Philippine Supreme Court Jurisprudence


Philippine Supreme Court Jurisprudence > Year 2013 > January 2013 Decisions > G.R. No. 167158 - Virginia Judy Dy and Gabriel Dy v. Philippine Banking Corporation:




G.R. No. 167158 - Virginia Judy Dy and Gabriel Dy v. Philippine Banking Corporation

PHILIPPINE SUPREME COURT DECISIONS

SECOND DIVISION

G.R. No. 167158 : January 30, 2013

VIRGINIA JUDY DY and GABRIEL DY, Petitioners, v. PHILIPPINE BANKING CORPORATION,1 Respondent.

D E C I S I O N

CARPIO, J.:

Before the Court is a Petition for Review on Certiorari under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court, assailing the 22 July 2004 Decision2 and the 17 February 2005 Resolution3 of the Court of Appeals (CA) in CA-G.R. CV No. 57331. The CA affirmed with modification the 14 July 1997 Decision4 of the Regional Trial Court (RTC) of Pasig City, Branch 154, in Civil Case No. 58672, an action for sum of money filed by respondent Philippine Banking Corporation (Philbank) against petitioners Virginia Judy Dy (Dy), Gabriel Dy,5 Marina International Marketing Corporation (Marina), Caezar Tanjutco (Tanjutco), .Joel Alindogan (Alindogan), Efren Mercado (Mercado), and Intercontinental Cargo Specialists, Inc.

The Facts

Sometime in 1989, Philbanks Internal Auditing Department conducted a verification and audit of Marinas accounts with the formers Balintawak, Quezon City branch.6 The audit team discovered that there were "fraudulent manipulations and falsification of commercial documents involving, among others, bank drafts, invoices, bills of lading, packing list, certificates of origin, medical and quarantine clearances and other related documents resulting in loss to the bank of the amount of US$1,538,094.49" in Marinas export accounts with the bank.7?r?l1

On 22 September 1989, Philbank filed a complaint for a sum of money with preliminary attachment against Marina, Tanjutco, and Alindogan. The complaint was later amended to include the Dy spouses and Mercado as defendants.8?r?l1

The investigation had revealed that in June 1989, Tanjutco and Alindogan negotiated with Philbank the following export shipping documents:cralawlibrary

Date of Negotiation Reference No. Amount
June 7, 1989 EBBAL 140.89 US$ 116,688.14
June 7, 1989 EBBAL 141.89 US$ 118,012.26
June 9, 1989 EBBAL 144.89 US$ 116,656.37
June 15, 1989 EBBAL 145.89 US$ 91,833.90
June 15, 1989 EBBAL 146.89 US$ 92,202.42
June 15, 1989 EBBAL 147.89 US$ 93,104.72
June 15, 1989 EBBAL 148.89 US$ 91,117.16
June 15, 1989 EBBAL 149.89 US$ 110,997.54
June 22, 1989 EBBAL 160.89 US$ 105,167.14
June 23, 1989 EBBAL 161.89 US$ 104,339.47
June 23, 1989 EBBAL 162.89 US$ 105,969.07
June 23, 1989 EBBAL 163.89 US$ 101,790.06
June 24, 1989 EBBAL 165.89 US$ 99,717.80
June 24, 1989 EBBAL 166.89 US$ 95,416.68
June 24, 1989 EBBAL 167.89 US$ 95,081.76
TOTAL
US$1,538,094.49

Philbank found that its bank officers, Dy and Mercado, authorized the negotiation of the abovementioned shipping documents despite these being marked as "non-negotiable."9 It further alleged that Dy and Mercado colluded with Tanjutco and Alindogan in the scheme to defraud the bank.

When Philbank demanded the surrender of the negotiable bills of lading, with the corresponding stamp "merchandise loaded on board," in order to obtain reimbursement for the face value of the documents, Tanjutco and Alindogan could not produce them.10 It was later found that there was, in fact, no merchandise to be shipped and the documents presented to the bank were fictitious and fraudulent.

