Philippine Supreme Court Jurisprudence


Philippine Supreme Court Jurisprudence > Year 2012 > November 2012 Decisions > G.R. No. 192294 : Great White Shark Enterprises, Inc. v. Danilo M. Caralde, Jr.:




G.R. No. 192294 : Great White Shark Enterprises, Inc. v. Danilo M. Caralde, Jr.

PHILIPPINE SUPREME COURT DECISIONS

SECOND DIVISION

G.R. No. 192294 : November 21, 2012

GREAT WHITE SHARK ENTERPRISES, INC., Petitioner, v. DANILO M. CARALDE, JR., Respondent.

D E C I S I O N

PERLAS-BERNABE, J.:

Assailed in this Petition for Review on Certiorari under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court is the December 14, 2009 Decision1ςrνll of the Court of Appeals (CA) in CA-G.R. SP No. 105787, which reversed and set aside the October 6, 2008 Decision2ςrνll of the Director General of the Intellectual Property Office (IPO), and directed him to grant the application for the mark "SHARK & LOGO" filed by respondent Danilo M. Caralde, Jr. (Caralde).

The Factual Antecedents

On July 31, 2002, Caralde filed before the Bureau of Legal Affairs (BLA), IPO a trademark application seeking to register the mark "SHARK & LOGO" for his manufactured goods under Class 25, such as slippers, shoes and sandals. Petitioner Great White Shark Enterprises, Inc. (Great White Shark), a foreign corporation domiciled in Florida, USA, opposed3ςrνll the application claiming to be the owner of the mark consisting of a representation of a shark in color, known as "GREG NORMAN LOGO" (associated with apparel worn and promoted by Australian golfer Greg Norman). It alleged that, being a world famous mark which is pending registration before the BLA since February 19, 2002,4ςrνll the confusing similarity between the two (2) marks is likely to deceive or confuse the purchasing public into believing that Caralde's goods are produced by or originated from it, or are under its sponsorship, to its damage and prejudice.

In his Answer,5ςrνll Caralde explained that the subject marks are distinctively different from one another and easily distinguishable. When compared, the only similarity in the marks is in the word "shark" alone, differing in other factors such as appearance, style, shape, size, format, color, ideas counted by marks, and even in the goods carried by the parties.

Pending the inter partes proceedings, Great White Sharks trademark application was granted and it was issued Certificate of Registration No. 4-2002-001478 on October 23, 2006 for clothing, headgear and footwear, including socks, shoes and its components.6ςrνll

The Ruling of the BLA Director

On June 14, 2007, the BLA Director rendered a Decision7ςrνll rejecting Caralde's application, ratiocinating, as follows:chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary

Prominent in both competing marks is the illustration of a shark. The dominant feature in opposer's mark is the illustration of a shark drawn plainly. On the other hand, the dominant feature in respondent's mark is a depiction of shark shaded darkly, with its body designed in a way to contain the letters "A" and "R" with the tail suggestive of the letter "K." Admittedly, there are some differences between the competing marks. Respondent's mark contains additional features which are absent in opposer's mark. Their dominant features, i.e., that of an illustration of a shark, however, are of such degree that the overall impression it create [sic] is that the two competing marks are at least strikingly similar to each another [sic], hence, the likelihood of confusion of goods is likely to occur. x x x x

Moreover, the goods of the competing marks falls [sic] under the same Class 25. Opposer's mark GREG NORMAN LOGO, which was applied for registration on February 19, 2002, pertains to clothing apparel particularly hats, shirts and pants. Respondent, on the other hand, later applied for the registration of the mark SHARK & LOGO on July 3, 2002 (should be July 31, 2002) for footwear products particularly slippers, shoes, sandals. Clearly, the goods to which the parties use their marks belong to the same class and are related to each other."8ςrνll (Italics ours)

The BLA Director, however, found no merit in Great White Shark's claim that its mark was famous and well-known for insufficiency of evidence.

