November 1981 - Philippine Supreme Court Decisions/Resolutions
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G.R. No. L-54151 November 16, 1981 - RODOLFO Q. PASION v. COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS:
EN BANC
[G.R. No. L-54151. November 16, 1981.]
RODOLFO Q. PASION, Petitioner, v. THE COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS, MAGNO MANIAGO and MUNICIPAL BOARD OF CANVASSERS OF STA. ANA, PAMPANGA, Respondents.
Ernesto L. Pineda for Petitioner.
Leonardo F. Lansangan for Private Respondent.
Solicitor General Estelito P. Mendoza, Assistant Solicitor General Ruben E. Agpalo and Solicitor Carlos N. Ortega for Respondents.
SYNOPSIS
In the 1980 mayoralty elections, Kilusang Bagong Lipunan candidate Magno Maniago, herein private respondent, won over Nacionalista Party candidate Rodolfo Pasion, herein petitioner, by a margin of only 598 votes from the result of the canvass, except from three voting centers where no returns were submitted. Petitioner filed a pre-proclamation petition with the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) to restrain the proclamation of private Respondent. Petitioner alleged that three ballot boxes in three barrios, which were his political bailiwicks, were seized at gunpoint by the followers of private respondent and that there was intimidation of voters and forced opening and examination of ballots, substitution of ballots and tampering of election returns. Respondent COMELEC issued a restraining order but later on lifted the same and directed the completion of the canvass of returns and the proclamation of the winning candidate. After private respondent had been proclaimed winner and had assumed office as Mayor, petitioner filed with the COMELEC a petition for annulment of the proclamation of private Respondent. Treating the said petition as a motion for reconsideration of its previous ruling, respondent COMELEC denied the same and declared final and permanent the proclamation of private Respondent. Hence, this petition.
On review, the Supreme Court, in dismissing the petition, held that the grounds set forth by petitioner in his pre-proclamation petition before the COMELEC are proper grounds for election protest and after an election has been held and the winning candidate has been proclaimed, a pre-proclamation controversy is no longer viable, but petitioner could still avail himself of an election protest where he could ventilate his grievance and be provided the full opportunity to present all relevant evidence in a full dress hearing in accordance with due process, unlike in the COMELEC where the proceedings are summary in nature.
Petition dismissed.
On review, the Supreme Court, in dismissing the petition, held that the grounds set forth by petitioner in his pre-proclamation petition before the COMELEC are proper grounds for election protest and after an election has been held and the winning candidate has been proclaimed, a pre-proclamation controversy is no longer viable, but petitioner could still avail himself of an election protest where he could ventilate his grievance and be provided the full opportunity to present all relevant evidence in a full dress hearing in accordance with due process, unlike in the COMELEC where the proceedings are summary in nature.
Petition dismissed.
SYLLABUS
1. POLITICAL LAW; ELECTIONS; PRE-PROCLAMATION CASE; DISMISSAL THEREOF WARRANTED WHERE THE GROUNDS RELIED UPON ARE PROPER FOR AN ELECTION CONTEST; CASE AT BAR. — The petition for certiorari to nullify the COMELEC’S dismissal of the pre-proclamation case must be denied. It is very apparent from the petition-letter that the grounds relied upon by petitioner in seeking relief from the COMELEC are proper grounds for election protest. Petitioner premised his petition on seizure of ballot boxes at gunpoint; intimidation of voters and forced opening and examination of ballots; substitution of ballots; and tampering of election returns. These are the same grounds alleged by herein petitioner in the election protest he filed in the Court of First Instance of Pampanga. The cases of Villegas v. COMELEC (G.R. No.52563, September 4, 1980) and Laguda v. COMELEC (G.R. No. 53747, February 20, 1981) find application in the disposition of this case.
2. ID.; ID.; ELECTION PROTEST; AFFORDS BETTER EVALUATION AND APPRECIATION OF CANDIDATE’S CASE IN A FULL DRESS HEARING IN COURT UNLIKE A SUMMARY PRE-PROCLAMATION PROCEEDINGS IN THE COMELEC. — Indeed, herein petitioner could still avail himself of the election protest where he could ventilate his grievance and be provided the full opportunity to present all relevant evidence in a full dress hearing in accordance with due process, unlike in the COMELEC where the proceedings are summary in nature. As was aptly said in Laguda v. COMELEC, "to pass on such a complex matter in a summary proceedings would be to run the risk that the decision arrived at would not reflect the realities of this situation.’’
