July 2002 - Philippine Supreme Court Decisions/Resolutions
Philippine Supreme Court Jurisprudence
Philippine Supreme Court Jurisprudence > Year 2002 > July 2002 Decisions >
G.R. No. 127154 July 30, 2002 - PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES v. ROLDAN A. OCHATE:
EN BANC
[G.R. No. 127154. July 30, 2002.]
THE PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. ROLDAN A. OCHATE, alias "Boy," Accused-Appellant.
D E C I S I O N
AUSTRIA-MARTINEZ, J.:
On automatic review is the decision of the Regional Trial Court of Sindangan, Zamboanga del Norte (Branch 11) dated September 20, 1996 in Criminal Case No. S-2504 finding accused Roldan A. Ochate guilty beyond reasonable doubt of rape with homicide, sentencing him to suffer the penalty of death and ordering him to indemnify the heirs of the victim the amount of Fifty Thousand Pesos (P50,000.00).chanrob1es virtua1 1aw 1ibrary
The facts of the case:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
Around 5:15 in the afternoon of September 26, 1994, Rowena Albiso and her older brother Roseller were walking together on their way home from school at Tampilisan, Zamboanga del Norte. Upon reaching the house of the barangay captain, which is about twenty (20) meters from their school, Rowena stopped and went to the communal water pump to wash her food container and her slippers. Roseller went home ahead of her sister. 1 On his way home, he passed by the hut of accused Roldan Ochate where he saw the latter in the yard tucking a scythe on his waist. 2 When Roseller arrived home, their father, Romulo, asked for the whereabouts of Rowena. Roseller told Romulo that his sister was not yet home. Romulo then went to meet Rowena. However, he was unable to find her. Romulo and Roseller thereafter went to the house of the accused who is their neighbor but finding no one there, they proceeded to report the incident to barangay councilman and acting barangay captain Crisanto Montano. 3 Montano, in turn, sought the assistance of some of the men in the barangay in order to find Rowena. The search was conducted the whole evening of September 26, 1994 to no avail. It was only around eight o’clock the following morning that the group found Rowena in a ricefield about fifty meters from Ochate’s house. 4 She was already dead. The medico-legal officer who later examined the cadaver reported that the cause of death was hemorrhagic shock due to deep and penetrating incised wounds in the neck and abdomen. 5 Suspecting that Ochate was the culprit, police officers as well as other members of the barangay went to see Ochate at his house but they were not able to find him. It was only on September 29, 1994 that a certain Bienvenido Pantallano, a member of the CAFGU, was able to locate Ochate and he took Ochate in his custody and brought him to the Chief of Police of Tampilisan. 6
On January 9, 1995, an Information for Rape with Homicide was filed against Ochate, to wit:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"The undersigned, Provincial Prosecutor, accuses ROLDAN A. OCHATE @ Boy of the crime of RAPE WITH HOMICIDE, committed as follows:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"That, in the afternoon, on or about the 26th day of September, 1994, in the municipality of Tampilisan, Zamboanga del Norte, within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the said accused armed with a scythe, moved by lewd and unchaste design, did then and there willfully, unlawfully and feloniously, by means of force, violence and intimidation, have carnal knowledge with one ROWENA ALBISO, 8 year old child, against her will and without her consent; that in the pursuance of his evil motive and to better accomplish his evil purpose the said accused, did then and there willfully, unlawfully and feloniously attack, assault and hack said ROWENA ALBISO, thereby inflicting upon her injuries on the vital parts of her body which caused her instantaneous death; that as a result of the commission of the crime the heirs of the herein victim suffered the following damages, viz:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
a) Indemnity for victim’s death.... P50,000.00
b) Loss of earning capacity......... P20,000.00
P70,000.00
"CONTRARY TO LAW." 7
Ochate entered a plea of "not guilty."cralaw virtua1aw library
After trial, the lower court found the accused guilty beyond reasonable doubt of the crime of rape with homicide and meted the penalty of death.
Hence, this automatic review.
Accused-appellant raises the following Assignment of Errors:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
"THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN CONVICTING THE ACCUSED ON ALLEGED INCRIMINATORY CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE.
"THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN TAKING AGAINST THE ACCUSED VERBAL ADMISSIONS ALLEGEDLY MADE DURING CUSTODIAL INVESTIGATION IN VIOLATION OF HIS RIGHT TO REMAIN SILENT AND TO COUNSEL.
"THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FINDING THE ACCUSED GUILTY BEYOND REASONABLE DOUBT OF THE CRIME OF RAPE WITH HOMICIDE." 8
Appellant contends that he knew nothing about the rape and the killing of Rowena Albiso; that around three o’clock in the afternoon of September 26, 1994, he was at his residence, sleeping; that upon waking up at three-thirty in the same afternoon he went to gather tuba then proceeded to his copra drier which is approximately 100 meters from his house; that he went back home at four o’clock and later went to sleep at six o’clock in the evening; that he did not notice any unusual incident on the night of September 26, 1994; that on September 29, 1994, he was arrested without warrant for reasons he was not aware of; that it was only after he was brought to the public market where he was informed that he was the suspect in the killing of a certain person, the identity of whom he only knew when he was already brought to the municipal building.chanrob1es virtua1 1aw 1ibrary
As to the first assigned error, we agree with accused-appellant that trial court erred in convicting him based on circumstantial evidence. The requisites to sustain a conviction of an accused based on circumstantial evidence are: (1) there must be more than one circumstance; (2) the inference must be based on proven facts; and (3) the combination of all circumstances produces a conviction beyond reasonable doubt of the guilt of the accused. 9 And in the appreciation of circumstantial evidence, there are four basic guidelines: (1) it should be acted upon with caution; (2) all the essential facts must be consistent with the hypothesis of guilt; (3) the facts must exclude every other theory but that of guilt; and (4) the facts must establish such a certainty of guilt of the accused as to convince the judgment beyond a reasonable doubt that the accused is the one who committed the offense. 10
Prosecution evidence established the following circumstances: (1) in the afternoon of September 26, 1994, when the victim was last seen alive by her brother Roseller, appellant was seen near his house located along the road where the victim and Roseller pass on their way home; 11 (2) the road passing through accused-appellant’s house is the only path coming from the school going to the house of the victim’s family; 12 (3) appellant was the only person seen by Roseller on his way home; 13 (4) appellant, who was alone at that time, appeared to Roseller as if he was waiting for somebody; 14 (5) upon waking up in the morning of September 27, 1994 and noticing that people in their barangay were gathering and looking for somebody, appellant did not bother to inquire about the reason for such activity; 15 (6) he did not participate in the search for the missing girl; 16 (7) the victim’s cadaver was found about 50 meters from appellant’s hut; 17 (8) when he was informed by his wife that the victim’s cadaver was found near their house, he showed no surprise and he did nothing; 18 (9) on two occasions, when he was informed by the police that someone was killed in their barangay and that he is a suspect in the killing, he did not bother to ask who the victim was. 19
After a careful review of the entire evidence presented, we find that a combination of the foregoing circumstances is insufficient to convict appellant of rape with homicide. Said circumstances do not lead to a fair and reasonable conclusion that accused-appellant, to the exclusion of all others, is the person guilty of the offense charged. Appellant’s indifference to the events that happened in their barangay beginning September 26, 1994 up to the time of his arrest on September 29, 1994 may lend support to the suspicion of the barangay and police authorities that he is the author of the crime. But then, mere suspicion, no matter how strong it may be, is not sufficient to sustain conviction. 20 Law and jurisprudence demand proof beyond reasonable doubt before any person may be deprived of his life, liberty, or even property. 21 Enshrined in the Bill of Rights is the right of the accused to be presumed innocent until the contrary is proved, and to overcome the presumption nothing but proof beyond reasonable doubt must be established by the prosecution. 22 The constitutional presumption of innocence requires courts to take "a more than casual consideration" of every circumstances or doubt proving the innocence of the accused. 23
In his testimony, Crisanto Montano admitted that accused-appellant was considered a suspect because he did not join the search for the missing girl. 24 Appellant testified that he did not participate in the search because he was busy drying copra. 25 It cannot be contradicted that such passive reaction is susceptible to different interpretations. Indeed, it may be construed as an indication of guilt; but, it may also be interpreted as mere indifference or even downright insensibility.chanrob1es virtua1 1aw 1ibrary
Moreover, there was no evidence presented to show that after Roseller left his sister to wash her food container and slippers at the communal water pump, appellant was seen with her. Furthermore, the testimony of Roseller that he saw appellant along the road on his way home is not sufficient to support the conclusion that it was appellant who committed the crime. At best, it is mere conjecture or speculation which the Court will not subscribe to.