The Ruling of the IPO Director General

On appeal, the IPO Director General affirmed9ςrνll the final rejection of Caralde's application, ruling that the competing marks are indeed confusingly similar. Great White Shark's mark is used in clothing and footwear, among others, while Caralde's mark is used on similar goods like shoes and slippers. Moreover, Great White Shark was first in applying for registration of the mark on February 19, 2002, followed by Caralde on July 31, 2002. Furthermore, Great White Sharks mark consisted of an illustration of a shark while Caralde's mark had a composite figure forming a silhouette of a shark. Thus, as to content, word, sound and meaning, both marks are similar, barring the registration of Caralde's mark under Section 123.1(d) of Republic Act No. 8293, otherwise known as the Intellectual Property Code (IP Code). Nonetheless, while Great White Shark submitted evidence of the registration of its mark in several other countries, the IPO Director General considered its mark as not well-known for failing to meet the other criteria laid down under Rule 10210ςrνll of the Rules and Regulations on Trademarks, Service Marks, Trade Names and Marked or Stamped Containers.

The Ruling of the Court of Appeals

However, on petition for review, the CA reversed and set aside the foregoing Decision and directed the IPO to grant Caralde's application for registration of the mark "SHARK & LOGO." The CA found no confusing similarity between the subject marks notwithstanding that both contained the shape of a shark as their dominant feature. It observed that Caralde's mark is more fanciful and colorful, and contains several elements which are easily distinguishable from that of the Great White Shark. It further opined that considering their price disparity, there is no likelihood of confusion as they travel in different channels of trade.11ςrνll

Issues Before The Court

THE COURT OF APPEALS ERRED IN RULING THAT THE RESPONDENT'S MARK SUBJECT OF THE APPLICATION BEING OPPOSED BY THE PETITIONER IS NOT CONFUSINGLY SIMILAR TO PETITIONER'S REGISTERED MARK THE COURT OF APPEALS ERRED IN RULING THAT THE COST OF GOODS COULD NEGATE LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION THE COURT OF APPEALS ERRED IN REVERSING THE PREVIOUS RESOLUTIONS OF THE DIRECTOR GENERAL AND THE BLA12ςrνll

The Court's Ruling

In the instant petition for review on certiorari, Great White Shark maintains that the two (2) competing marks are confusingly similar in appearance, shape and color scheme because of the dominant feature of a shark which is likely to deceive or cause confusion to the purchasing public, suggesting an intention on Caralde's part to pass-off his goods as that of Great White Shark and to ride on its goodwill. This, notwithstanding the price difference, targets market and channels of trade between the competing products. Hence, the CA erred in reversing the rulings of the IPO Director General and the BLA Director who are the experts in the implementation of the IP Code.

The petition lacks merit.

A trademark device is susceptible to registration if it is crafted fancifully or arbitrarily and is capable of identifying and distinguishing the goods of one manufacturer or seller from those of another. Apart from its commercial utility, the benchmark of trademark registrability is distinctiveness.13ςrνll Thus, a generic figure, as that of a shark in this case, if employed and designed in a distinctive manner, can be a registrable trademark device, subject to the provisions of the IP Code.

Corollarily, Section 123.1(d) of the IP Code provides that a mark cannot be registered if it is identical with a registered mark belonging to a different proprietor with an earlier filing or priority date, with respect to the same or closely related goods or services, or has a near resemblance to such mark as to likely deceive or cause confusion.

