January 1998 - Philippine Supreme Court Decisions/Resolutions
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G.R. No. 111710 January 7, 1998 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. ROGELIO ABUAN:
SECOND DIVISION
[G.R. No. 111710. January 7, 1998.]
PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. ROGELIO ABUAN, Accused-Appellant.
The Solicitor General for Plaintiff-Appellee.
Gonzalo L. De Jesus Accused-Appellant.
SYLLABUS
1. REMEDIAL LAW; EVIDENCE; CREDIBILITY; CONVICTION OR ACQUITTAL IN RAPE CASES DEPENDS ALMOST ENTIRELY ON CREDIBILITY OF COMPLAINANT. — By the very nature of the crime of rape, conviction or acquittal depends almost entirely on the credibility of the complainant’s testimony because of the fact that usually only the participants can testify as to its occurrence. For this reason courts scrutinize the story of the complaining witness, especially where as in this case it appears that she did not make an immediate outcry or there was unexplained delay in instituting criminal proceedings.
2. ID.; ID.; ID.; ACCUSED MAY BE CONVICTED ON THE BASIS OF CLEAR, POSITIVE AND CONVINCING TESTIMONY OF COMPLAINANT; CASE AT BAR. — The accused may be convicted on the basis of the lone uncorroborated testimony of the private complainant, but the testimony must be clear, positive, convincing, and otherwise consistent with human nature and the normal course of things. Mere accusation is not enough to convict. Neither can the prosecution rely on the weakness of the defense rather than on the strength of its evidence. In the case at bar, the prosecution failed to meet the standard necessary to secure conviction.
3. ID.; ID.; IN ANY CRIMINAL PROSECUTION, CONVICTION MUST REST ON PROOF BEYOND REASONABLE DOUBT. — The defense version is not entirely satisfactory. Aside from his relatives (his wife and Teodoro Abuan) no other witnesses were presented to corroborate accused-appellant’s alibi that in the morning of the day the crime was allegedly committed (April 8, 1992) he went to Baguio City to sell mangoes. In addition there is a hint that he offered to pay P5,000.00 to complainant’s family after "acknowledging his fault" because he did them wrong. But, as in any criminal prosecution, conviction must rest on proof beyond reasonable doubt. The State must rely on the strength of its own evidence and not on the weakness of the evidence of the defense.
2. ID.; ID.; ID.; ACCUSED MAY BE CONVICTED ON THE BASIS OF CLEAR, POSITIVE AND CONVINCING TESTIMONY OF COMPLAINANT; CASE AT BAR. — The accused may be convicted on the basis of the lone uncorroborated testimony of the private complainant, but the testimony must be clear, positive, convincing, and otherwise consistent with human nature and the normal course of things. Mere accusation is not enough to convict. Neither can the prosecution rely on the weakness of the defense rather than on the strength of its evidence. In the case at bar, the prosecution failed to meet the standard necessary to secure conviction.
3. ID.; ID.; IN ANY CRIMINAL PROSECUTION, CONVICTION MUST REST ON PROOF BEYOND REASONABLE DOUBT. — The defense version is not entirely satisfactory. Aside from his relatives (his wife and Teodoro Abuan) no other witnesses were presented to corroborate accused-appellant’s alibi that in the morning of the day the crime was allegedly committed (April 8, 1992) he went to Baguio City to sell mangoes. In addition there is a hint that he offered to pay P5,000.00 to complainant’s family after "acknowledging his fault" because he did them wrong. But, as in any criminal prosecution, conviction must rest on proof beyond reasonable doubt. The State must rely on the strength of its own evidence and not on the weakness of the evidence of the defense.
D E C I S I O N
MENDOZA, J.:
This is an appeal from the decision 1 rendered by the Regional Trial Court Branch 44, Dagupan City, finding accused-appellant Rogelio Abuan guilty of rape and sentencing him to reclusion perpetua and to pay the private complainant, Rosita Villanueva, the sum of P40,000.00 as civil indemnity and P7,000.00 as expenses and costs.
The information against accused-appellant, dated October 9, 1992, alleged 2 —
That on or about April 8, 1992 in the evening at barangay Bolo, municipality of San Jacinto, province of Pangasinan, Philippines and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the above-named accused, by means of force and intimidation, did, then and there willfully and unlawfully and feloniously have carnal knowledge with ROSITA VILLANUEVA against her will and without her consent, to her damage and prejudice.chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary:red
CONTRARY to Art. 335, of the Revised Penal Code.
At the time of the commission of the offense, Rosita Villanueva was 13 years old, 3 an elementary school student at Barangay Bolo, San Jacinto, Pangasinan. Rosita’s sister, Delia, is married to a son 4 of Accused-Appellant.