Philbank also alleged that Dy and Mercado allowed the outright purchase of said documents knowing them to be fictitious and fraudulent. It also argued that even assuming the documents were genuine, Dy and Mercado could still be held liable for the banks loss because they acted in excess of their authority since they approved the transaction without the approval by the Board of Directors and contrary to bank practice and procedure.11?r?l1

Marina, Tanjutco, and Alindogan denied any liability. They alleged that, assuming they received said amount from the bank, it was by way of a loan, which was not yet due at the time of the filing of the case before the RTC, and secured by the corporate earnings of Marina. If at all, any liability should be borne by Marina alone, they averred.12?r?l1

They further alleged that the bank was bound by its officers actions and could not belatedly repudiate such actions by claiming that these transactions were irregular, fraudulent, and prejudicial to it. They claimed to have transacted with Philbanks officers in good faith, honestly believing that the latter were acting under the authority given to them by the bank.13?r?l1

On the other hand, Dy denied that she conspired with Tanjutco and Alindogan to defraud Philbank.14 She alleged that, while she had general supervision of Area II which includes the Balintawak branch her participation in every transaction was not indispensable.15 She stated that she was never aware of any false pretenses committed by Tanjutco and Alindogan and that she never authorized the purchase of the alleged fraudulent documents.16?r?l1

Mercado, for his part, also denied any liability, alleging that all the transactions were "handled in accordance with standard operating procedures and were referred to and duly approved by his immediate superior, defendant Virginia Judy Dy."17 He averred that the subject transactions were "considered at the instance of and approved by defendant Virginia Judy Dy who is the Assistant Vice-President and Area Head of plaintiff bank, and under whose jurisdiction, direction and supervision defendant works as branch manager."18 Mercado also narrated that it was Dy who brought Marina in as Philbanks client when she joined the bank on 15 January 1989 since it was one of her clients in the bank where she was previously employed.19?r?l1

The Ruling of the RTC

In a Decision dated 14 July 1997, the RTC rendered judgment, the dispositive portion of which states:cralawlibrary

WHEREFORE, the foregoing premises considered, defendant Marina is held solely liable to the plaintiff and is hereby ordered to pay the plaintiff the following:cralawlibrary

a) to pay the plaintiff the sum of US$1,538,049.49 or equivalent to P21.923 to US$ 1.00;

b) to pay 10% of the total amount due, as and for attorneys fees; and

c) cost of suit. ???�r?bl?��??r�??l�l??�l?br?r�

The complaint against Tanjutco, Alindogan, Spouses Judy Dy and Gabriel Dy, Mercado and ICSI, together with their respective counterclaims and the crossclaim against Marina, Tanjutco, Alindogan, Spouses Judy Dy and Gabriel Dy, [and] Mercado, are hereby DISMISSED.20?r?l1

The RTC held that since the bank could not obtain reimbursements due to Marinas failure to surrender the negotiable shipping documents, "an obligation on the part of Marina then clearly arose and Philbanks right to sue to recover the said amount was undeniable."21 It further stated that the evident negligence of the banks officers "does not exculpate defendant Marina from the fact that it owes plaintiff bank the amount covered by the subject export documents."22 Thus, the RTC ruled that the obligation to pay Philbank was Marinas corporate liability, and consequently, dismissed the complaint against Tanjutco, Alindogan, the Dy spouses, and Mercado.

The Ruling of the CA

Philbank appealed the RTC decision to the CA.

In the assailed 22 July 2004 decision, the CA affirmed with modification the RTC decision, to wit:cralawlibrary

WHEREFORE, premises considered, we hereby AFFIRM the lower courts decision with the MODIFICATION that the defendants-appellees Caezar Tanjutco, Joel Alindogan, and Virginia Judy Dy are held jointly and solidarily liable with MARINA for the reliefs awarded by the lower court, with interest on the principal sum at 12% per annum from the time of the judicial demand.23 (Emphasis in the original)

The CA held Marina, Tanjutco, and Alindogan liable for the amounts that Philbank paid.24 The CA ruled that "[w]hen the officers of MARINA failed or refused to submit the original bills of lading, MARINA violated the condition under which payment by Philbank was made, and hence, is liable for the return of the amounts paid."25?r?l1

The CA pointed out that Tanjutco and Alindogan represented Marina in all its banking transactions with Philbank. The documents Marinas officers negotiated with the bank were marked "non-negotiable" but the same were accepted by the bank upon Tanjutco and Alindogans promise that the original copies of the bills of lading would be presented later on.

The CA also noted that Philbank sent various demand letters to the forwarders that issued the non-negotiable bills of lading because the bills contained a remark that the goods were already on board. That statement turned out to be an act of misrepresentation by Tanjutco and Alindogan.26?r?l1

As to the liability of the banks officers, the CA upheld the RTCs judgment absolving Mercado of liability but reversed the finding on Dys guilt. The CA ruled that Dy was jointly and solidarily liable with Marina, Tanjutco, and Alindogan. The CA stated that "the transactions under question transpired because of Judy Dys approval."27?r?l1

The CA also held that Dys testimony on her functions as bank manager was not believable because it "defied logic, reason and common experience."28 The CA noted that Dy claimed to have no authority to approve Marinas transactions since loan transactions were approved by the head office based on the recommendation of the branch manager (Mercado).