In determining similarity and likelihood of confusion, case law has developed the Dominancy Test and the Holistic or Totality Test. The Dominancy Test focuses on the similarity of the dominant features of the competing trademarks that might cause confusion, mistake, and deception in the mind of the ordinary purchaser, and gives more consideration to the aural and visual impressions created by the marks on the buyers of goods, giving little weight to factors like prices, quality, sales outlets, and market segments. In contrast, the Holistic or Totality Test considers the entirety of the marks as applied to the products, including the labels and packaging, and focuses not only on the predominant words but also on the other features appearing on both labels to determine whether one is confusingly similar to the other14ςrνll as to mislead the ordinary purchaser. The "ordinary purchaser" refers to one "accustomed to buy, and therefore to some extent familiar with, the goods in question."15ςrνll

Irrespective of both tests, the Court finds no confusing similarity between the subject marks. While both marks use the shape of a shark, the Court noted distinct visual and aural differences between them. In Great White Shark's "GREG NORMAN LOGO," there is an outline of a shark formed with the use of green, yellow, blue and red16ςrνll lines/strokes, to wit:

(see image Decision G.R. No. 192294 p.8)

In contrast, the shark in Caralde's "SHARK & LOGO" mark17ςrνll is illustrated in l et t er s outlined in the form of a shark with the letter "S" forming the head, the letter "H" forming the fins, the letters "A" and "R" forming the body, and the letter "K" forming the tail. In addition, the latter mark includes several more elements such as the word "SHARK" in a different font underneath the shark outline, layers of waves, and a tree on the right side, and liberally used the color blue with some parts in red, yellow, green and white.18ςrνll The whole design is enclosed in an elliptical shape with two linings, thus:

(see image Decision G.R. No. 192294 p.8)

As may be gleaned from the foregoing, the visual dissimilarities between the two (2) marks are evident and significant, negating the possibility of confusion in the minds of the ordinary purchaser, especially considering the distinct aural difference between the marks.

Finally, there being no confusing similarity between the subject marks, the matter of whether Great White Sharks mark has gained recognition and acquired becomes unnecessary.19ςrνll Besides, both the BLA Director and the IPO Director General have ruled that Great White Shark failed to meet the criteria under Rule 102 of the Rules and Regulations on Trademarks, Service Marks, Trade Names and Marked or Stamped Containers to establish that its mark is well-known, and the latter failed to show otherwise.ςηαοblενιrυαllαωlιbrαr

WHEREFORE, the Court resolves to DENY the instant petition and AFFIRM the assailed December 14, 2009 Decision of the Court of Appeals (CA) for failure to show that the CA committed reversible error in setting aside the Decision of the IPO Director General and allowing the registration of the mark "SHARK & LOGO" by respondent Danilo M. Caralde, Jr.ςrαlαωlιbrαr

SO ORDERED.

Endnotes:


1ςrνll Penned by Associate Justice Vicente S.E. Veloso, with Associate Justices Andres B. Reyes, Jr. and Marlene Gonzales-Sison, concurring. Rollo, pp. 35-52.

2ςrνll Penned by Director General Adrian S. Cristobal, Jr. Id. at 406-413.

3ςrνll Notice of Opposition. Id. at 57-62.

4ςrνll Id. at 58.

5ςrνll Id. at 64-68.

6ςrνll Id. at 406.

7ςrνll Penned by Director Estrellita Beltran-Abelardo. Id. at 295-305.

8ςrνll Id. at 302-303.

9ςrνll Id. at 406-413.

10ςrνll RULE 102. Criteria in determining whether a mark is well-known. In determining whether a mark is well-known, the following criteria or any combination thereof, may be taken into account:

(a) the duration, extent and geographical area of any use of the mark, in particular, the duration, extent and geographical area of any promotion of the mark, including advertising or publicity and the presentation, at fairs or exhibitions, of the goods and/or services to which the mark applies;

(b) the market share, in the Philippines and in other countries, of the goods and/or services to which the mark applies;

(c) the degree of the inherent or acquired distinction of the mark;

(d) the quality-image or reputation acquired by the mark;

(e) the extent by which the mark has been registered in the world;

(f) the exclusivity of registration attained by the mark in the world;

(g) the extent to which the mark has been used in the world;

(h) the exclusivity of use attained by the mark in the world;

(i) the commercial value attributed to the mark in the world;

(j) the record of successful protection of the rights in the mark;

(k) the outcome of litigations dealing with the issue of whether the mark is a well-known mark; and

(l) the presence or absence of identical or similar marks validly registered for or used on identical or similar goods or services owned by persons other than the person claiming that his mark is a well-known mark.