Rosita testified 5 that in the evening of April 8, 1992, Accused-appellant went to their house, woke her up, and asked her to go with him, but as she was "hesitant," accused-appellant "forced [her] to go with him." Rosita said that, upon arriving in the house of accused-appellant, the latter took her to the kitchen 6 and there, after warning her not to tell anyone, forced her to have sexual intercourse with him. Rosita narrated how she was allegedly abused: accused-appellant kissed her and then removed her short pants. She tried to cross her legs, but accused-appellant was able to draw them apart. Accused-appellant inserted first his index finger into her vagina and then his penis, causing her considerable pain. Rosita said she did not resist accused-appellant "because he has a big body." 7 Rosita said that after accused-appellant had performed the copulative act, she felt something warm come out of his penis; that accused-appellant afterward "became weak" and fell asleep but not before he had warned her not to report the incident to her mother otherwise accused-appellant would kill her and her parents.
An hour after the incident, according to Rosita, Accused-appellant’s wife arrived from Baguio City and found her in the toilet. She was asked if accused-appellant had had sexual intercourse with her, to which Rosita said she replied in the affirmative. According to Rosita,. accused-appellant’s wife told her not to report the matter to her (Rosita’s) brother Lando, or accused-appellant might kill her (Rosita). 8 She said she was forbidden by accused-appellant’s wife from going home that night. 9
Rosita kept quiet about the rape. It was only on July 1, 1992 at the barangay conference when she told the barangay captain, who had asked her and her sister Virgie Lyn if they had been sexually molested by accused-appellant, that she said she had been. 10 On July 9, 1992 Rosita executed an affidavit, narrating the circumstances of the rape: 11
1. That in the evening of April 8, 1992. Rogelio Abuan came to our house to visit his daughter in law, Delia Villanueva who is my elder sister;
2. That when he was about to leave our house, Rogelio Abuan ask permission from my parents that I will sleep in their house that evening because in the morning he would give me some ampalaya fruits;
3. That my parents permitted me to go with him because he is the father in law of my sister Delia Villanueva;
4. That while in the house of Rogelio Abuan at about 8:00 in the evening, he advised me as follows: "SAAN KA NGA AGTAGTAGARI TA ONGNGUAN KA,." and at the same time embraced me and then kissed me;
5. That while kissing me, Rogelio Abuan unbuttoned my short pants, and then removed my pants together with my panty;
6. That after removing my short pants and panty, Rogelio Abuan began to insert his finger inside my vagina and then forced me to lie down on the floor in the kitchen, and while lying down, Rogelio Abuan went on top of me and then brought my legs wide open and began inserting his penis but because I am a virgin. he had difficulty inserting his penis inside my vagina;
7. That after about five minutes or less, Rogelio Abuan finally succeeded in inserting his penis inside my vagina, and then he pushed and pulled his penis inside my vagina until he ejaculated;
8. That after having sexual intercourse with me, Rogelio Abuan warned me not to tell my parents or else he will kill me including my parents;
9. That at the time Rogelio Abuan was embracing and kissing me and at the same time removing my pants and panty, he threatened me by saying: "SAAN KA NGAAGRIRIAW TA AWAN KADUAK DITOY BALAY, TA NO SAAN PATAYEN KA;
10. That because of the threats made by Rogelio Abuan, I did not report what Rogelio Abuan did to me on April 8, 992 until rumors have been spreading in the barangay that my elder sister was raped by Rogelio Abuan, and when my sister was being investigated by the barangay captain that was the time I told the barangay captain that I was the one raped by Rogelio Abuan;
11. That during the investigation., the culprit Rogelio Abuan offered to pay my parents P5,000.00 to settle the case, but my parents refused to accept the amount.
On July 10, 1992. Rosita filed a complaint 12 in the Office of the Provincial Prosecutor in Dagupan City, which became the basis of the information filed in this case.
Rosita’s mother, Lorina Villanueva. also testified. 13 She said that on July 1, 1992 a conference was called by the barangay captain because of reports ("issue" as she called them) that her daughter Virgie Lyn had been raped by Accused-Appellant. According to Lorina, Accused-appellant, instead of coming, sent his wife Avelina (Belen), who, upon being informed that her husband was being accused of having abused Virgie Lyn, allegedly said: "She is not the one, but my husband had sexual intercourse with a certain girl named Rosita Villanueva. It should be Rosita Villanueva who should come here." Lorina said that because of the failure of accused-appellant to appear, another conference was held during which accused-appellant acknowledged his "fault" and said that he was willing to pay P5,000.00. apparently by way of reparation, but Lorina said she demanded P3,000.00. As accused-appellant allegedly failed to appear at the next conference on the "7th day of that month [presumably July]" Lorina said they filed a complaint against Accused-Appellant.