She claimed that because of the volume of her work, there were some loans she did not know of but still recommended because Mercado recommended them. She further claimed that she did not read all the papers brought to her to sign because she did not have enough time.29?r?l1

If Dy were truthful, the Court stated, it would appear that, as Philbanks Assistant Vice President, she had no substantial duties or authority; she could not approve anything; she had no control of bank operations (she claimed it was Mercado who oversaw daily operations); and she would sign important documents without reading them.30 The CA concluded that, contrary to her claims, Dy approved the transactions subject of this case.31?r?l1

Further, the CA noted that although there is no direct evidence of conspiracy between Marina and Dy, "circumstances, if read together, point to a concert of action directed towards the same end."32 The CA stated that Tanjutco and Alindogan made it appear that goods were on board the carrier, with all the necessary government clearances. Thereafter, the only missing component to secure Philbanks payment was the acceptance of the non-negotiable bills of lading, which only Dy could provide. The CA held that Marinas non-submission of the original bills of lading evinced not only a failure to comply with the banks requirements but a mode to divest Philbank of its funds.33 Thus, the CA concluded that there was collusion among Tanjutco, Alindogan, and Dy.34?r?l1

The Issue

Petitioners raise this sole issue:cralawlibrary

WHETHER OR NOT THE RESPONDENT PHILBANKS EVIDENCE HAVE SUFFICIENTLY PROVED THAT PETITIONER JUDY DY WAS IN CONSPIRACY/COLLUSION WITH DEFENDANTS MARINA, TANJUTCO AND ALINDOGAN TO DEFRAUD RESPONDENT OF THE VALUE OF THE SUBJECT EXPORTS SHIPPING DOCUMENTS.35?r?l1

The Courts Ruling

The Court denies the petition and affirms the decision of the CA.

The evidence on record clearly bears out Dys liability. Based on the testimonies of the witnesses, Dy brought in Marinas account to Philbank36 and she directly transacted with Marinas officers. Mercado testified:cralawlibrary

Q: Why do you know that there are non-negotiable Bills of Lading?

A: The form itself states "non-negotiable copy".

Q: And why were these accepted by your bank?

A: This was approved on the promise that they will produce or present to us the original Bills of Lading, the negotiable Bills of Lading.

Q: And to whom was this promise or statement to produce thenegotiable or original Bills of Lading made?

A: This was promised to Mrs. Dy.

Q: And who made this promise?

A: Joel Alindogan and Cezar Tanjutco.

Q: And why do you know that there was such a promise made to Mrs.Dy?

A: Because when we made follow up on these lacking documents, they would tell us[, "I]t is being arranged with Mrs. Dy and we promised her that we will produce the original Bills of Lading".37?r?l1

More importantly, there would have been no completed transaction without Dys approval. Her act of approving the transaction was the single most important factor that allowed Tanjutco and Alindogans scheme to succeed.

As the CA noted, only Dy could have supplied the key element that Tanjutco and Alindogan needed: the banks approval. Mercado, by himself, could not approve the subject transactions. He had no such authority. He only signed the export documents because Dy approved the same. As Mercado himself testified:cralawlibrary

Q: So in your experience, is that possible, where a non-negotiabledocument can be negotiated?

A: Well, in that case, it was negotiated based on the approval of Mrs. Dy.

Q: In your experience, other than this alleged subject matter?

A: During the time by the other Heads, it was not approved by them.

Q: Did you consider that as irregular because the Bills of Lading arenon-negotiable and yet the same were being negotiated?

A: I would consider it regular if it was approved by my superior, sir.

x x x

Q: Were you the one who sought the approval of those documents, thru Mrs. Dy?

A: No, by (sic) the Export Department, sir.38?r?l1

x x x

Q: Now, you said that she is an Area head, do you know what herduties are, as Area Head?

A: As an Area Head, she is in charge of the lending operations of several branches under her supervision as well as the operation of other branches. In short, she is our over all boss.

Q: When you said that she is in charge of the lending operations of the several branches of the bank, in this lending operation, what particular function or duties does she perform?

A: As an Area head, she approves the negotiations of our export bills.

x x x x39?r?l1

Q: Now, who approved the payment to Marina International for theseshipments?

A: Since these documents are incomplete, particularly the lack of original bill of Lading, our Export Section (sic) so the Assistant sought the approval of Mrs. Dy, since this is an account solicited by her and since she has the authority to approve the discrepancies.40?r?l1

x x x

Q: You said a while ago that Mrs. Dy approved the payment on these export bills, do you have any proof to show that she approved the payment for these export bills?

A: Yes, sir.

Q: Please present the same to the Honorable Court.