11ςrνll Rollo, pp. 35-52.

12ςrνll Id. at 19.

13ςrνll See McDonalds Corporation v. L.C. Big Mak Burger, Inc., G.R. No. 143993, August 18, 2004, 437 SCRA 10, 26.

14ςrνll Berris Agricultural Co., Inc. v. Abyadang, G.R. No. 183404, October 13, 2010, 633 SCRA 196, 209-210.

15ςrνll Dermaline, Inc. v. Myra Pharmaceuticals, Inc., G.R. No. 190065, August 16, 2010, 628 SCRA 356, 365, citing Philip Morris, Inc. v. Fortune Tobacco Corporation, 493 SCRA 333, 359 (2006).

16ςrνll Rollo, p. 49.

17ςrνll Id. at 187.

18ςrνll Id. at 49.

19ςrνll Under Section 13 L3 of the IP Code, the owner of a well-known mark may oppose the registration, petition the cancellation of registration of sue for unfair competition against an identical or confusingly similar mark, without prejudice to availing himself of other remedies provided for under the law. (Italics supplied)




Back to Home | Back to Main




















chanrobles.com





ChanRobles On-Line Bar Review

ChanRobles Internet Bar Review : www.chanroblesbar.com

ChanRobles MCLE On-line

ChanRobles Lawnet Inc. - ChanRobles MCLE On-line : www.chanroblesmcleonline.com






November-2012 Jurisprudence                 

  • A.C. No. 9608 : Maria Victoria B. Ventura v. Atty. Danilo S. Samson

  • Adm. Case No. 9058 : Robert Victor G. Searles, Jr. v. Atty. Na. Saniata Liwliwa V. Gonzales-Alzate

  • A.M. No. P-08-2441 : Office of the Court Administrator v. Former Clerk of Court Angelita A. Jamora and Staff Assistant II Ma. Luisa B. Geronimo, both of the Municipal Trial Court, Caita, Rizal

  • A.M. No. P-12-3097 : Vicsal Development Corporation v. Atty. Jennifer H. Dela Cruz, etc., et al.

  • A.M. No. RTJ-10-2244 : Office of the Court Administrator v. Judge Lyliha A. Aquino, Regional Trial Court, Branch 4, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan

  • A.M. No. RTJ-12-2334 : Ernesto Hebron v. Judge Matias M. Garcia II, Regional Trial Court, Branch 19, Bacoor City, Cavite

  • A.M. No. RTJ-96-1336 : Jocelyn C. Talens-Dabon v. Judge Hermin E. Arceo, RTC, Br. 43, San Fernando, Pampanga

  • G.R. No. 152642 : Hon. Patricia A. Sto. Tomas, et al. v. Rey Salac, et al./Hon. Patricia A. Sto. Tomas, etc., et al. v. Hon. Jose G. Paneda, etc., et al./Republic of the Philippines, etc., et al. v. Philippine Association of Service Exporters, Inc. (PASEI)/Becmen Service Exporter and Promotion, Inc. v. Spouses Simplicio and Mila Cuaresma, et al./Spouses Simplicio and Mila Cuaresma etc. v. White Falcon Services, Inc., et al.

  • G.R. No. 156296 : Dennis Q. Martel v. Salvador E. Kerr

  • G.R. No. 157649 : Arabelle J. Mendoza v. Republic of the Philippines, et al.

  • G.R. No. 159594 : Republic of the Philippines v. Court of Appeals, et al.

  • G.R. No. 160453 : Republic of the Philippines v. Arcadio Ivan A. Santos III, et al.