Barangay Captain Federico Ronquillo testified that Lorina Villanueva filed a complaint for rape against accused-appellant on June 28, 1992. 14 He said he took down Rosita Villanueva’s statement 15 in the presence of accused-appellant’s wife, 16 after which he entered the following entry in the barangay blotter: 17
7/1/92 Case #030 — Criminal Case — Rape.
ROGELIO ABUAN — Respondent
Rosita Villanueva — Complainant
This case was forwarded to the higher Court on 7/7/92.
Ronquillo testified that he did not report the matter to the police immediately because "both parties [were] trying to settle the case." 18
Dr. Lilia Santos, specialist in obstetrics and gynecology, examined Rosita Villanueva on July 7, 1992 and made the following findings: 19
— No Menarche yet
— Conscious coherent ambulatory, no signs of external physical injury.
— Genitalia: Hymen-healed lacerations at 3:00, 9:00. 11:00 o’clock position, cervix close, uterus small adnexae (-) no abnormal discharge.
— Vaginal smear: Negative for spermatozoa.chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
Accused-appellant’s defense was alibi. He testified that at 8:00 a.m. of April 8, 1992 he and his wife Avelina Abuan, Teodoro Abuan, and Domingo Bayuda left for Baguio City to sell mangoes. They arrived in Baguio City at around 11 a.m. and from that time on until 11 a.m. of April 15, 1992, when they left for home, they did not leave Baguio City. They arrived home in Barangay Bolo only at 2 p.m. of April 15, 1992. 20 He claimed that he was summoned by the barangay captain in connection with the claim of Lorina Villanueva for payment of her services in taking care of accused-appellant’s daughter-in-law during the latter’s pregnancy. 21
Accused-appellant’s claim that from April 8 to April 15, 1992 he was in Baguio City was corroborated by his wife Avelina Abuan 22 and Teodoro Abuan. 23
Delia Villanueva Abuan, Rosita’s sister who is accused-appellant’s daughter-in-law, testified that she and her family lived in her father-in-law’s house but, in February of 1992, she decided to stay in her parents’ home because there was no one in her parents-in-law’s house who could take care of her after her delivery. She said that on the night of April 8, 1992, Rosita slept in their parents’ house with one of her (Delia’s) children. 24
As already stated the trial court found accused-appellant guilty and sentenced him accordingly. Hence this appeal.
Accused-appellant contends (1) that private complainant’s testimony is at odds with her affidavit and is full of contradictions and untruths; (2) that the medical examination of complainant shows that the complainant was not raped; and (3) that considerable time elapsed between the date of the alleged rape on April 8, 1992 and July 10, 1992, when complainant executed her letter-complaint. Accused-appellant contends that Rosita was only being used to persecute him. Accused-appellant faults the trial court for not giving credence to his defense of alibi and to the testimony of Delia Abuan that her sister, complainant Rosita Villanueva, had slept with her on the night of the alleged rape in their parents’ house. He claims that the entry in the barangay logbook shows that the complainant was Virgie Lyn Villanueva and Rosita Villanueva only claimed to be the victim.
After going over the records, we concluded that accused-appellant’s conviction cannot stand. By the very nature of the crime of rape, conviction or acquittal depends almost entirely on the credibility of the complainant’s testimony because of the fact that usually only the participants can testify as to its occurrence. For this reason courts scrutinize the story of the complaining witness, especially where as in this case it appears that she did not make an immediate outcry or there was unexplained delay in instituting criminal proceedings. 25 The accused may be convicted on the basis of the lone uncorroborated testimony of the private complainant, but the testimony must be clear positive. convincing, and otherwise consistent with human nature and the normal course of things. Mere accusation is not enough to convict. Neither can the prosecution rely on the weakness of the defense rather than on the strength of its evidence. 26
In the case at bar, the prosecution failed to meet the standard necessary to secure conviction. To begin with, the evidence as to how complainant happened to be in the house of accused-appellant where she was allegedly raped is incredible. Rosita testified: 27
Q On the evening of April 8, 1992 at about 6:00 o’clock. do you recall where you were?
A Yes, sir.
Q Where were you then?
A I was at our house and I was invited by Rogelio Abuan.
Q To where did he invite you?
A In his house, sir.
COURT:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
Q Did you go with him?
A I was hesitant, but he forced me to go with him.
