obvious and simple step of ordering the opening of the ballot box to find if the copy of the return deposited therein was properly accomplished and, if it was, to order that it be used in the canvassing of votes. This it had the power to do in the fulfillment of its constitutional duty of insuring "free, orderly, and honest elections." And this it was unimpeded and had ample time to do, considering that from November 24 when it ordered the proclamation, there were still 37 days to go to the statutory date of assumption of office by the elected candidates (January 1). This is the reason why in two other cases, we upheld the power of the Comelec to direct canvassing boards to use returns other than those specified by law if the latter are found to have been falsified.

FERNANDO, J., concurring:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library

1. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW; ELECTIONS; PROCLAMATION; DOCTRINE IN ACAIN v. BOARD OF CANVASSERS. — It was the Acain doctrine that from the filing of a petition for quo warranto or an election protest, the proper court of first instance acquires exclusive authority to inquire into and pass upon the validity of a proclamation by the municipal board of canvassers concerned. That would preclude the Commission on Elections from acting further on the matter.

2. ID.; ID.; ID.; ID.; RULING THEREIN MODIFIED. — The above doctrine seems to be qualified by this excerpt from the opinion of Justice Castro: "It is indeed true that after proclamation the usual remedy of any party aggrieved in an election is to be found in an election contest. But that is so only on the assumption what there has been a valid proclamation. Where as in the case at bar the proclamation itself is illegal, the assumption of office cannot in any way affect the basic issues." It is my understanding then that if it be apparent on the face of the pleadings before this Court that the proclamation was illegal, the Commission could still act, notwithstanding the filing of an election protest or a quo warranto proceeding in the meanwhile. To that extent, the Acain doctrine has been modified.

3. ID.; ID.; ID.; ID.; ID.; MODIFIED RULING AFFORDS MORE LEEWAY FOR THE SUPREME COURT IN THE EXERCISE OF ITS APPELLATE JURISDICTION OVER THE COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS. — Even if the Acain ruling no longer speaks with undiminished authority, still the result reached in this case is unavoidable, if the constitutional intent of insuring free, orderly, and honest elections were to be realized, considering the circumstances disclosed by this litigation. Moreover, it affords more leeway for this Tribunal in the exercise of its appellate jurisdiction over the actuations of the respondent Commission, if depending on the facts of each case, it could retain full and ample discretion to determine when it shall consider a matter still proper for the cognizance of the Commission, notwithstanding the filing of an election protest or a quo warranto proceeding in the meanwhile. On principle, there can be no valid objection to such an amplitude of authority assumed by this Court for only thus could it assure full adherence to the constitutional intent that the right to vote for everybody becomes truly meaningful.

4. ID.; ID.; ID.; DUTY OF COMMISSION ON ELECTION IN CASE OF PATENTLY ILLEGAL PROCLAMATION. — A patently illegal proclamation may be looked upon as devoid of any legal force or effect and therefore considered as not having taken place at all. In which case, the constitutional duty cast on the Commission on Elections to have charge of the enforcement and administration of all laws relative to the conduct of elections leaves it no alternative but to require that the proper canvass be made, preparatory to a valid proclamation.

5. ID.; COURTS; JUDICIAL LEGISLATION. — Justice Holmes pointed out that judges "do and must legislate, (only) they can do so . . . interstially; they are confined from molar to molecular motions." (Southern Pacific Co. v. Jensen, 244 US 205, 221 (1917). They can fill in the gaps, clear up the ambiguities, and make statutory rules truly responsive to the objective sought to be attained. For thereby there is not merely submission to the dictates of justice but fealty to the overriding concern that prompted the enactment of the statute.


D E C I S I O N


CASTRO, J.:


The petitioners were the candidates of the Nacionalista Party for the offices of mayor, vice mayor and councilors in the municipality of Makati, Rizal in the general elections held on November 14, 1967. The private respondents were the rival candidates of the Liberal Party.

Originally brought here as an appeal from two resolutions of the Commission on Elections (Comelec), this case, in our resolution of January 17, 1968, was considered, alternatively, as a special civil action for certiorari. In essence, it poses the novel question of whether the Comelec has the power to order a canvass of the returns, disregarding the return from one precinct which is blank or incomplete in the sense that it does not have any entry of the votes cast for any candidate, upon its finding that the votes from that precinct are not likely to alter the results of the election.