  • G.R. Nos. 162144-54 : People of the Philippines v. Hon. Ma. Theresa L. Dela Torre Yadao, etc., et al.

  • G.R. No. 166259 : Land Bank of the Philippines v. Honeycomb Farms Corporation

  • G.R. No. 167880 : Jack Arroyo v. Bocago Inland Dev't. Corp (BIDECO), et al.

  • G.R. No. 168499 : Sps. Erosto Santiago and Nelsi Santiago v. Mancer Villamor, et al.

  • G.R. No. 169380 : Fiorello R. Jose v. Roberto Alfuerto, et al.

  • G.R. No. 171579 : Lily Sy v. Hon. Secretary of Justice Ma. Merceditas N. Gutierrez, Benito Fernandez Go, Berthold LIm, Jennifer Sy, Glenn Ben Tiak Sy and Merry Sy

  • G.R. No. 172471 : Antonio Perla v. Mirasol Baring and Randy B. Perla

  • G.R. No. 172778 : Sabiniano Dumayag v. People of the Philippines

  • G.R. No. 173773 : Paramount Insurance Corporation v. Spouses Yves and Maria Teresa Remonduelaz

  • G.R. No. 174077 : Ellice Agro-Industrial Corporation, represented by its Chairman of the Board of Directors and President, Raul E. Gala v. Rodel T. Young, et al.

  • G.R. No. 175481 : Dionisio F. Auza, Jr., et al. v. MOL Philippines, Inc., et al.

  • G.R. No. 175792 : Ruben C. Magtoto and Artemia Magtoto v. Court of Appeals and Leonila M. Dela Cruz

  • G.R. No. 176172 : Efren G. Amit v. Commission on Audit, Regional Office No. VI, Office of the Ombudsman (Visayas), and the Secretary of Agriculture

  • G.R. No. 176791 : Communities Cagayan, Inc. v. Sps. Arsenio (deceased) and Angeles Nanol, et al.

  • G.R. No. 176834 : Gotesco Properties, Inc. v. Sps. Edna and Alberto Moral

  • G.R. No. 177392 : Paz Del Rosario Vs.Felix H. LImcaoco, Z. Rojas, Leandrito L. Rojas, et al. v. The Republic of the Philippines, represented by the Director of Lands Paz Del Rosario, and Felix Limcaoco

  • G.R. No. 177657 : Sonia V. Seville v. Commission on Audit, Regional Office VI, Iloilo City

  • G.R. No. 178431 : V.C. Ponce Company, Inc. v. Municipality of Parañaque, et al.

  • G.R. No. 178622 : Luciano Ladano v. Felino Neri, et al.

  • G.R. No. 178789 : Natividad Lim v. National Power Corporation, Sps. Roberto Ll. Arcinue and Arabela Arcinue

  • G.R. No. 179031 : People of the Philippines v. Benjamin Soria y Gomez

  • G.R. No. 179754 : Joaquin G. Chung, Jr., et al. v. Jack Daniel Mondragon, et al.

  • G.R. No. 180076 : Dionisio Manaquil, et al. v. Roberto Moico

  • G.R. No. 180705 : Eduardo M. Cojuangco, Jr. v. Republic of the Phillipines

  • G.R. No. 180804 : Land Bank of the Philippines v. Sps. Rokaya and Sulaiman Bona

  • G.R. No. 181052 : Rodolfo Belbis, Jr. y Competente and Alberto Brucales v. People of the Philippines

  • G.R. No. 181664 : Land Bank of the Philippines v. Crispin D. Ramos and Department of Public Works and Highways

  • G.R. No. 182475 : Lenn Morales v. Metropolitan Bank and Trust Company

  • G.R. No. 183026 : Nestor N. Padalhin, et al. v. Nelson D. Laviña

  • G.R. No. 183553 : Diageo Philippines, Inc. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue

  • G.R. No. 183774 : Philippine Banking Corporation v. Arturo Dy, et al.