Jurisprudence instructs that where the circumstances obtaining in a case are capable of two inferences, one of which is consistent with the presumption of innocence while the other may be compatible with the finding of guilt, the court must acquit the accused because the evidence does not fulfill the test of moral certainty and, therefore, is insufficient to support a judgment of conviction. 26
Doubtless, Accused-appellant’s defenses of alibi and denial are weak. Nevertheless, it is a settled principle in criminal law that a finding of guilt must rest on the strength of the prosecution’s own evidence and not on the weakness or absence of evidence for the defense. 27 In the present case, the circumstantial evidence presented by the prosecution is not sufficient to establish the guilt of the accused beyond reasonable doubt.
As to the second assignment of error, we agree with appellant that his confessions to Bienvenido Pantallano, Dr. Henry Cawley, and before the barangay captain may not be used in evidence against him as they are in violation of his constitutional right to remain silent and to counsel while under custodial investigation.
Custodial investigation, as defined in Miranda v. Arizona 28 is any questioning initiated by law enforcement officers after a person has been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in any significant way.
Pantallano and Cawley are law enforcement officers, the former being a CAFGU member and the latter, an NBI officer. With respect to Pantallano, Accused-appellant’s confession was made when the former was pointing his gun at the latter; 29 thus, effectively depriving accused-appellant of his freedom of action. On the other hand, Accused-appellant’s confession to Dr. Cawley was made when the former is already under detention. 30 Both Pantallano and Cawley elicited questions that prompted accused-appellant to confess his guilt in the absence of a counsel and without being informed of his constitutional rights. Hence, it is clear that his confessions are inadmissible in evidence having been obtained in violation of the provisions of Section 12, Article III of the 1987 Constitution, to wit:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"Section 12. (1) Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall have the right to be informed of his right to remain silent and to have competent and independent counsel preferably of his own choice. If the person cannot afford the services of counsel, he must be provided with one. These rights cannot be waived except in the presence of counsel.
"x x x
"(3) Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this or Section 17 hereof shall be inadmissible in evidence against him.
"x x x."cralaw virtua1aw library
Likewise, appellant’s admission of guilt before the barangay captain is inadmissible in evidence. Montano testified that at the time he heard appellant admit that he committed the crime because he was possessed by the devil, it was actually in response to the query of the barangay captain as to why he committed the crime charged. The question and answer transpired in the presence of the chief of police. Appellant had already been singled out as a suspect, arrested, taken into custody and was being investigated by the police. 31 While it is true that the barangay captain is not a police officer or a law enforcement agent, it is clear from the records that he asked his question in the course of police interrogation without the accused-appellant being informed of his rights under the constitution. 32 In People v. Morada, 33 this Court held that the confession made by the accused-appellant to the barangay captain is inadmissible because it appeared that the conversation between the two was part of the then ongoing police investigation.
The rape and killing of eight-year old Rowena Albiso is beyond question, a dastardly act that every sensible and God-fearing human being abhors. The assault on the child is tragic and we condemn in the strongest possible terms the beastly act committed against her. However, we must uphold the primacy of the presumption of innocence in favor of the accused-appellant when the evidence at hand falls short of the quantum required to support conviction. 34 Here, the prosecution failed to present evidence sufficient to prove the guilt of the accused-appellant beyond reasonable doubt.chanrob1es virtua1 1aw 1ibrary
WHEREFORE, the decision under automatic review is REVERSED and SET ASIDE, and accused-appellant Roldan A. Ochate alias "Boy" is hereby ACQUITTED on the ground of reasonable doubt. The Director of the Bureau of Corrections is directed to cause the immediate release of accused-appellant unless he is being lawfully held for another cause, and to inform this Court of the date of his release, or the ground for his continued confinement, within ten (10) days from notice of herein decision.
SO ORDERED.
Davide, Jr., C.J., Bellosillo, Puno, Vitug, Kapunan, Mendoza, Panganiban, Quisumbing, Ynares-Santiago, Sandoval-Gutierrez, Carpio and Corona, JJ., concur.