In counting the votes from the various precincts in Makati, the municipal board of canvassers was confronted with an election return which, while listing the names of the candidates, contained no entry at all of the votes cast for them. This was the return from precincts 124. A recourse to the provincial treasurer’s copy of the same return yielded no result as it was likewise blank or incomplete. So was the Comelec’s copy, except that this showed the total number (263, according to the parties) of the votes cast in the precinct. As a result, counting had to be stopped.

On November 20, the board of canvassers filed a petition with the Court of First Instance of Rizal, alleging that because of discrepancies in the returns from certain precincts in Makati, among them precinct 124, the board could not proclaim the winning candidates, and, for this reason, praying for the opening of the ballot boxes in the precincts in question.

The board did not, however, press its petition. Instead, it asked the Comelec on November 24 to be allowed to proceed with the proclamation of the winning candidates, disregarding for this purpose the return from precinct 124, on the claim that as the Comelec’s copy of the returns showed that there was a total of only 263 votes cast in that precinct, the results of the election would not in materially be changed by their inclusion.

The Comelec granted the request on the same day and set the proclamation of the winners for the following day, November 25. Accordingly, the board of canvassers reconvened and proclaimed the respondents elected to the various elective offices in Makati on the basis of the canvass it had so far made, minus the return from precinct 124. It subsequently withdrew the petition it had previously filed in court for the opening of the ballot boxes.

The petitioners asked the Comelec to reconsider its resolution of November 24 and to annul the proclamation of the respondents, but their motion was denied in another resolution dated December 22.

Hence the present petition.

It is now settled doctrine that an incomplete canvass of votes is illegal and cannot be the basis of a subsequent proclamation. 1 Indeed, it is the ministerial duty of a municipal canvassing body to count the votes cast "in the same manner as hereinbefore provided for the provincial board [of canvassers]," 2 which means to say to count all the votes cast. Thus, Section 160 of the Election Code enjoins provincial boards of canvassers as follows:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph

"As soon as all the statements are before it but not later than fifteen days next following the date of the election, the provincial board of canvassers shall proceed to make a canvass of all the votes in the province for national, provincial and city candidates, and upon the completion of the canvass, shall make, as the case may be, separate statements of all the votes received by each candidate . . ." 3

A municipal board of canvassers must therefore count all the votes cast in the election and, for this purpose, must consider all returns presented to it by the municipal treasurer. If material defects there are in the form of the returns, it must send them back to the corresponding boards of inspectors for correction. 4 If certain precincts have not sent in their returns, the board must send for them, and the fiscal should forthwith institute criminal proceedings against those who may be criminally responsible for the delay. 5 If there is a discrepancy between two authentic copies of an election return and the difference affects the result of the election, the board may ask the proper court of first instance to order a recount of the ballots. 6

All these serve to underscore the need to count all the votes cast in an election. Only when the returns are palpably irregular or obviously manufactured may they be rejected, 7 but even then the board must exercise "extreme caution." 8 And where a return is falsified, the board may apply to the Comelec for authority to use another copy which is genuine and authentic. 9 Why must all the votes be counted when there is a need to first the canvass on time so that proclamation can be made before the beginning of the term of office? Because to disregard returns is in effect to disfranchise the voters. 10

The Comelec was, under the circumstances, bereft of power to order the board of canvassers of Makati to disregard the return from precinct 124, even if it noted from its copy (which was likewise blank or incomplete) that the number of votes cast in the precinct (263) was too small to be of any significance to any candidate. This, because the Comelec has no power to decide questions involving the right to vote, 11 as to disregard a return is in effect to deny the voters their votes.

As it is, the Comelec’s judgment that the results of the election in Makati would not be materially changed by the inclusion of the votes in precinct 124 is seriously disputed by the petitioners, and indeed it is admitted by the respondents that between the respondent Cesar Alzona, who garnered 18,190 votes to place eighth among the councilors, and the petitioner Michael Joseph, who polled 17,969 to land on the ninth spot, there is a difference of only 221 votes. Conceivably, the 263 votes in precinct 124 could upset the balance.

What the Comelec should have done is to take the logically obvious and simple step of ordering the opening of the ballot box to find out if the copy of the return deposited therein was properly accomplished and, if it was, to order that it be used in the canvassing of the votes. This it had the power to do in the fulfillment of its constitutional duty of insuring "free, orderly, and honest elections." And this it was unimpeded and had ample time to do, considering that from November 24 when it ordered the proclamation, there were still 37 days to go to the statutory date of assumption of office by the elected candidates (January 1).