3. ID.; ID.; ID.; PROPER WHERE THE WINNING CANDIDATE HAS BEEN PROCLAIMED. — Moreover, availment of the remedy of election protest would be in keeping with the ruling first enunciated in Venezuela v. COMELEC (G.R. No. 53532, July 25, 1980) and lately in Arcenas v. COMELEC (G.R. No. 54039, November 28, 1980; see also Potencion v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 52527, September 4, 1980) that "after an election duly held and a proclamation thereafter made of the winning candidate, a pre-proclamation controversy should no longer be viable."
2. ID.; ID.; ELECTION PROTEST; AFFORDS BETTER EVALUATION AND APPRECIATION OF CANDIDATE’S CASE IN A FULL DRESS HEARING IN COURT UNLIKE A SUMMARY PRE-PROCLAMATION PROCEEDINGS IN THE COMELEC. — Indeed, herein petitioner could still avail himself of the election protest where he could ventilate his grievance and be provided the full opportunity to present all relevant evidence in a full dress hearing in accordance with due process, unlike in the COMELEC where the proceedings are summary in nature. As was aptly said in Laguda v. COMELEC, "to pass on such a complex matter in a summary proceedings would be to run the risk that the decision arrived at would not reflect the realities of this situation.’’
3. ID.; ID.; ID.; PROPER WHERE THE WINNING CANDIDATE HAS BEEN PROCLAIMED. — Moreover, availment of the remedy of election protest would be in keeping with the ruling first enunciated in Venezuela v. COMELEC (G.R. No. 53532, July 25, 1980) and lately in Arcenas v. COMELEC (G.R. No. 54039, November 28, 1980; see also Potencion v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 52527, September 4, 1980) that "after an election duly held and a proclamation thereafter made of the winning candidate, a pre-proclamation controversy should no longer be viable."
R E S O L U T I O N
DE CASTRO, J.:
In the local elections of January 30, 1980, petitioner and private respondent were the official candidates of the Nacionalista Party and the Kilusang Bagong Lipunan, respectively, for the Office of the Municipal Mayor of Sta. Ana, Pampanga.
In the evening of January 30, 1980, after the voting and counting of votes in the different voting centers, the Municipal Board of Canvassers met for the purpose of canvassing the election returns submitted by the Citizen Election Committees (CECs). There were thirty-one (31) voting centers, but only twenty-eight (28) were canvassed by the Board, as the three (3) remaining returns from the three (3) voting centers of Barangay Sta. Maria had not been submitted. Thus, the Board suspended the canvassing. Later, the CECs from the said three (3) voting centers submitted a certification that "all . . . election paraphernalias, except the ballot boxes and list of registered voters were lost and padlocked (sic)." In short, there were no election returns from the said three (3) voting centers that could be found and included in the canvass. From the result of the canvass of the available election returns from the twenty-eight (28) voting centers, it was shown that private respondent garnered 3,377 votes against petitioner’s 2,779 votes or a difference of 598 votes in favor of the former.chanrobles virtual lawlibrary
On February 1, 1980, petitioner filed a letter-petition with the COMELEC to restrain the proclamation of private respondent alleging that three (3) ballot boxes in three (3) barrios, which are his political bailiwicks, were seized at gun point by the followers of private Respondent. On the same day, the COMELEC, without notice to private respondent and hearing, issued Resolution No. 8638 which suspended the proclamation of private respondent as Mayor-elect of Sta. Ana, Pampanga, and treated the petition as a pre-proclamation petition. Private respondent filed his answer on February 5, 1980. On February 8, 1980, the COMELEC issued the questioned Resolution No. 8976 dismissing the pre-proclamation petition:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
". . . Considering the answer filed by said private respondent Magno Maniago, showing that said 3 ballot boxes are in the official custody of the Chief of Police of Sta. Ana as trustee of the Election Registrar of Sta. Ana, and considering further that the grounds alleged in said petition are properly grounds for an election protest, the Commission resolved to dismiss, as it hereby dismisses, the said petition for lack of merit, and hereby lifts its restraining order of February 1, 1980, and directs the Municipal Board of Canvassers of Sta. Ana, Pampanga to proceed with and terminate its canvass and proclaim the winners for municipal offices therein immediately.