The facts of the case:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
Around 5:15 in the afternoon of September 26, 1994, Rowena Albiso and her older brother Roseller were walking together on their way home from school at Tampilisan, Zamboanga del Norte. Upon reaching the house of the barangay captain, which is about twenty (20) meters from their school, Rowena stopped and went to the communal water pump to wash her food container and her slippers. Roseller went home ahead of her sister. 1 On his way home, he passed by the hut of accused Roldan Ochate where he saw the latter in the yard tucking a scythe on his waist. 2 When Roseller arrived home, their father, Romulo, asked for the whereabouts of Rowena. Roseller told Romulo that his sister was not yet home. Romulo then went to meet Rowena. However, he was unable to find her. Romulo and Roseller thereafter went to the house of the accused who is their neighbor but finding no one there, they proceeded to report the incident to barangay councilman and acting barangay captain Crisanto Montano. 3 Montano, in turn, sought the assistance of some of the men in the barangay in order to find Rowena. The search was conducted the whole evening of September 26, 1994 to no avail. It was only around eight o’clock the following morning that the group found Rowena in a ricefield about fifty meters from Ochate’s house. 4 She was already dead. The medico-legal officer who later examined the cadaver reported that the cause of death was hemorrhagic shock due to deep and penetrating incised wounds in the neck and abdomen. 5 Suspecting that Ochate was the culprit, police officers as well as other members of the barangay went to see Ochate at his house but they were not able to find him. It was only on September 29, 1994 that a certain Bienvenido Pantallano, a member of the CAFGU, was able to locate Ochate and he took Ochate in his custody and brought him to the Chief of Police of Tampilisan. 6
On January 9, 1995, an Information for Rape with Homicide was filed against Ochate, to wit:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"The undersigned, Provincial Prosecutor, accuses ROLDAN A. OCHATE @ Boy of the crime of RAPE WITH HOMICIDE, committed as follows:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"That, in the afternoon, on or about the 26th day of September, 1994, in the municipality of Tampilisan, Zamboanga del Norte, within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the said accused armed with a scythe, moved by lewd and unchaste design, did then and there willfully, unlawfully and feloniously, by means of force, violence and intimidation, have carnal knowledge with one ROWENA ALBISO, 8 year old child, against her will and without her consent; that in the pursuance of his evil motive and to better accomplish his evil purpose the said accused, did then and there willfully, unlawfully and feloniously attack, assault and hack said ROWENA ALBISO, thereby inflicting upon her injuries on the vital parts of her body which caused her instantaneous death; that as a result of the commission of the crime the heirs of the herein victim suffered the following damages, viz:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
a) Indemnity for victim’s death.... P50,000.00
b) Loss of earning capacity......... P20,000.00
P70,000.00
"CONTRARY TO LAW." 7
Ochate entered a plea of "not guilty."cralaw virtua1aw library
After trial, the lower court found the accused guilty beyond reasonable doubt of the crime of rape with homicide and meted the penalty of death.
Hence, this automatic review.
Accused-appellant raises the following Assignment of Errors:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
"I
"THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN CONVICTING THE ACCUSED ON ALLEGED INCRIMINATORY CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE.
"II
"THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN TAKING AGAINST THE ACCUSED VERBAL ADMISSIONS ALLEGEDLY MADE DURING CUSTODIAL INVESTIGATION IN VIOLATION OF HIS RIGHT TO REMAIN SILENT AND TO COUNSEL.
"III
"THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FINDING THE ACCUSED GUILTY BEYOND REASONABLE DOUBT OF THE CRIME OF RAPE WITH HOMICIDE." 8
Appellant contends that he knew nothing about the rape and the killing of Rowena Albiso; that around three o’clock in the afternoon of September 26, 1994, he was at his residence, sleeping; that upon waking up at three-thirty in the same afternoon he went to gather tuba then proceeded to his copra drier which is approximately 100 meters from his house; that he went back home at four o’clock and later went to sleep at six o’clock in the evening; that he did not notice any unusual incident on the night of September 26, 1994; that on September 29, 1994, he was arrested without warrant for reasons he was not aware of; that it was only after he was brought to the public market where he was informed that he was the suspect in the killing of a certain person, the identity of whom he only knew when he was already brought to the municipal building.chanrob1es virtua1 1aw 1ibrary
As to the first assigned error, we agree with accused-appellant that trial court erred in convicting him based on circumstantial evidence. The requisites to sustain a conviction of an accused based on circumstantial evidence are: (1) there must be more than one circumstance; (2) the inference must be based on proven facts; and (3) the combination of all circumstances produces a conviction beyond reasonable doubt of the guilt of the accused. 9 And in the appreciation of circumstantial evidence, there are four basic guidelines: (1) it should be acted upon with caution; (2) all the essential facts must be consistent with the hypothesis of guilt; (3) the facts must exclude every other theory but that of guilt; and (4) the facts must establish such a certainty of guilt of the accused as to convince the judgment beyond a reasonable doubt that the accused is the one who committed the offense. 10