A: These are the proofs, sir.41?r?l1

x x x

Atty. Altuna:cralawlibrary

How do you categorize these documents counsel?

Atty. Lozano:cralawlibrary

These are approval slips.

Q: You said that in these documents or in these approval slips, the export bills, the approval on these export bills are shown in these approval slips of Mrs. Dy, will you show to us where the approval of Mrs. Dy appears in these documents?

A: This is her initial and some are her actual signatures.42?r?l1

x x x

Q: When payment on export bills are made, aside from Mrs. Dy, is there any other officer authorized to approve these payments?

A: She is the only one, since she is our Area Head and the Head of the Lending Area Center.43?r?l1

Dys liability was further explained by Philbanks internal auditor, Laurito Abalos (Abalos). Abalos testified that Dy acted beyond her authority, considering that the transaction was not considered a "regular" bank transaction.

A: Well, immediately when we discovered these things, that there were numerous unpaid export bills, what we did is we asked them to submit all these supposedly export bills, that the (sic) supposedly purchased and paid. Now, when we got these copies, immediately we caused an investigation because this is not a regular transaction, it is an irregular transaction. So, normally, once the bank or any bank purchased an export bills. (sic) these are being sent to the corresponding bank for reimbursement. In this case, the branch was holding all these supposedly export bills because there was no original Bills of Lading. If there is (sic) not original Bills of Lading and the terms and conditions of the Letters of Credit expressly stated that it has to be supported by a negotiable Bills of Lading, then it cannot be sent for reimbursement abroad, so in this particular case, it was never been sent by the branch because there was an irregular practice in this particular transaction.44 (Emphasis supplied)

x x x

Q: Now, you said that per your audit, these export bills, while accompanied only by a non-negotiable Bills of Lading were negotiated and defendant Marina International Marketing Corporation was able to get payment of these export bills. Do you know, from your audit, who approved the payment of these export bills?

A: This one I would say that if ever it was passed or approved, it is an unauthorized approval because as I said, the transaction is not regular. Now, in the course of our review of the documents it appears that...and also from the testimony gathered from the officers of the bank, it appears that Judy Dy approved all the transactions but I repeat, she has no authority regarding this transaction.

Q: You said a while ago that Mrs. Judy Dy was an Assistant Vice President of the bank and in charge of Area II or Balintawak Branch, why do you say now that she is not authorized to approve the negotiation of these export bills?

A: Because in a negotiation of export bills supposed to be, only regular transactions. (sic) When we say regular transaction, that means all the documents are complete, that means if there is no discrepancy in the export bills that the bank is purchasing that means that all the documents are clean and in accordance with the terms and conditions, then this can be processed but in this case, there is a very important vital document that is missing here and this is the negotiable Bills of Lading because the Letters of Credit states (sic) the terms and conditions that it has to be supported by a negotiable Bills of Lading, therefore, it is a violation of the terms and conditions and Mrs. Judy Dy has no authority over it.

Q: And why do you say that Mrs. Dy has no authority to approve such kind of negotiation?

A: Because this is not normal. It was already what we call an irregular transaction because if you parted [with] something, you should get something in return. That means, when you purchased an export bill, the bank will be able to get reimbursement. In this case, the bank cannot get reimbursement because there was no shipment on the goods that was (sic) being purchased, there is nothing..no export bills to talk about here.45 (Emphasis supplied)

Abalos also testified that, based on his units investigation, Dy alone was responsible for allowing Marina to obtain funds from the bank.

A: x x x x

Our position in the later part, when we go over all the documents and the testimonies of all the other rank and file as well as the other officers, Mr. Mercado clearly showed that he followed the orders of Mrs. Dy. All the negotiations were done with Mrs. Dy together with the defendant Marina International in this case.

This has been supported later on when they found out that sometimes in June, they seek already an approval from Mrs. Dy, not only verbal but written approval, that Mrs. Dy has authority, so therefore, they provised (sic), this Efren Mercado and the rest of the officers, a short note wherein they indicated that it is an incomplete document and despite this, Mrs. Dy said "go ahead, purchase it and credit the account of the client."

x x x x46 (Emphasis supplied)

Finally, the Court agrees with the CAs finding that Dy colluded with Tanjutco and Alindogan in the latters scheme to divest the bank of its funds. Dy knew that Marina could not present the negotiable Bills of Lading; yet, she still approved the purchase of Marinas export bills.

Tanjutco and Alindogan were holding non-negotiable export documents, which they knew they could not negotiate with any other bank in the regular course of business. Thus, the assurance of Dys approval was indispensable to their plans. They had to secure it beforehand, or they would not have implemented the scheme knowing that the outcome was uncertain and could have possibly exposed them to liability. They would not have engaged in the elaborate scheme concocting fictitious export bills and making them appear to have gone through all the necessary government procedures if they were not assured of success in the end.