"Let the Law Department cause the immediate implementation of, and compliance with, the Resolution." 1
On February 9, 1980, there being no election returns to canvass from the three (3) voting centers of Barangay Sta. Maria, the Board terminated the canvass and proclaimed, on the basis of the election returns from the twenty-eight (28) voting centers, private respondent as the duly elected Mayor of Sta. Ana, Pampanga.
On February 18, 1980, petitioner filed with the Court of First Instance of Pampanga an election protest docketed as Election Protest No. 4 (5700), alleging therein substantially the same grounds as those alleged by him in the pre-proclamation petition. In due time, private respondent filed his answer to the complaint. However, said election protest was suspended by the court pending the outcome of the election case in the COMELEC.
On February 19, 1980, petitioner filed with the COMELEC a petition dated February 14, 1980 for the annulment of the proclamation of private Respondent. The petition was later treated as a motion for the reconsideration of Resolution No. 8976. Private respondent moved to dismiss the petition for the annulment of his proclamation alleging, among others, that he had already taken his oath of office as mayor of Sta. Ana, Pampanga on March 3, 1980 and had immediately assumed office and discharged and continues to discharge the official functions and duties pertaining to that office. After several more pleadings were filed, and the case was heard on March 31, 1980 and April 24, 1980, the COMELEC issued Resolution No. 9802 on May 28, 1980 denying the petition which was earlier treated as motion for reconsideration without prejudice to petitioner’s prosecution of his election protest. 2 The said resolution made final and permanent the proclamation of private Respondent.chanrobles.com.ph : virtual law library
In seeking the annulment of Resolution Nos. 8976 and 9802, petitioner contends that COMELEC acted without or in excess of jurisdiction or with grave abuse of discretion in (1) lifting the restraining order which suspended the proclamation of private respondent; and (2) in denying his motion for reconsideration and in making final and permanent the proclamation of private Respondent.
In support of the foregoing, petitioner claims that Resolution No. 8976 was issued without affording him time and opportunity to file a reply to private respondent’s answer. That is even worse, according to him was that he was not served with a copy of the Resolution No. 9802, such that he was unable to seek immediate relief from this Court to stop the proclamation of private Respondent. Petitioner charges that the proclamation was illegal, alleging that the same was based on incomplete returns. He claims that the edge of 598 votes of private respondent was a result of the substitution of ballots and tampering of election returns in the Municipal Building of Sta. Ana on the night of January 30, 1980.
Private respondent and the Solicitor General raise substantially the same arguments in their comments on the petition. They contend that the COMELEC did not act precipitately in issuing Resolution No. 8976 for it took the COMELEC three (3) days to lift the TRO, unlike in the order suspending the proclamation which was issued without delay and on the very day the letter-petition was filed, and without affording private respondent the opportunity to be heard, contrary to what is provided in Section 175 that a proclamation may be suspended or annulled only after notice and hearing. As regards the missing election returns, they contend that there were no election returns from the questioned three (3) precincts to speak of, since there were no election returns accomplished by the CECs as they had no opportunity to do so, in view of the unfortunate arrival of masked men who were intimidating and threatening people inside the voting centers, causing the people therein, including the CECs members to scamper away.
The petition must be dismissed. It is very apparent from the petition-letter that the grounds relied upon by petitioners in seeking relief from the COMELEC are proper grounds for election protest. Petitioner premised his petition, to quote from Resolution No. 9802 of the COMELEC, on seizure of ballot boxes at gun point; intimidation of voters and forced opening and examination of ballots; substitution of ballots; and tampering of election returns. These are the same grounds alleged in the election protest filed in the Court of First Instance of Pampanga. The cases of Villegas v. COMELEC 3 and Laguda v. COMELEC 4 find application in the disposition of this case. In the early case of Villegas v. COMELEC, where massive fraud and violations of certain provisions of the Election Code allegedly committed during the elections were denounced in this Court, the Court through Mr. Chief Justice Enrique M. Fernando dismissed the petition, it appearing therein that the grounds set forth in the complaint before the COMELEC 1 are proper for election protest. The Court pointed out, that at any rate petitioner would not be left without remedy "for the opportunity for him to prove such a wholesale allegation of massive fraud and violations of Election Code is still there." 5 Indeed, herein petitioner could still avail himself of the election protest where he could ventilate his grievance and be provided the full opportunity to present all relevant evidence in a full dress hearing in accordance with due process, unlike in the COMELEC where the proceedings are summary in nature. As was aptly said in Laguda v. COMELEC, "to pass on such a complex matter in summary proceeding would be to run the risk that the decision arrived at would not reflect the realities of this situation." chanrobles.com.ph : virtual law library
Moreover, such course of action would be in keeping with the ruling first enunciated in Valenzuela v. COMELEC 6 and lately in Arcenas v. COMELEC 7 that "after an election duly held and a proclamation thereafter made of the winning candidate, a pre-proclamation controversy should no longer be viable."cralaw virtua1aw library
WHEREFORE, in view of the foregoing, the petition is hereby DISMISSED without pronouncement as to costs.