Q How did he force you?
A I was then sleeping and he woke me up.
How Rosita could have been forced, right in her parents house, to go with accused-appellant to the latter’s house is beyond us. There were other people in their house and yet it does not seem anyone did anything to stop accused-appellant from forcing her to go with him. Her testimony was in fact contrary to an earlier affidavit she executed in which she claimed that accused-appellant did not force her but rather asked her parents for permission to take her home with him. When confronted with this contradiction, complainant backtracked and claimed that accused-appellant first asked permission from her mother for her to go with him: 28
Q Now, according to this affidavit of yours, particularly paragraph 2 which I quote and read: "that when he was about to leave our house, Rogelio Abuan ask permission from my parents that I will sleep in their house that evening because in the morning he would give me some ampalaya fruits," whereas yesterday when you testified you said that you were asleep, then while you were sleeping the accused woke you up and forced you to come with him, now, whereas in this affidavit you said that Rogelio Abuan asked permission from your parents that you would sleep in their house that evening because in the morning he will give you some ampalaya fruits, what is true, your testimony yesterday or your sworn statement which is part of the record of the case?
A. He first asked permission from my mother.
Even then there is something unnatural in what complainant said as to how she happened to go with Accused-Appellant. Complainant said she had already gone to sleep when accused-appellant woke her up and took her with him to his house. This allegation prompts more questions. Assuming that complainant’s mother consented to have her go with accused-appellant, why did it have to be accused-appellant who should get her out of bed when precisely she was "hesitant" to go with him? If accused-appellant was so persistent in taking her with him, why did not complainant’s parents even suspect accused-appellant’s motives? It is noteworthy that Lorina Villanueva did not corroborate her daughter’s account of how she had been allegedly taken by accused-appellant at night and then raped in his house.
Nor is this the end of complainant’s incredible story. According to complainant, upon reaching the house of the accused-appellant, the following happened: 29
Q When you reached the house of Rogelio Abuan happened?
A He told me, "don’t tell anybody that I will kiss you."cralaw virtua1aw library
Q After he uttered those words, what did he do next?
A He removed my short pants, sir.
Q Did he kiss you?
A Yes, sir.
Q After he kissed you, what happened next?
A He told me, "don’t tell to anybody because I will have sexual intercourse with you."cralaw virtua1aw library
It is strange, if not comical, that accused-appellant should announce every move he intended to make and for complainant to just passively wait for accused-appellant to do what he had said he would do. Yet the whole episode supposedly took place inside a house where there were other people residing. 30
Continuing her fantastic story, complainant said that after accused-appellant was through with his dastardly act, he became weak and fell asleep. It is as though accused-appellant simply took his prey to the kitchen and then fell asleep there. As for complainant, she made no attempt to flee from her captor farther than the toilet "beside the sineguelas tree." In another case, 31 where the alleged victim similarly had the opportunity to flee from the accused but did not, this Court said:cralawnad
The actuations of the complainant — of opting to take refuge within the proximity of 30 meters from the crime scene, a place and distance easily traceable by the accused, and of making no determined effort to resist or plea for rescue at the hands of the accused — are indeed inconsistent with the norms of conduct that could have been displayed by a woman whose feeling has been injured and outraged and suffering the painful mortification to her modesty and honor by ravishment.
It was in the toilet that complainant claimed she was found by accused-appellant’s wife and asked pointblank if her husband did not have sexual intercourse with her, to which she answered in the affirmative. Note that the question of accused-appellant’s wife to her was not whether she had been raped by her husband but whether her husband did not have sexual intercourse with her. Indeed at the barangay conference held on July 1, 1992 accused-appellant’s wife allegedly said that her husband had sexual intercourse not with Virgie Lyn but with complainant. When taken in connection with Lorina’s testimony that when he finally appeared before the barangay conference accused-appellant "acknowledged his fault" and offered to pay complainant’s family P 5,000.00, apparently by way of reparation, the suspicion cannot be helped that maybe if accused-appellant had carnal relation with complainant it was not through force such as is necessary to constitute rape. At all events the prosecution version is just too bizarre to be true. The time it took complainant and her mother to make a report of the alleged crime from April 8 to July 1, 1992, or after nearly three months casts doubt on the veracity of her claim.
Add to this the testimony of complainant’s own sister, Delia, that complainant spent the night of April 8, 1992 with her and her family in their parents’ home and greater doubt is engendered. There is no dispute that Delia was in her parents’ house on that day. Even complainant’s affidavit confirmed Delia’s presence in the parental residence on April 8, 1992.