Prosecution evidence established the following circumstances: (1) in the afternoon of September 26, 1994, when the victim was last seen alive by her brother Roseller, appellant was seen near his house located along the road where the victim and Roseller pass on their way home; 11 (2) the road passing through accused-appellant’s house is the only path coming from the school going to the house of the victim’s family; 12 (3) appellant was the only person seen by Roseller on his way home; 13 (4) appellant, who was alone at that time, appeared to Roseller as if he was waiting for somebody; 14 (5) upon waking up in the morning of September 27, 1994 and noticing that people in their barangay were gathering and looking for somebody, appellant did not bother to inquire about the reason for such activity; 15 (6) he did not participate in the search for the missing girl; 16 (7) the victim’s cadaver was found about 50 meters from appellant’s hut; 17 (8) when he was informed by his wife that the victim’s cadaver was found near their house, he showed no surprise and he did nothing; 18 (9) on two occasions, when he was informed by the police that someone was killed in their barangay and that he is a suspect in the killing, he did not bother to ask who the victim was. 19
After a careful review of the entire evidence presented, we find that a combination of the foregoing circumstances is insufficient to convict appellant of rape with homicide. Said circumstances do not lead to a fair and reasonable conclusion that accused-appellant, to the exclusion of all others, is the person guilty of the offense charged. Appellant’s indifference to the events that happened in their barangay beginning September 26, 1994 up to the time of his arrest on September 29, 1994 may lend support to the suspicion of the barangay and police authorities that he is the author of the crime. But then, mere suspicion, no matter how strong it may be, is not sufficient to sustain conviction. 20 Law and jurisprudence demand proof beyond reasonable doubt before any person may be deprived of his life, liberty, or even property. 21 Enshrined in the Bill of Rights is the right of the accused to be presumed innocent until the contrary is proved, and to overcome the presumption nothing but proof beyond reasonable doubt must be established by the prosecution. 22 The constitutional presumption of innocence requires courts to take "a more than casual consideration" of every circumstances or doubt proving the innocence of the accused. 23
In his testimony, Crisanto Montano admitted that accused-appellant was considered a suspect because he did not join the search for the missing girl. 24 Appellant testified that he did not participate in the search because he was busy drying copra. 25 It cannot be contradicted that such passive reaction is susceptible to different interpretations. Indeed, it may be construed as an indication of guilt; but, it may also be interpreted as mere indifference or even downright insensibility.chanrob1es virtua1 1aw 1ibrary
Moreover, there was no evidence presented to show that after Roseller left his sister to wash her food container and slippers at the communal water pump, appellant was seen with her. Furthermore, the testimony of Roseller that he saw appellant along the road on his way home is not sufficient to support the conclusion that it was appellant who committed the crime. At best, it is mere conjecture or speculation which the Court will not subscribe to.
Jurisprudence instructs that where the circumstances obtaining in a case are capable of two inferences, one of which is consistent with the presumption of innocence while the other may be compatible with the finding of guilt, the court must acquit the accused because the evidence does not fulfill the test of moral certainty and, therefore, is insufficient to support a judgment of conviction. 26
Doubtless, Accused-appellant’s defenses of alibi and denial are weak. Nevertheless, it is a settled principle in criminal law that a finding of guilt must rest on the strength of the prosecution’s own evidence and not on the weakness or absence of evidence for the defense. 27 In the present case, the circumstantial evidence presented by the prosecution is not sufficient to establish the guilt of the accused beyond reasonable doubt.
As to the second assignment of error, we agree with appellant that his confessions to Bienvenido Pantallano, Dr. Henry Cawley, and before the barangay captain may not be used in evidence against him as they are in violation of his constitutional right to remain silent and to counsel while under custodial investigation.
Custodial investigation, as defined in Miranda v. Arizona 28 is any questioning initiated by law enforcement officers after a person has been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in any significant way.
Pantallano and Cawley are law enforcement officers, the former being a CAFGU member and the latter, an NBI officer. With respect to Pantallano, Accused-appellant’s confession was made when the former was pointing his gun at the latter; 29 thus, effectively depriving accused-appellant of his freedom of action. On the other hand, Accused-appellant’s confession to Dr. Cawley was made when the former is already under detention. 30 Both Pantallano and Cawley elicited questions that prompted accused-appellant to confess his guilt in the absence of a counsel and without being informed of his constitutional rights. Hence, it is clear that his confessions are inadmissible in evidence having been obtained in violation of the provisions of Section 12, Article III of the 1987 Constitution, to wit:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"Section 12. (1) Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall have the right to be informed of his right to remain silent and to have competent and independent counsel preferably of his own choice. If the person cannot afford the services of counsel, he must be provided with one. These rights cannot be waived except in the presence of counsel.