SO ORDERED.
Barredo, Concepcion Jr., Fernandez, Guerrero and Melencio-Herrera, JJ., concur.
Makasiar, J., concurs in the result.
Aquino, J., took no part.
FERNANDO, C.J., concurring:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
In concurring, states that what for him is the authoritative principle, applicable in the absence of circumstances which in the opinion of the Court calls for a different conclusion is found in the ruling announced in Aguinaldo v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 53953, January 5, 1981.
TEEHANKEE, J., concurring:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
I concur in the result. The Court’s judgment in the case at bar dismissing the petition for prolonging the pre-proclamation controversy when respondent winner had already been duly proclaimed and assumed office and indicating that the loser’s remedy is an election protest, expressly cites the ruling first enunciated in Valenzuela v. Comelec 1 and lately in Arcenas v. Comelec 2 that "after an election duly held and a proclamation thereafter made of the winning candidate, a pre-proclamation controversy should no longer be viable."cralaw virtua1aw library
What passes my understanding is that the same ruling and doctrine which has since been reaffirmed in numerous decisions likewise penned by the Chief Justice, the latest of which is that of Faderanga v. Comelec, 3 has not been equally applied in the Court’s action in two other cases resolved on this same date, namely, Santos v. Comelec, 4 wherein the Court nevertheless denies reconsideration of its decision ousting the duly proclaimed and incumbent mayor of Taytay, Rizal, petitioner Manuel I. Santos therein; and Sandalo v. Comelec, 5 wherein the Court sustains the post-election action of the Comelec ousting the duly proclaimed and incumbent mayor of Tubay, Agusan del Norte, petitioner David Sandalo therein, and ordering the canvassing board to proclaim the repudiated losing candidate "as the duly elected mayor." To avoid repetition, I reproduce by reference my separate dissents in said cases.
ABAD SANTOS, J., dissenting:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
I dissent. The respondent could not have been proclaimed the winner. There were no election returns to canvass from the three voting centers in Barangay Sta. Maria. The return were incomplete and their completion is vital.
In the evening of January 30, 1980, after the voting and counting of votes in the different voting centers, the Municipal Board of Canvassers met for the purpose of canvassing the election returns submitted by the Citizen Election Committees (CECs). There were thirty-one (31) voting centers, but only twenty-eight (28) were canvassed by the Board, as the three (3) remaining returns from the three (3) voting centers of Barangay Sta. Maria had not been submitted. Thus, the Board suspended the canvassing. Later, the CECs from the said three (3) voting centers submitted a certification that "all . . . election paraphernalias, except the ballot boxes and list of registered voters were lost and padlocked (sic)." In short, there were no election returns from the said three (3) voting centers that could be found and included in the canvass. From the result of the canvass of the available election returns from the twenty-eight (28) voting centers, it was shown that private respondent garnered 3,377 votes against petitioner’s 2,779 votes or a difference of 598 votes in favor of the former.chanrobles virtual lawlibrary
On February 1, 1980, petitioner filed a letter-petition with the COMELEC to restrain the proclamation of private respondent alleging that three (3) ballot boxes in three (3) barrios, which are his political bailiwicks, were seized at gun point by the followers of private Respondent. On the same day, the COMELEC, without notice to private respondent and hearing, issued Resolution No. 8638 which suspended the proclamation of private respondent as Mayor-elect of Sta. Ana, Pampanga, and treated the petition as a pre-proclamation petition. Private respondent filed his answer on February 5, 1980. On February 8, 1980, the COMELEC issued the questioned Resolution No. 8976 dismissing the pre-proclamation petition:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
". . . Considering the answer filed by said private respondent Magno Maniago, showing that said 3 ballot boxes are in the official custody of the Chief of Police of Sta. Ana as trustee of the Election Registrar of Sta. Ana, and considering further that the grounds alleged in said petition are properly grounds for an election protest, the Commission resolved to dismiss, as it hereby dismisses, the said petition for lack of merit, and hereby lifts its restraining order of February 1, 1980, and directs the Municipal Board of Canvassers of Sta. Ana, Pampanga to proceed with and terminate its canvass and proclaim the winners for municipal offices therein immediately.