As this Court said in Cuaton v. Commission on Elections: 12

"If it is shown that the copies in the hands of the Commission on Elections and of the municipal treasurer are similarly tampered [with] as the copies in the hands of the provincial treasurer, then it becomes evident that all the three copies of election returns outside the ballot box do not constitute a reliable basis for a canvass. The only copies left to be checked . . . are the ones inside the ballot boxes. Certainly, the Commission on Elections, in the exercise of its power to administer and enforce the laws relative to the conduct of elections may order the opening of the ballot boxes to ascertain whether the copy inside each ballot box is also tampered [with] like the three copies outside the ballot box, corresponding to each precinct."cralaw virtua1aw library

This is the reason why in two other cases 13 we upheld the power of the Comelec to direct canvassing boards to use returns other than those specified by law if the latter are found to have been falsified.

It is, however, contended that this Court lacks jurisdiction over this case because the respondents have been proclaimed and have subsequently assumed office, and that as a matter of fact some of the petitioners, more specifically the petitioner Michael Joseph, have pending election protests in the Court of First Instance of Rizal against some of the respondents. It is indeed true that after proclamation the usual remedy of any party aggrieved in an election is to be found in an election protest. But that is so only on the assumption that there has been a valid proclamation. Where as in the case at bar the proclamation itself is illegal, the assumption of office cannot in any way affect the basic issues. 14

In view of the conclusion we have thus reached, the Comelec should direct the opening of the ballot box corresponding to precinct 124 for the purpose of retrieving the copy of the election return deposited therein so that it may be used in canvassing anew the votes cast for the local officials of Makati, and, should it be found that the ballot box copy is likewise blank or incomplete, the Commission should order a count of the ballots, giving notice, for this purpose, to all the candidates. This is the procedure that best recommends itself, what with the lack of specific procedure for dealing with a situation such as this. Judicial recount of the ballots under Section 163 of the Code 15 cannot be the remedy because there is no discrepancy between one authentic copy and another authentic copy of the same return. As we have earlier stated, the copies of the election return in this case contain no entries as to the number of votes received by each candidate. So there really is no discrepancy, but only a failure to accomplish the form of the return properly. Indeed what has been submitted is no return at all.

In deciding this case in the way we now do, we are by no means to be understood as formulating a rule to control future cases which, although factually and substantially similar to the present case, may require an altogether different qualitative approach. And we recognize that situations may — and do — arise where it becomes advisable and wholly justified not to await all returns before proceeding with the proclamation of the winning candidates. The solution we have here adopted has been impelled by, and is predicated solely upon, the peculiar and unusual circumstances here obtaining, relative to which the Comelec acted with inordinate haste.

ACCORDINGLY, the resolutions of the Commission on Elections of November 24 and December 22, 1967 are set aside, and the proclaim action of all the private respondents made on November 25, 1967 is annulled. The Commission on Elections is hereby directed (1) to order the board of inspectors of precinct 124 of Makati, after due notice to all the candidates, to open the ballot box corresponding to the said precinct for the purpose of retrieving therefrom the copy of the election return for use in the new canvass to be held by the municipal board of canvassers, if said copy has been properly accomplished, or, in the event that the said copy is blank or incomplete, to count all the votes cast in the said precinct and then properly accomplish a return based on such count; and (2) thereafter to order the municipal board of canvassers of Makati, without delay and after due notice to all the candidates, to hold a new canvass of all the votes cast in that municipality, and to proclaim the winning candidates in accordance with the results thereof. No pronouncement as to costs.

Concepcion, C.J., Reyes, J.B.L., Dizon, Makalintal, Bengzon, J.P., Zaldivar, Sanchez and Angeles, JJ., concur.

Separate Opinions


FERNANDO, J., concurring:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library

While agreeing fully as I do with the conclusion reached, expounded with clarity and vigor in the opinion of Justice Castro, I feel that there are implications of weight and of significance that call for the expression of my views. Hence this concurring opinion.

Less than a month ago, in Reyes v. Reyes, 1 Acain v. Board of Canvassers, 2 was not only cited with approval but was referred to as speaking "with undiminished authority." It was the Acain doctrine that from the filing of a petition for quo warranto or an election protest, the proper court of first instance acquires exclusive authority to inquire into and pass upon the validity of a proclamation made by the municipal board of canvassers concerned. That would therefore preclude the Commission on Elections from acting further on the matter.