The Solicitor General claims that Delia was naturally beholden to her father-in-law accused-appellant, in whose house she was then living. It is more probable that she had stronger bonds to her sister and her natural parents than to her father-in-law.
The defense version is not entirely satisfactory. Aside from his relatives (his wife and Teodoro Abuan) no other witnesses were presented to corroborate accused-appellant’s alibi that in the morning of the day the crime as allegedly committed (April 8, 1992) he went to Baguio City to sell mangoes. In addition there is a hint that he offered to pay P5,000.00 to complainant’s family after "acknowledging his fault" because he did them wrong. But, as in any criminal prosecution, conviction must rest on proof beyond reasonable doubt. The State must rely on the strength of its own evidence and not on the weakness of the evidence of the defense.
WHEREFORE, the decision appealed from is REVERSED and accused-appellant Rogelio Abuan is ACQUITTED of the crime charged on the ground of reasonable doubt.
SO ORDERED.
Regalado, Puno, and Martinez, JJ., concur.
The information against accused-appellant, dated October 9, 1992, alleged 2 —
That on or about April 8, 1992 in the evening at barangay Bolo, municipality of San Jacinto, province of Pangasinan, Philippines and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the above-named accused, by means of force and intimidation, did, then and there willfully and unlawfully and feloniously have carnal knowledge with ROSITA VILLANUEVA against her will and without her consent, to her damage and prejudice.chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary:red
CONTRARY to Art. 335, of the Revised Penal Code.
At the time of the commission of the offense, Rosita Villanueva was 13 years old, 3 an elementary school student at Barangay Bolo, San Jacinto, Pangasinan. Rosita’s sister, Delia, is married to a son 4 of Accused-Appellant.
Rosita testified 5 that in the evening of April 8, 1992, Accused-appellant went to their house, woke her up, and asked her to go with him, but as she was "hesitant," accused-appellant "forced [her] to go with him." Rosita said that, upon arriving in the house of accused-appellant, the latter took her to the kitchen 6 and there, after warning her not to tell anyone, forced her to have sexual intercourse with him. Rosita narrated how she was allegedly abused: accused-appellant kissed her and then removed her short pants. She tried to cross her legs, but accused-appellant was able to draw them apart. Accused-appellant inserted first his index finger into her vagina and then his penis, causing her considerable pain. Rosita said she did not resist accused-appellant "because he has a big body." 7 Rosita said that after accused-appellant had performed the copulative act, she felt something warm come out of his penis; that accused-appellant afterward "became weak" and fell asleep but not before he had warned her not to report the incident to her mother otherwise accused-appellant would kill her and her parents.
An hour after the incident, according to Rosita, Accused-appellant’s wife arrived from Baguio City and found her in the toilet. She was asked if accused-appellant had had sexual intercourse with her, to which Rosita said she replied in the affirmative. According to Rosita,. accused-appellant’s wife told her not to report the matter to her (Rosita’s) brother Lando, or accused-appellant might kill her (Rosita). 8 She said she was forbidden by accused-appellant’s wife from going home that night. 9
Rosita kept quiet about the rape. It was only on July 1, 1992 at the barangay conference when she told the barangay captain, who had asked her and her sister Virgie Lyn if they had been sexually molested by accused-appellant, that she said she had been. 10 On July 9, 1992 Rosita executed an affidavit, narrating the circumstances of the rape: 11
1. That in the evening of April 8, 1992. Rogelio Abuan came to our house to visit his daughter in law, Delia Villanueva who is my elder sister;
2. That when he was about to leave our house, Rogelio Abuan ask permission from my parents that I will sleep in their house that evening because in the morning he would give me some ampalaya fruits;
3. That my parents permitted me to go with him because he is the father in law of my sister Delia Villanueva;
4. That while in the house of Rogelio Abuan at about 8:00 in the evening, he advised me as follows: "SAAN KA NGA AGTAGTAGARI TA ONGNGUAN KA,." and at the same time embraced me and then kissed me;
5. That while kissing me, Rogelio Abuan unbuttoned my short pants, and then removed my pants together with my panty;
6. That after removing my short pants and panty, Rogelio Abuan began to insert his finger inside my vagina and then forced me to lie down on the floor in the kitchen, and while lying down, Rogelio Abuan went on top of me and then brought my legs wide open and began inserting his penis but because I am a virgin. he had difficulty inserting his penis inside my vagina;
7. That after about five minutes or less, Rogelio Abuan finally succeeded in inserting his penis inside my vagina, and then he pushed and pulled his penis inside my vagina until he ejaculated;
8. That after having sexual intercourse with me, Rogelio Abuan warned me not to tell my parents or else he will kill me including my parents;
9. That at the time Rogelio Abuan was embracing and kissing me and at the same time removing my pants and panty, he threatened me by saying: "SAAN KA NGAAGRIRIAW TA AWAN KADUAK DITOY BALAY, TA NO SAAN PATAYEN KA;
10. That because of the threats made by Rogelio Abuan, I did not report what Rogelio Abuan did to me on April 8, 992 until rumors have been spreading in the barangay that my elder sister was raped by Rogelio Abuan, and when my sister was being investigated by the barangay captain that was the time I told the barangay captain that I was the one raped by Rogelio Abuan;
11. That during the investigation., the culprit Rogelio Abuan offered to pay my parents P5,000.00 to settle the case, but my parents refused to accept the amount.