Dy tried to convince the trial court that she should not be held liable for the subject transactions. In her desperation, she even made herself appear as an inconsequential bank officer without power or authority normally given to officers in her position, downplayed her knowledge of banking procedures, and allowed herself to be painted as a negligent officer who would simply sign anything her staff hands to her without reading them.

It is difficult for the Court to believe that someone in Dys position, and with her years of experience in the banking sector, could not have known the grave implication and consequent effect of her action. Nor is this Court inclined to accept Dys claim of incompetence and negligence. The more logical conclusion is that Dy was fully aware that Tanjutco and Alindogan were out to defraud Philbank and allowed herself to be part of the scheme. For that, she must be held accountable.

WHEREFORE, we DENY the petition. We AFFIRM the Decision of the Court of Appeals dated 22 July 2004 and Resolution dated 17 February 2005 in CA-G.R. CV No. 57331.

SO ORDERED.


Endnotes:


* Designated additional member per Raffle dated 24 August 2009.

** Designated additional member per Raffle elated 28 January 2013.

1 Per Petitioners Compliance dated (i March 2006, Philippine Banking Corporation merged with Asian Bank and Global Bank on 22 May 2000. operating under the name Global Business Bank, Inc. On 5 September 2002. the Securities and Exchange Commission approved Global Business Bank. Inc.'s application to change its corporate name to Global Business Holdings Inc. Thereafter, the banking operations or Global Business Bank, Inc. were consolidated with the Metropolitan Bank and Trust Company (Metrobank) and the former ceased to exist CIS a banking institution on 11 October 2002. Rollo, pp. 128-129.

2 Id. at 42-65. Penned by Associate Justice Arturo D. Brion (now a Member of this Court), with Associate Justices Delilah Vidallon-Magtolis and Fliezer R. Delos Santos, concurring.

3 Id. at 67-71.

4 Id. at 72-104. Penned by Judge Ramon R. Buenaventura.

5 Husband of Virginia Judy Dy and impleaded as a formal party.

6 Records, Vol. 1, p. 5.

7 Id.

8 Rollo, p. 72.

9 Records, Vol. 1, p. 6.

10 Rollo, p. 74.

11 Id.

12 Id. at 75-76.

13 Records, Vol. 1, pp. 67-68.

14 Id. at 74.

15 Id.

16 Id. at 75.

17 Id. at 80.

18 Id. at 81.

19 Id.

20 Rollo, p. 104.

21 Id. at 102-103.

22 Id. at 102.

23 Id. at 65.

24 Id. at 55.

25 Id. at 49.

26 Id. at 52.

27 Id. at 55.

28 Id. at 59.

29 Id. at 57.

30 Id. at 58.

31 Id. at 59.

32 Id.

33 Id. at 60-61.

34 Id. at 64.

35 Id. at 21-22.

36 TSN, 14 September 1992, p. 17.

37 TSN, 23 November 1992, pp. 8-9.

38 TSN, 13 April 1993, pp. 9-10.

39 TSN, 14 September 1992, p. 16.

40 TSN, 23 November 1992, p. 7.

41 Id. at 9-10.

42 Id.

43 Id. at 13.

44 TSN, 15 June 1993, pp. 8-9.

45 Id. at 12-14.

46 Id. at 21-22.




Back to Home | Back to Main




















chanrobles.com





ChanRobles On-Line Bar Review

ChanRobles Internet Bar Review : www.chanroblesbar.com

ChanRobles MCLE On-line

ChanRobles Lawnet Inc. - ChanRobles MCLE On-line : www.chanroblesmcleonline.com






January-2013 Jurisprudence                 

  • G.R. No. 188768 : January 07, 2013 - TML GASKET INDUSTRIES, INC., Petitioner, v. BPI FAMILY SAVINGS BANK, INC., RESPONDENT.

  • G.R. No. 193960 : January 07, 2013 - KARLO ANGELO DABALOS Y SAN DIEGO, Petitioner, v. REGIONAL TRIAL COURT, BRANCH 59, ANGELES CITY (PAMPANGA), REPRESENTED BY ITS PRESIDING JUDGE MA. ANGELICA T. PARAS­ QUIAMBAO; THE OFFICE OF THE CITY PROSECUTOR, ANGELES CITY (PAMPANGA); AND ABC, Respondents.

  • G.R. No. 172590 : January 07, 2013 - MARY LOUISE R. ANDERSON, Petitioner, v. ENRIQUE HO, RESPONDENT.