The above doctrine seems to be qualified by this excerpt from the opinion of Justice Castro: "It is indeed true that after proclamation the usual remedy of any party aggrieved in an election is to be found in an election contest. But that is so only on the assumption that there has been a valid proclamation. Where as in the case at bar the proclamation itself is illegal, the assumption of office cannot in any way affect the basic issues."cralaw virtua1aw library

It is my understanding then that if it be apparent on the face of the pleadings before this Court that the proclamation was illegal, the Commission could still act, notwithstanding the filing of an election protest or a quo warranto proceeding in the meanwhile. To that extent, the Acain doctrine has been modified.

To my mind, there has been, to paraphrase Cardozo, no seismic innovation, this particular mansion of the law stands, its symmetry not marred, its features far from being rendered unrecognizable, still harmonious.

For it could be said with reason that a patently illegal proclamation may be looked upon as devoid of any legal force or effect and therefore considered as not having taken place at all. In which case, the constitutional duty cast on the Commission on Elections to have exclusive charge of the enforcement and administration of all laws relative to the conduct of elections leaves it no alternative but to require that the proper canvass be made, preparatory to a valid proclamation.

Even if realistically viewed, the law on this point is other than what it was before and the Acain ruling no longer speaks with undiminished authority, still the result reached in this case is unavoidable, if the constitutional intent of insuring free, orderly, and honest elections were to be realized, considering the circumstances disclosed by this litigation. Moreover, it affords more leeway for this Tribunal in the exercise of its appellate jurisdiction over the actuations of the respondent Commission, if depending on the facts of each case, it could retain full and ample discretion to determine when it shall consider a matter still proper for the cognizance of the Commission, notwithstanding the filing of an election protest or a quo warranto proceeding in the meanwhile. On principle, there can be no valid objection to such an amplitude of authority assumed by this Court for only thus could it assure full adherence to the constitutional intent that the right to vote for everybody becomes truly meaningful.

One other point. There are those who may cavil at the absence of any specific statutory provision which spells out what has been ordained by this Court today. They may in mock dismay cry out against the evils of judicial legislation. By way of answer, was it not Holmes, who pointed out that judges "do and must legislate, [only] they can do so . . . interstitially; they are confined from molar to molecular motions." 3 They can fill in the gaps, clear up the ambiguities, and make statutory rules truly responsive to the objective sought to be attained. For thereby there is not merely submission to the dictates of justice but fealty to the overriding concern: that prompted the enactment of the statute.

As was so aptly expressed: "To follow the dictates of justice, when in harmony with the law, must be a pleasure, but to follow the rules of law, in their true spirit, to whatever consequences they may lead is a duty." 4

Endnotes:



1. See, e.g., Demafiles v. Commission of Elections, L-28396, Dec. 29, 1967; Abes v. Commission on Elections, L-28348, Dec. 15, 1967; Abendante v. Relato, 94 Phil. 8 (1953).

2. Rev. Election Code, sec. 168.

3. Emphasis supplied.

4. Rev. Election Code, sec. 162.

5. Id. sec. 161.

6. Id. secs. 163 and 168.

7. E.g., Lagumbay v. Commission on Elections, L-25444, Jan. 31, 1966, 16 S. Ct. Rep. Ann. 175; Nacionalista Party v. Commission on Elections, 85 Phil. 149 (1949).

8. Estrada v. Navarro, L-28340 & L-28374, Dec. 29, 1967.

9. Ong v. Commission on Elections, L-28415, Jan. 29, 1968; Espino v. Zaldivar, L-22325, Dec. 11, 1967.

10. Estrada v. Navarro, supra, note 8.

11. Nacionalista Party v. Commission on Elections, supra, note 7.

12. L-25467, April 27, 1967, 19 S. Ct. Rep. Ann. 911, 919, 1967B PHILD 253-254.

13. Supra, note 9.

14. Cf . Demafiles v. Commission on Elections, supra, note 1.

15. The power to order a recount of the ballots under Section 163 is lodged in the proper court of first instance.

FERNANDO, J., concurring:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library