On July 10, 1992. Rosita filed a complaint 12 in the Office of the Provincial Prosecutor in Dagupan City, which became the basis of the information filed in this case.
Rosita’s mother, Lorina Villanueva. also testified. 13 She said that on July 1, 1992 a conference was called by the barangay captain because of reports ("issue" as she called them) that her daughter Virgie Lyn had been raped by Accused-Appellant. According to Lorina, Accused-appellant, instead of coming, sent his wife Avelina (Belen), who, upon being informed that her husband was being accused of having abused Virgie Lyn, allegedly said: "She is not the one, but my husband had sexual intercourse with a certain girl named Rosita Villanueva. It should be Rosita Villanueva who should come here." Lorina said that because of the failure of accused-appellant to appear, another conference was held during which accused-appellant acknowledged his "fault" and said that he was willing to pay P5,000.00. apparently by way of reparation, but Lorina said she demanded P3,000.00. As accused-appellant allegedly failed to appear at the next conference on the "7th day of that month [presumably July]" Lorina said they filed a complaint against Accused-Appellant.
Barangay Captain Federico Ronquillo testified that Lorina Villanueva filed a complaint for rape against accused-appellant on June 28, 1992. 14 He said he took down Rosita Villanueva’s statement 15 in the presence of accused-appellant’s wife, 16 after which he entered the following entry in the barangay blotter: 17
7/1/92 Case #030 — Criminal Case — Rape.
ROGELIO ABUAN — Respondent
Rosita Villanueva — Complainant
This case was forwarded to the higher Court on 7/7/92.
Ronquillo testified that he did not report the matter to the police immediately because "both parties [were] trying to settle the case." 18
Dr. Lilia Santos, specialist in obstetrics and gynecology, examined Rosita Villanueva on July 7, 1992 and made the following findings: 19
— No Menarche yet
— Conscious coherent ambulatory, no signs of external physical injury.
— Genitalia: Hymen-healed lacerations at 3:00, 9:00. 11:00 o’clock position, cervix close, uterus small adnexae (-) no abnormal discharge.
— Vaginal smear: Negative for spermatozoa.chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
Accused-appellant’s defense was alibi. He testified that at 8:00 a.m. of April 8, 1992 he and his wife Avelina Abuan, Teodoro Abuan, and Domingo Bayuda left for Baguio City to sell mangoes. They arrived in Baguio City at around 11 a.m. and from that time on until 11 a.m. of April 15, 1992, when they left for home, they did not leave Baguio City. They arrived home in Barangay Bolo only at 2 p.m. of April 15, 1992. 20 He claimed that he was summoned by the barangay captain in connection with the claim of Lorina Villanueva for payment of her services in taking care of accused-appellant’s daughter-in-law during the latter’s pregnancy. 21
Accused-appellant’s claim that from April 8 to April 15, 1992 he was in Baguio City was corroborated by his wife Avelina Abuan 22 and Teodoro Abuan. 23
Delia Villanueva Abuan, Rosita’s sister who is accused-appellant’s daughter-in-law, testified that she and her family lived in her father-in-law’s house but, in February of 1992, she decided to stay in her parents’ home because there was no one in her parents-in-law’s house who could take care of her after her delivery. She said that on the night of April 8, 1992, Rosita slept in their parents’ house with one of her (Delia’s) children. 24
As already stated the trial court found accused-appellant guilty and sentenced him accordingly. Hence this appeal.
Accused-appellant contends (1) that private complainant’s testimony is at odds with her affidavit and is full of contradictions and untruths; (2) that the medical examination of complainant shows that the complainant was not raped; and (3) that considerable time elapsed between the date of the alleged rape on April 8, 1992 and July 10, 1992, when complainant executed her letter-complaint. Accused-appellant contends that Rosita was only being used to persecute him. Accused-appellant faults the trial court for not giving credence to his defense of alibi and to the testimony of Delia Abuan that her sister, complainant Rosita Villanueva, had slept with her on the night of the alleged rape in their parents’ house. He claims that the entry in the barangay logbook shows that the complainant was Virgie Lyn Villanueva and Rosita Villanueva only claimed to be the victim.