"Let the Law Department cause the immediate implementation of, and compliance with, the Resolution." 1
On February 9, 1980, there being no election returns to canvass from the three (3) voting centers of Barangay Sta. Maria, the Board terminated the canvass and proclaimed, on the basis of the election returns from the twenty-eight (28) voting centers, private respondent as the duly elected Mayor of Sta. Ana, Pampanga.
On February 18, 1980, petitioner filed with the Court of First Instance of Pampanga an election protest docketed as Election Protest No. 4 (5700), alleging therein substantially the same grounds as those alleged by him in the pre-proclamation petition. In due time, private respondent filed his answer to the complaint. However, said election protest was suspended by the court pending the outcome of the election case in the COMELEC.
On February 19, 1980, petitioner filed with the COMELEC a petition dated February 14, 1980 for the annulment of the proclamation of private Respondent. The petition was later treated as a motion for the reconsideration of Resolution No. 8976. Private respondent moved to dismiss the petition for the annulment of his proclamation alleging, among others, that he had already taken his oath of office as mayor of Sta. Ana, Pampanga on March 3, 1980 and had immediately assumed office and discharged and continues to discharge the official functions and duties pertaining to that office. After several more pleadings were filed, and the case was heard on March 31, 1980 and April 24, 1980, the COMELEC issued Resolution No. 9802 on May 28, 1980 denying the petition which was earlier treated as motion for reconsideration without prejudice to petitioner’s prosecution of his election protest. 2 The said resolution made final and permanent the proclamation of private Respondent.chanrobles.com.ph : virtual law library
In seeking the annulment of Resolution Nos. 8976 and 9802, petitioner contends that COMELEC acted without or in excess of jurisdiction or with grave abuse of discretion in (1) lifting the restraining order which suspended the proclamation of private respondent; and (2) in denying his motion for reconsideration and in making final and permanent the proclamation of private Respondent.
In support of the foregoing, petitioner claims that Resolution No. 8976 was issued without affording him time and opportunity to file a reply to private respondent’s answer. That is even worse, according to him was that he was not served with a copy of the Resolution No. 9802, such that he was unable to seek immediate relief from this Court to stop the proclamation of private Respondent. Petitioner charges that the proclamation was illegal, alleging that the same was based on incomplete returns. He claims that the edge of 598 votes of private respondent was a result of the substitution of ballots and tampering of election returns in the Municipal Building of Sta. Ana on the night of January 30, 1980.
Private respondent and the Solicitor General raise substantially the same arguments in their comments on the petition. They contend that the COMELEC did not act precipitately in issuing Resolution No. 8976 for it took the COMELEC three (3) days to lift the TRO, unlike in the order suspending the proclamation which was issued without delay and on the very day the letter-petition was filed, and without affording private respondent the opportunity to be heard, contrary to what is provided in Section 175 that a proclamation may be suspended or annulled only after notice and hearing. As regards the missing election returns, they contend that there were no election returns from the questioned three (3) precincts to speak of, since there were no election returns accomplished by the CECs as they had no opportunity to do so, in view of the unfortunate arrival of masked men who were intimidating and threatening people inside the voting centers, causing the people therein, including the CECs members to scamper away.