1. L-28476, Jan. 31. 1968.

2. L 16445, May 23, 1960.

3. Southern Pacific Co. v. Jensen, 244 US 205, 221, (1917).

4. Duncan v. Mazette, 25 Tex 245, 253 (1860).




Back to Home | Back to Main




















chanrobles.com





ChanRobles On-Line Bar Review

ChanRobles Internet Bar Review : www.chanroblesbar.com

ChanRobles MCLE On-line

ChanRobles Lawnet Inc. - ChanRobles MCLE On-line : www.chanroblesmcleonline.com






February-1968 Jurisprudence                 

  • A.C. No. 381 February 10, 1968 - EMILIO CAPULONG, ET AL. v. MANUEL G. ALIÑO

  • G.R. No. L-23342 February 10, 1968 - MACARIO ALQUIZA, ET AL. v. PLACIDO ALQUIZA, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. L-22944 February 10, 1968 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. CLAUDIA SAN JUAN, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. L-22067 February 10, 1968 - LAGUNA TAYABAS BUS CO., INC. v. JOSE SOTOMAYOR

  • G.R. No. L-24147 February 10, 1968 - FEDERICO R. CASTRO, ET AL. v. MATILDE PARA-ON, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. L-24319 February 10, 1968 - LONDON ASSURANCE v. REPUBLIC OF THE PHIL., ET AL.

  • G.R. No. L-24950 February 10, 1968 - IN RE: JAO KING YOG v. REPUBLIC OF THE PHIL.

  • G.R. No. L-25314 February 10, 1968 - MUNICIPALITY OF TACURONG v. ROSARIO ABRAGAN, ET AL., Defendants-Appellees.

  • G.R. No. L-23433 February 10, 1968 - GLORIA G. JOCSON v. RICARDO R. ROBLES

  • G.R. No. L-28455 February 10, 1968 - PANTALEON PACIS v. COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. L-23882 February 17, 1968 - M.D. TRANSIT & TAXI CO., INC. v. COURT OF APPEALS, ET AL.

  • A.C. No. 106 February 17, 1968 - IRINEO A. MERCADO v. ENRIQUE MEDINA

  • G.R. No. L-19227 February 17, 1968 - DIOSDADO YULIONGSIU v. PHILIPPINE NATIONAL BANK

  • G.R. No. L-20411 February 17, 1968 - BARTOLOME E. SAN DIEGO v. SALVADOR R. VILLAGRACIA, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. L-22138 February 17, 1968 - ANG CHING GI v. DELGADO BROTHERS, INC., ET AL.

  • G.R. No. L-23794 February 17, 1968 - ORMOC SUGAR COMPANY, INC. v. TREASURER OF ORMOC CITY, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. L-23861 February 17, 1968 - EMILIANA CRUZ v. ERNESTO OPPEN, INC., ET AL.

  • G.R. No. L-24289 February 17, 1968 - CENTRAL TAXICAB CORPORATION v. PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. L-24529 February 17, 1968 - EDUARDO JIMENEZ v. REPUBLIC OF THE PHIL., ET AL.

  • G.R. No. L-24910 February 17, 1968 - CALTEX (PHILIPPINES), INC. v. MANILA PORT SERVICE, ET AL.

  • G.R. Nos. L-28170 & L-28200 February 17, 1968 - CARMEN PARDO DE TAVERA v. DEMETRIO B. ENCARNACION, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. L-28519 February 17, 1968 - RICARDO PARULAN v. DIRECTOR OF PRISONS

  • G.R. No. L-26934 February 19, 1968 - WISE & COMPANY, INC. v. REPUBLIC OF THE PHIL., ET AL.

  • G.R. No. L-20722 February 20, 1968 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. TEOTIMO ALEGARME, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. L-23595 February 20, 1968 - IN RE: ANTONIO ANG GUI, ET AL. v. REPUBLIC OF THE PHIL.

  • G.R. No. L-28596 February 21, 1968 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. SANTIAGO TILOS

  • G.R. No. L-28517 February 21, 1968 - AMELITO R. MUTUC, ET AL. v. COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. L-23539 February 22, 1968 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. PEDRO DALTON

  • G.R. No. L-24033 February 22, 1968 - PHOENIX ASSURANCE CO., LTD. v. UNITED STATES LINES

  • G.R. No. L-24146 February 22, 1968 - MIGUEL MABILIN, ET AL. v. EUSEBIO S. MILLAR

  • G.R. No. L-24223 February 22, 1968 - CORNELIO AGUILA, ET AL. v. J. M. TUASON & CO., INC., ET AL.