After going over the records, we concluded that accused-appellant’s conviction cannot stand. By the very nature of the crime of rape, conviction or acquittal depends almost entirely on the credibility of the complainant’s testimony because of the fact that usually only the participants can testify as to its occurrence. For this reason courts scrutinize the story of the complaining witness, especially where as in this case it appears that she did not make an immediate outcry or there was unexplained delay in instituting criminal proceedings. 25 The accused may be convicted on the basis of the lone uncorroborated testimony of the private complainant, but the testimony must be clear positive. convincing, and otherwise consistent with human nature and the normal course of things. Mere accusation is not enough to convict. Neither can the prosecution rely on the weakness of the defense rather than on the strength of its evidence. 26
In the case at bar, the prosecution failed to meet the standard necessary to secure conviction. To begin with, the evidence as to how complainant happened to be in the house of accused-appellant where she was allegedly raped is incredible. Rosita testified: 27
Q On the evening of April 8, 1992 at about 6:00 o’clock. do you recall where you were?
A Yes, sir.
Q Where were you then?
A I was at our house and I was invited by Rogelio Abuan.
Q To where did he invite you?
A In his house, sir.
COURT:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
Q Did you go with him?
A I was hesitant, but he forced me to go with him.
Q How did he force you?
A I was then sleeping and he woke me up.
How Rosita could have been forced, right in her parents house, to go with accused-appellant to the latter’s house is beyond us. There were other people in their house and yet it does not seem anyone did anything to stop accused-appellant from forcing her to go with him. Her testimony was in fact contrary to an earlier affidavit she executed in which she claimed that accused-appellant did not force her but rather asked her parents for permission to take her home with him. When confronted with this contradiction, complainant backtracked and claimed that accused-appellant first asked permission from her mother for her to go with him: 28
Q Now, according to this affidavit of yours, particularly paragraph 2 which I quote and read: "that when he was about to leave our house, Rogelio Abuan ask permission from my parents that I will sleep in their house that evening because in the morning he would give me some ampalaya fruits," whereas yesterday when you testified you said that you were asleep, then while you were sleeping the accused woke you up and forced you to come with him, now, whereas in this affidavit you said that Rogelio Abuan asked permission from your parents that you would sleep in their house that evening because in the morning he will give you some ampalaya fruits, what is true, your testimony yesterday or your sworn statement which is part of the record of the case?
A. He first asked permission from my mother.
Even then there is something unnatural in what complainant said as to how she happened to go with Accused-Appellant. Complainant said she had already gone to sleep when accused-appellant woke her up and took her with him to his house. This allegation prompts more questions. Assuming that complainant’s mother consented to have her go with accused-appellant, why did it have to be accused-appellant who should get her out of bed when precisely she was "hesitant" to go with him? If accused-appellant was so persistent in taking her with him, why did not complainant’s parents even suspect accused-appellant’s motives? It is noteworthy that Lorina Villanueva did not corroborate her daughter’s account of how she had been allegedly taken by accused-appellant at night and then raped in his house.
Nor is this the end of complainant’s incredible story. According to complainant, upon reaching the house of the accused-appellant, the following happened: 29
Q When you reached the house of Rogelio Abuan happened?
A He told me, "don’t tell anybody that I will kiss you."cralaw virtua1aw library
Q After he uttered those words, what did he do next?
A He removed my short pants, sir.
Q Did he kiss you?
A Yes, sir.
Q After he kissed you, what happened next?
A He told me, "don’t tell to anybody because I will have sexual intercourse with you."cralaw virtua1aw library
It is strange, if not comical, that accused-appellant should announce every move he intended to make and for complainant to just passively wait for accused-appellant to do what he had said he would do. Yet the whole episode supposedly took place inside a house where there were other people residing. 30
Continuing her fantastic story, complainant said that after accused-appellant was through with his dastardly act, he became weak and fell asleep. It is as though accused-appellant simply took his prey to the kitchen and then fell asleep there. As for complainant, she made no attempt to flee from her captor farther than the toilet "beside the sineguelas tree." In another case, 31 where the alleged victim similarly had the opportunity to flee from the accused but did not, this Court said:cralawnad
The actuations of the complainant — of opting to take refuge within the proximity of 30 meters from the crime scene, a place and distance easily traceable by the accused, and of making no determined effort to resist or plea for rescue at the hands of the accused — are indeed inconsistent with the norms of conduct that could have been displayed by a woman whose feeling has been injured and outraged and suffering the painful mortification to her modesty and honor by ravishment.