  • G.R. No. 183827 : People of the Philippines v. Enerio Ending y Onyong

  • G.R. No. 184056 : People of the Philippines v. George Eyam y Watang

  • G.R. No. 184181 : People of the Philippines v. Joseph Robelo y Tungala

  • G.R. No. 184601 : People of the Philippines v. Marcial M. Malicdem

  • G.R. No. 185386 : People of the Philippines v. Bernabe Aneslag y Andrada, et al.

  • G.R. No. 186463 : People of the Philippines v. William Mangune y Del Rosario

  • G.R. No. 188225 : Shirley F. Torres v. Imelda Perez and Rodrigo Perez / Shirley F. Torres v. Imelda Perez and Rodrigo Perez

  • G.R. No. 189984 : Richard B. Lopez v. Diana Jeanne Lopez, et al.

  • G.R. No. 191193 : People of the Philippines v. Godofredo Mariano y Feliciano and Allan Doringo y Gunan

  • G.R. No. 191761 : Cagayan Electric Power and Light Co., Inc. v. City of Cagayan de Oro

  • G.R. No. 192076 : Michelle T. Tuazon v. Bank of Commerce, Raul B. De Mesa and Mario J. Padilla

  • G.R. No. 192108 : Sps. Socrates Sy and Cely Sy v. Andok's Litson Corporation

  • G.R. No. 192221 : Casimira S. Dela Cruz v. Commission on Elections and John Lloyd M. Pacete

  • G.R. No. 192294 : Great White Shark Enterprises, Inc. v. Danilo M. Caralde, Jr.

  • G.R. No. 192330 : Arnold James M. Ysidoro v. People of the Philippines

  • G.R. No. 192486 : Rupeta Cano Vda. De Viray and Jesus Carlo Gerafd Viray v. Spouses Jose Usi and Amelita Usi

  • G.R. No. 192951 : Aldersgate College, Inc., Arsenio L. Mendoza, Ignacio A. Galindez, Wilson E. Sagadraca, and Filipinas Menzen v. Junifen F. Gauuan, Artemio M. Villaluz, Sr., Teresita Arreola, Fotunata Andaya, salvador C. Aquino, Roberto M. Tugawin and Jose O. Rupac, respondents; Aldersgate College Inc., Dr. Willie A. Damasco, et al., respondents-intervenors

  • G.R. No. 192975 : Republic of the Philippines, rep. by the Regional Executive Director of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Regional Office No. 3 v. Roman Catholic Archbishop of Manila/Samahang Kabuhayan ng San Lorenzo KKK, Inc., rep. by its vice President Zenaida Turla v. Roman Catholic Archbishop of Manila

  • G.R. No. 195168 : Benjamin C. Millan v. Wallem Maritime Services, Inc., et al.

  • G.R. No. 196877 : Eloisa R. Narciso v. Estelita P. Garcia

  • G.R. No. 197466 : Joel P. Quino, et al. v. Commission on Elections and Ritchie R. Wagas

  • G.R. No. 197598 : Mirant (Philippines) Corporation v. Danilo A. Sario

  • G.R. No. 198050 : People of the Philippines v. Joel Artajo y Alimangohan

  • G.R. No. 198770 : Aurelia Gua-an and Sonia Gua-an Mamon v. Gertrudes Quirino represented by Elmer Quirino

  • G.R. No. 199433 : Isabelita P. Gravides v. Commission on Elections and Pedro C. Borjal

  • G.R. No. 199875 : People of the Philippines v. Edwin Isla y Rossell

  • G.R. No. 200238 : Philippine Savings Bank (PS Bank), et al. v. Senate Impeachment Court, etc., et al.

  • G.R. No. 200792 : People of the Philippines v. Neil B. Colorado

  • G.R. No. 200868 : Anita A. Ledda v. Bank of the Philippine Islands

  • G.R. No. 201587 : People of the Philippines v. Victor Lansangan