The petition must be dismissed. It is very apparent from the petition-letter that the grounds relied upon by petitioners in seeking relief from the COMELEC are proper grounds for election protest. Petitioner premised his petition, to quote from Resolution No. 9802 of the COMELEC, on seizure of ballot boxes at gun point; intimidation of voters and forced opening and examination of ballots; substitution of ballots; and tampering of election returns. These are the same grounds alleged in the election protest filed in the Court of First Instance of Pampanga. The cases of Villegas v. COMELEC 3 and Laguda v. COMELEC 4 find application in the disposition of this case. In the early case of Villegas v. COMELEC, where massive fraud and violations of certain provisions of the Election Code allegedly committed during the elections were denounced in this Court, the Court through Mr. Chief Justice Enrique M. Fernando dismissed the petition, it appearing therein that the grounds set forth in the complaint before the COMELEC 1 are proper for election protest. The Court pointed out, that at any rate petitioner would not be left without remedy "for the opportunity for him to prove such a wholesale allegation of massive fraud and violations of Election Code is still there." 5 Indeed, herein petitioner could still avail himself of the election protest where he could ventilate his grievance and be provided the full opportunity to present all relevant evidence in a full dress hearing in accordance with due process, unlike in the COMELEC where the proceedings are summary in nature. As was aptly said in Laguda v. COMELEC, "to pass on such a complex matter in summary proceeding would be to run the risk that the decision arrived at would not reflect the realities of this situation." chanrobles.com.ph : virtual law library
Moreover, such course of action would be in keeping with the ruling first enunciated in Valenzuela v. COMELEC 6 and lately in Arcenas v. COMELEC 7 that "after an election duly held and a proclamation thereafter made of the winning candidate, a pre-proclamation controversy should no longer be viable."cralaw virtua1aw library
WHEREFORE, in view of the foregoing, the petition is hereby DISMISSED without pronouncement as to costs.
SO ORDERED.
Barredo, Concepcion Jr., Fernandez, Guerrero and Melencio-Herrera, JJ., concur.
Makasiar, J., concurs in the result.
Aquino, J., took no part.
Separate Opinions
FERNANDO, C.J., concurring:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
In concurring, states that what for him is the authoritative principle, applicable in the absence of circumstances which in the opinion of the Court calls for a different conclusion is found in the ruling announced in Aguinaldo v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 53953, January 5, 1981.
TEEHANKEE, J., concurring:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
I concur in the result. The Court’s judgment in the case at bar dismissing the petition for prolonging the pre-proclamation controversy when respondent winner had already been duly proclaimed and assumed office and indicating that the loser’s remedy is an election protest, expressly cites the ruling first enunciated in Valenzuela v. Comelec 1 and lately in Arcenas v. Comelec 2 that "after an election duly held and a proclamation thereafter made of the winning candidate, a pre-proclamation controversy should no longer be viable."cralaw virtua1aw library
What passes my understanding is that the same ruling and doctrine which has since been reaffirmed in numerous decisions likewise penned by the Chief Justice, the latest of which is that of Faderanga v. Comelec, 3 has not been equally applied in the Court’s action in two other cases resolved on this same date, namely, Santos v. Comelec, 4 wherein the Court nevertheless denies reconsideration of its decision ousting the duly proclaimed and incumbent mayor of Taytay, Rizal, petitioner Manuel I. Santos therein; and Sandalo v. Comelec, 5 wherein the Court sustains the post-election action of the Comelec ousting the duly proclaimed and incumbent mayor of Tubay, Agusan del Norte, petitioner David Sandalo therein, and ordering the canvassing board to proclaim the repudiated losing candidate "as the duly elected mayor." To avoid repetition, I reproduce by reference my separate dissents in said cases.
ABAD SANTOS, J., dissenting:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
I dissent. The respondent could not have been proclaimed the winner. There were no election returns to canvass from the three voting centers in Barangay Sta. Maria. The return were incomplete and their completion is vital.
Endnotes:
1. p. 49, Rollo.
2. p. 256, Id.
3. G.R. No. 52563, September 4, 1980.
4. G.R. No. 53747, February 20, 1981.
5. Villegas v. COMELEC, supra.
6. G.R. No. 53532, July 21, 1980.
7. G.R. No. 54039, Nov. 28, 1980; see also Potencion v. COMELEC G.R. No. 52527, September 4, 1980.
1 G.R. No. 53532, July 21, 1980.
2 G.R. No. 54039, Nov. 28, 1980: see also Potencion v. Comelec, G.R. No. 52527, September 4, 1980.
3. G.R. No. 55938, June 26, 1981.
4. G.R. No. 52390, March 31, 1981.
5. G.R. No. 52737.