It was in the toilet that complainant claimed she was found by accused-appellant’s wife and asked pointblank if her husband did not have sexual intercourse with her, to which she answered in the affirmative. Note that the question of accused-appellant’s wife to her was not whether she had been raped by her husband but whether her husband did not have sexual intercourse with her. Indeed at the barangay conference held on July 1, 1992 accused-appellant’s wife allegedly said that her husband had sexual intercourse not with Virgie Lyn but with complainant. When taken in connection with Lorina’s testimony that when he finally appeared before the barangay conference accused-appellant "acknowledged his fault" and offered to pay complainant’s family P 5,000.00, apparently by way of reparation, the suspicion cannot be helped that maybe if accused-appellant had carnal relation with complainant it was not through force such as is necessary to constitute rape. At all events the prosecution version is just too bizarre to be true. The time it took complainant and her mother to make a report of the alleged crime from April 8 to July 1, 1992, or after nearly three months casts doubt on the veracity of her claim.
Add to this the testimony of complainant’s own sister, Delia, that complainant spent the night of April 8, 1992 with her and her family in their parents’ home and greater doubt is engendered. There is no dispute that Delia was in her parents’ house on that day. Even complainant’s affidavit confirmed Delia’s presence in the parental residence on April 8, 1992.
The Solicitor General claims that Delia was naturally beholden to her father-in-law accused-appellant, in whose house she was then living. It is more probable that she had stronger bonds to her sister and her natural parents than to her father-in-law.
The defense version is not entirely satisfactory. Aside from his relatives (his wife and Teodoro Abuan) no other witnesses were presented to corroborate accused-appellant’s alibi that in the morning of the day the crime as allegedly committed (April 8, 1992) he went to Baguio City to sell mangoes. In addition there is a hint that he offered to pay P5,000.00 to complainant’s family after "acknowledging his fault" because he did them wrong. But, as in any criminal prosecution, conviction must rest on proof beyond reasonable doubt. The State must rely on the strength of its own evidence and not on the weakness of the evidence of the defense.
WHEREFORE, the decision appealed from is REVERSED and accused-appellant Rogelio Abuan is ACQUITTED of the crime charged on the ground of reasonable doubt.
SO ORDERED.
Regalado, Puno, and Martinez, JJ., concur.
Endnotes:
1. Penned by Judge Crispin C. Laron.
2. Rollo, p. 3.
3. Her birth certificate (Exh. B) shows she was born on July 25, 1978. This was also her testimony (TSN, p. 3, Jan. 19, 1993) and that of her mother Lorina Villanueva (TSN, pp. 3 and 9, Jan. 18, 1993).
4. The name of accused-appellant’s son is variously given as "Loreto" and "Rolly." See testimony of Delia Abuan, TSN, p. 4. Jan. 28, 1992 and testimony of Lorina Villanueva, TSN, p. 3 Jan. 18.1993.
5. TSN. pp. 3-5, Jan. 19, 1993.
6. Id., p. 16, Jan. 20, 1993.
7. Id., p. 21.
8. Id., p. 4.
9. Id., p. 30.
10. Id., pp. 5-6.
11. Exh. D, Records, p. 29.
12. Exh. A, id., p. 27.
13. TSN, pp. 4-6, Jan. 18, 1993.
14. TSN, pp. 3-4, Jan. 21, 1993.
15. Exh. E, Records, p. 61.
16. TSN, p. 6, Jan. 21, 1993.
17. Exh. G, Records, p. 62.
18. TSN, p. 13, Jan. 21, 1993.
19. Medico-Legal Certificate of Dr. Lilia Santos (Exh. F), Records, p. 31.
20. TSN, pp. 6-7, Feb. 3.1993.
21. Id., pp. 8-9.
22. TSN, p. 19 Jan. 28, 1993.
23. TSN, pp. 5-6, Feb. 1, 1993.
24. TSN, Jan. 28, 1993, p. 13.
25. People v. Teves, 246 SCRA 237 (1995) quoting People v. Cueto, 84 SCRA 77 (1987).
26. People v. Godoy, 250 SCRA 676 (1995).
27. TSN, p. 3 Jan. 19. 1993.
28. TSN, p. 12, Jan. 20, 1993.
29. TSN, p. 4, Jan. 19, 1993.
30. TSN, p. 3. Jan. 20, 1993.
31. People v. Sinatao, 249 SCRA 554 (1995).