  • A.M. No. P-12-3090 (Formerly A.M. OCA IPI No. 11-3662-P) : January 07, 2013 - MARIANO T. ONG, COMPLAINANT, VS. EVA G. BASIYA-SARATAN, CLERK OF COURT, REGIONAL TRIAL COURT, ILOILO CITY, BRANCH 32, RESPONDENT.

  • G.R. No. 177751 : January 07, 2013 - PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. FLORENCIO AGACER, EDDIE AGACER, ELYNOR AGACER, FRANKLIN AGACER AND ERIC***AGACER, ACCUSED-APPELLANTS.

  • G.R. No. 173559 : January 07, 2013 - LETICIA DIONA, REPRESENTED BY HER ATTORNEY-IN-FACT, MARCELINA DIONA, Petitioner, v. SONNY A. BALANGUE, ROMEO A. BALANGUE, REYNALDO A. BALANGUE, AND ESTEBAN A. BALANGUE, JR., RESPONDENTS.

  • G.R. No. 170634 : January 08, 2013 - PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. PEDRO BUADO, JR. Y CIPRIANO, ACCUSED-APPELLANT.

  • G.R. No. 201716 : January 08, 2013 - MAYOR ABELARDO ABUNDO, SR., Petitioner, v. COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS AND ERNESTO R. VEGA, Respondents.

  • G.R. No. 188056 : January 08, 2013 - SPOUSES AUGUSTO G. DACUDAO AND OFELIA R. DACUDAO, Petitioners, v. SECRETARY OF JUSTICE RAUL M. GONZALES OF THE DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, RESPONDENT.

  • G.R. No. 180919 : January 09, 2013 - PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. MELBA L. ESPIRITU, PRIMITIVA M. SERASPE, SIMPRESUETA M. SERASPE. A.K.A “AILEEN,” ACCUSSED, SIMPRESUETA M. SERASPE A.K.A. "AILEEN," ACCUSED-APPELLANT.

  • G.R. No. 201447 : January 09, 2013 - PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. ANASTACIO BROCA, AMISTOSO Y ACCUSED-APPELLANT.

  • G.R. No. 192050 : January 09, 2013 - NELSON VALLENO Y LUCITO, Petitioner, v. PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, RESPONDENT.

  • G.R. No. 179003 : January 09, 2013 - ANTONIO L. TAN, JR., Petitioner, v. YOSHITSUGU MATSUURA AND CAROLINA TANJUTCO, RESPONDENTS. - G.R. NO. 195816 - ANTONIO L. TAN, JR., Petitioner, v. JULIE O. CUA, RESPONDENT.

  • G.R. No. 170770 : January 09, 2013 - VITALIANO N. AGUIRRE II AND FIDEL N. AGUIRRE, Petitioners, v. FQB+7, INC., NATHANIEL D. BOCOBO, PRISCILA BOCOBO AND ANTONIO DE VILLA, RESPONDENTS.

  • G.R. No. 170498 : January 09, 2013 - METROPOLITAN BANK & TRUST COMPANY, Petitioner, v. ABSOLUTE MANAGEMENT CORPORATION, RESPONDENT.

  • G.R. No. 170022 : January 09, 2013 - REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES, Petitioner, v. CESAR ENCELAN, RESPONDENT.

  • G.R. No. 155113 : January 09, 2013 - PHILIPPINE BANK OF COMMUNICATIONS, Petitioner, v. PRIDISONS REALTY CORPORATION, ANTONIO GONZALES, BORMACHECO, INC., NAZARIO F. SANTOS, TERESITA CHUA TEK, CHARITO ONG LEE, AND ERNESTO SIBAL, RESPONDENTS.

  • G.R. No. 185595 : January 09, 2013 - MA. CARMINIA C. CALDERON REPRESENTED BY HER ATTORNEY-IN­ FACT, MARYCRIS V. BALDEVIA, Petitioner, v. JOSE ANTONIO F. ROXAS AND COURT OF APPEALS, RESPONDENTS.

  • G.R. No. 181826 : January 09, 2013 - PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, APPELLEE, VS. HONG YEN E AND TSIEN TSIEN CHUA, APPELLANTS.

  • G.R. No. 192727 : January 09, 2013 - RAUL B. ESCALANTE, Petitioner, v. PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES AND THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS, FORMER SPECIAL TWENTIETH DIVISION AND EIGHTEENTH DIVISION, COURT OF APPEALS, CEBU CITY, RESPONDENTS.

  • G.R. No. 183035 : January 09, 2013 - OPTIMA REALTY CORPORATION, Petitioner, v. HERTZ PHIL. EXCLUSIVE CARS, INC., RESPONDENT.