  • G.R. No. L-24225 February 22, 1968 - MANUEL CUDIAMAT, ET AL. v. GUILLERMO E. TORRES

  • G.R. No. L-24546 February 22, 1968 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. ISAIAS MACALISANG

  • G.R. No. L-24364 February 22, 1968 - BIENVENIDO MEDRANO v. FILEMON MENDOZA

  • G.R. No. L-25529 February 22, 1968 - BENJAMIN PANGANIBAN, ET AL. v. ARACELI VDA. DE STA. MARIA, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. L-26767 February 22, 1968 - ANG TIONG v. LORENZO TING, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. L-23859 February 22, 1968 - CONSOLIDATED TEXTILE MILLS, INC. v. REPARATIONS COMMISSION, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. L-22579 February 23, 1968 - ROLANDO LANDICHO v. LORENZO RELOVA

  • G.R. No. L-23793 February 23, 1968 - ORMOC SUGARCANE PLANTERS ASSOCIATION, INC. v. MUNICIPAL BOARD OF ORMOC CITY, ET AL.

  • G.R. Nos. L-23960 & L-23961 February 26, 1968 - DIWA NG PAGKAKAISA-PAFLU v. FILTEX INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION

  • G.R. No. L-23425 February 26, 1968 - COMMISSIONER OF CUSTOMS, ET AL. v. MIGUEL FORTICH CELDRAN, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. L-24241 February 26, 1968 - HATIB ABBAIN v. TONGHAM CHUA, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. L-21853 February 26, 1968 - MUNICIPALITY OF OPON v. CALTEX (PHILIPPINES) INC.

  • G.R. No. L-23803 February 26, 1968 - C.F. SHARP & COMPANY, INC. v. COMMISSIONER OF CUSTOMS

  • G.R. No. L-23687 February 26, 1968 - GO LEA CHU, ET AL. v. CORAZON GONZALES, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. L-24362 February 26, 1968 - TACLOBAN ELECTRIC & ICE PLANTS CO., INC. v. ENRIQUE MEDINA, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. L-24619 February 26, 1968 - CALTEX (PHILIPPINES) INC. v. ACTING COMMISSIONER OF CUSTOMS

  • G.R. No. L-24864 February 26, 1968 - FORTUNATO F. HALILI v. COURT OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. L-25035 February 26, 1968 - EDUARDA S. VDA. DE GENUINO v. COURT OF AGRARIAN RELATIONS

  • G.R. No. L-25152 February 26, 1968 - PROVINCIAL SHERIFF OF PAMPANGA, ET AL. v. COURT OF APPEALS, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. L-25335 February 26, 1968 - SUN BROS. APPLIANCES v. TRINITY LUNCHEONETTE, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. L-25383 February 26, 1968 - COMMISSIONER OF IMMIGRATION v. FRANCISCO ARCA

  • G.R. No. L-19347 February 27, 1968 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. MIGUEL GAMAO, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. L-22476 February 27, 1968 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. SENANDO PANGANIBAN, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. L-25491 February 27, 1968 - BIENVENIDO F. REYES v. ROMEO G. ABELEDA, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. L-28651 February 27, 1968 - DOMESTIC INSURANCE COMPANY OF THE PHILIPPINES v. AMERICAN PIONEER LINE, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. L-19200 February 27, 1968 - EMILIO SY v. MANUEL DALMAN, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. L-20081 February 27, 1968 - MELQUIADES RAAGAS, ET AL. v. OCTAVIO TRAYA, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. L-23385 February 27, 1968 - IN RE: SANTIAGO YAP v. REPUBLIC OF THE PHIL.

  • G.R. No. L-21624 February 27, 1968 - SEGUNDO SANTOS v. SECRETARY OF LABOR, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. L-25176 February 27, 1968 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. AGAPITO YAP, JR.

  • G.R. No. L-27360 February 28, 1968 - RICARDO G. PAPA v. REMEDIOS MAGO, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. L-24284 February 28, 1968 - JAIME LIM v. LOCAL REGISTRAR OF MANILA, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. L-2849 February 28, 1968 - DOMACAO ALONTO, ET AL. v. COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS, ET AL.

  • G.R. Nos. L-23335 & L-23452 February 29, 1968 - ROSITA C. DE LA CRUZ, ET AL. v. COURT OF TAX APPEALS, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. L-22390 February 29, 1968 - IN RE: TAN KHE SHING v. REPUBLIC OF THE PHIL.

  • G.R. No. L-24064 February 29, 1968 - RIZAL SURETY & INSURANCE CO. v. MACONDRAY & CO., INC.

  • G.R. No. L-28597 February 29, 1968 - NATIONAL WATERWORKS & SEWERAGE AUTHORITY v. ANDRES REYES

  • G.R. No. L-20990 February 29, 1968 - PHILIPPINE NATIONAL BAN v. AGUSTIN PARIÑA