"x x x
"(3) Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this or Section 17 hereof shall be inadmissible in evidence against him.
"x x x."cralaw virtua1aw library
Likewise, appellant’s admission of guilt before the barangay captain is inadmissible in evidence. Montano testified that at the time he heard appellant admit that he committed the crime because he was possessed by the devil, it was actually in response to the query of the barangay captain as to why he committed the crime charged. The question and answer transpired in the presence of the chief of police. Appellant had already been singled out as a suspect, arrested, taken into custody and was being investigated by the police. 31 While it is true that the barangay captain is not a police officer or a law enforcement agent, it is clear from the records that he asked his question in the course of police interrogation without the accused-appellant being informed of his rights under the constitution. 32 In People v. Morada, 33 this Court held that the confession made by the accused-appellant to the barangay captain is inadmissible because it appeared that the conversation between the two was part of the then ongoing police investigation.
The rape and killing of eight-year old Rowena Albiso is beyond question, a dastardly act that every sensible and God-fearing human being abhors. The assault on the child is tragic and we condemn in the strongest possible terms the beastly act committed against her. However, we must uphold the primacy of the presumption of innocence in favor of the accused-appellant when the evidence at hand falls short of the quantum required to support conviction. 34 Here, the prosecution failed to present evidence sufficient to prove the guilt of the accused-appellant beyond reasonable doubt.chanrob1es virtua1 1aw 1ibrary
WHEREFORE, the decision under automatic review is REVERSED and SET ASIDE, and accused-appellant Roldan A. Ochate alias "Boy" is hereby ACQUITTED on the ground of reasonable doubt. The Director of the Bureau of Corrections is directed to cause the immediate release of accused-appellant unless he is being lawfully held for another cause, and to inform this Court of the date of his release, or the ground for his continued confinement, within ten (10) days from notice of herein decision.
SO ORDERED.
Davide, Jr., C.J., Bellosillo, Puno, Vitug, Kapunan, Mendoza, Panganiban, Quisumbing, Ynares-Santiago, Sandoval-Gutierrez, Carpio and Corona, JJ., concur.
Endnotes:
1. TSN, April 28, 1995, p. 4.
2. Ibid., p. 5.
3. Ibid., p. 6.
4. TSN, July 7, 1995, p. 5.
5. Exhibit "C," Original Records, p. 55.
6. TSN, September 1, 1995, p. 4.
7. OR, pp. 24-25.
8. Rollo, p. 47.
9. People v. Albacin, 340 SCRA 249, 263.
10. People v. Orcula, Sr., 335 SCRA 129, 136.
11. TSN, April 28, 1995, p. 5.
12. Ibid., p. 6.
13. Id.
14. Ibid., p. 9.
15. TSN, May 10, 1996, pp. 9-10.
16. TSN, July 7, 1995, p. 12.
17. Ibid., p. 5.
18. TSN, May 10, 1996, pp. 10, 12.
19. Ibid., p. 5.
20. People v. Abillar, 346 SCRA 433, 440; People v. Decillo, 341 SCRA 591, 598-590; People v. Gargar, 300 SCRA 542, 552; People v. Quidato, Jr., 297 SCRA 1, 10; Abad v. Court of Appeals, 291 SCRA 56, 65; People v. Dela Rosa, 284 SCRA 158, 172.
21. People v. Morada, 307 SCRA 362, 379-380.
22. People v. San Juan, 326 SCRA 786, 801.
23. People v. Ratunil, 334 SCRA 721, 737.
24. TSN, Hearing of July 7, 1995, p. 6.
25. TSN, Hearing of May 10, 1996, pp. 10-11.
26. People v. Malbog, 342 SCRA 620, 641; People v. Gonzales, 341 SCRA 688, 706; People v. Sevilla, 339 SCRA 625, 647; People v. Cawaling, 293 SCRA 267, 307; People v. Ferras, 289 SCRA 94, 108.
27. People v. Batidor, 303 SCRA 335, 350.
28. 384 U.S. 436.
29. Testimony of Bienvenido Pantallano, TSN, Hearing of September 1, 1995, pp. 4 and 8.
30. Testimony of Dr. Henry Cawley, TSN, Hearing of March 15, 1996, pp. 4-5.
31. TSN, Hearing of July 7, 1995, p. 11.
32. Ibid.
33. Supra.
34. People v. Bravo, 318 SCRA 812, 825.