  • G.R. No. 160932 : January 14, 2013 - SPECIAL PEOPLE, INC. FOUNDATION, REPRESENTED BY ITS CHAIRMAN, ROBERTO P. CERICOS, Petitioner, v. NESTOR M. CANDA, BIENVENIDO LIPAYON, JULIAN D. AMADOR, BOHOL PROVINCIAL CHIEF, REGIONAL DIRECTOR, AND NATIONAL DIRECTOR, RESPECTIVELY, ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT BUREAU, DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES, AND THE SECRETARY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES, ALL SUED IN BOTH THEIR OFFICIAL AND PRIVATE CAPACITIES, RESPONDENTS.

  • G.R. No. 178611 : January 14, 2013 - ESTRELLA ADUAN ORPIANO, Petitioner, v. SPOUSES ANTONIO C. TOMAS AND MYRNA U. TOMAS, RESPONDENTS.

  • G.R. No. 182976 : January 14, 2013 - MANILA ELECTRIC COMPANY (MERALCO), Petitioner, v. ATTY. PABLITO M. CASTILLO, DOING BUSINESS UNDER THE TRADE NAME AND STYLE OF PERMANENT LIGHT MANUFACTURING ENTERPRISES AND GUIA S. CASTILLO, RESPONDENTS.

  • G.R. No. 192986 : January 15, 2013 - ADVOCATES FOR TRUTH IN LENDING, INC. AND EDUARDO B. OLAGUER, Petitioners, v. BANGKO SENTRAL MONETARY BOARD, REPRESENTED BY ITS CHAIRMAN, GOVERNOR ARMANDO M. TETANGCO, JR., AND ITS INCUMBENT MEMBERS: JUANITA D. AMATONG, ALFREDO C. ANTONIO, PETER FAVILA, NELLY F. VILLAFUERTE, IGNACIO R. BUNYE AND CESAR V. PURISIMA, RESPONDENTS.

  • G.R. No. 201796 : January 15, 2013 - GOVERNOR SADIKUL A. SAHALI AND VICE-GOVERNOR RUBY M. SAHALL, Petitioners, v. COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS (FIRST DIVISION), RASHIDIN H. MATBA AND JILKASI J. USMAN, RESPONDENTS.

  • A.M. OCA IPI No. 10-25-SB-J : January 15, 2013 - RE: COMPLAINT OF LEONARDO A. VELASCO AGAINST ASSOCIATE JUSTICES FRANCISCO H. VILLARUZ, JR., ALEX L. QUIROZ, AND SAMUEL R. MARTIRES OF THE SANDIGANBAYAN.

  • A.M. OCA IPI No. 12-202-CA-J : January 15, 2013 - RE: VERIFIED COMPLAINT OF AMA LAND, INC. AGAINST HON. DANTON Q. BUESER, HON. SESINANDO E. VILLON and HON. RICARDO R! ROSARIO, ASSOCIATE JUSTICES OF THE COURT OF APPEALS.

  • G.R. No. 191691 : January 16, 2013 - ROMEO A. GONTANG, IN HIS OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS MAYOR OF GAINZA, CAMARINES SUR, VS. PETITIONER, ENGR. CECILIA ALAYAN, RESPONDENT.

  • G.R. No. 175209 : January 16, 2013 - ROLANDO L. CERVANTES, Petitioner, v. PAL MARITIME CORPORATION AND/OR WESTERN SHIPPING AGENCIES, PTE., LTD., RESPONDENTS.

  • G.R. No. 160138 : January 16, 2013 - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE REBUILDERS, INC. (AER), ANTONIO T. INDUCIL, LOURDES T. INDUCIL, JOCELYN T. INDUCIL AND MA. CONCEPCION I. DONATO, Petitioners, v. PROGRESIBONG UNYON NG MGA MANGGAGAWA SA AER, ARNOLD VILLOTA, FELINO E. AGUSTIN, RUPERTO M. MARIANO II, EDUARDO S. BRIZUELA, ARNOLD S. RODRIGUEZ, RODOLFO MAINIT, JR., FROILAN B. MADAMBA, DANILO D. QUIBOY, CHRISTOPHER R. NOLASCO, ROGER V. BELATCHA, CLEOFAS B. DELA BUENA, JR., HERMINIO P. PAPA, WILLIAM A. RITUAL, ROBERTO CALDEO, RAFAEL GACAD, JAMES C. CAAMPUED, ESPERIDION V. LOPEZ, JR., FRISCO M. LORENZO, JR., CRISANTO LUMBAO, JR., AND RENATO SARABUNO, RESPONDENTS.; G.R. NO. 160192 - PROGRESIBONG UNYON NG MGA MANGGAGAWA SA AER, ARNOLD VILLOTA, FELINO E. AGUSTIN, RUPERTO M. MARIANO II, EDUARDOS. BRIZUELA, ARNOLD S. RODRIGUEZ, RODOLFO MAINIT, JR., FROILAN B. MADAMBA, DANILO D. QUIBOY, CHRISTOPHER R. NOLASCO, ROGER V. BELATCHA, CLEOFAS B. DELA BUENA, JR., HERMINIO P. PAPA, WILLIAM A. RITUAL, ROBERTO CALDEO, RAFAEL GACAD, JAMES C. CAAMPUED, ESPERIDION V. LOPEZ, JR., FRISCO M. LORENZO, JR., CRISANTO LUMBAO, JR., AND RENATO SARABUNO, Petitioners, v. AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE REBUILDERS, INC., AND ANTONIO T. INDUCIL, RESPONDENTS.

  • OCA I.P.I. NO. 11-3631-RTJ : January 16, 2013 - KAREEN P. MAGTAGÑOB, COMPLAINANT, VS. JUDGE GENIE G. GAPAS-AGBADA, RESPONDENT.

  • G.R. No. 179628 : January 16, 2013 - THE MANILA INSURANCE COMPANY, INC., PETITIONER. VS. SPOUSES ROBERTO AND AIDA AMURAO, RESPONDENTS.

  • G.R. No. 199149 : January 22, 2013 - LIWAYWAY VINZONS-CHATO, Petitioner, v. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ELECTORAL TRIBUNAL AND ELMER E. PANOTES, RESPONDENTS.; G.R. NO. 201350 - ELMER E. PANOTES, Petitioner, v. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ELECTORAL TRIBUNAL AND LIWAYWAY VINZONS-CHATO, RESPONDENTS.

  • Adm. Case No. 6148 : January 22, 2013 - FLORENCE MACARUBBO, TEVES COMPLAINANT, VS. ATTY. EDMUNDO L. MACARUBBO, RESPONDENT. - RE: PETITION (FOR EXTRAORDINARY MERCY) OF EDMUNDO L. MACARUBBO.

  • G.R. No. 199612 : January 22, 2013 - RENATOM. FEDERICO, Petitioner, v. COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS, COMELEC EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR AND OSMUNDO M. MALIGAYA, RESPONDENTS.

  • G.R. No. 193897 : January 23, 2013 - UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST, DEAN ELEANOR JAVIER, RONNIE GILLEGO AND DR. JOSE C. BENEDICTO, Petitioners, v. ANALIZA F. PEPANIO AND MARITI D. BUENO, RESPONDENTS.

  • G.R. No. 177783 : January 23, 2013 - HEIRS OF FAUSTO C. IGNACIO, namely MARFEL D. IGNACIO MANALO, MILFA D. IGNACIO­MANALO AND FAUSTINO D. IGNACIO, Petitioners, v. HOME BANKERS SAVINGS AND TRUST COMPANY, SPOUSES PHILLIP AND THELMA RODRIGUEZ, CATHERINE, REYNOLD & JEANETTE, ALL SURNAMED ZUNIGA, RESPONDENTS.

  • Adm. Case No. 5530 - Sps. Arcing and Cresing Bautista, et al. v. Atty. Arturo Cefra

  • Adm. Case No. 6148 - Florence Teves Macarubbo, Complainant; v. Atty. Edmundo L. Macarubbo, Respondent; Re: Petition (for Extraordinary Mercy) of Edmundo L. Macarubbo

  • OCA I.P.I. No. 11-3631-RTJ - Kareen P. Magtag

  • Adm. Case No. 6475 - Fe A. Ylaya v. Atty. Glenn Carlos Gacott

  • G.R. No. 160138 - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE REBUILDERS, INC. (AER), ANTONIO T. INDUCIL, LOURDES T. INDUCIL, JOCELYN T. INDUCIL and MA. CONCEPCION I. DONATO, Petitioners, v. PROGRESIBONG UNYON NG MGA MANGGAGAWA SA AER, ARNOLD VILLOTA, FELINO E. AGUSTIN, RUPERTO M. MARIANO II, EDUARDO S. BRIZUELA, ARNOLD S. RODRIGUEZ, RODOLFO MAINIT, JR., FROILAN B. MADAMBA, DANILO D. QUIBOY, CHRISTOPHER R. NOLASCO, ROGER V. BELATCHA, CLEOFAS B. DELA BUENA, JR., HERMINIO P. PAPA, WILLIAM A. RITUAL, ROBERTO CALDEO, RAFAEL GACAD, JAMES C. CAAMPUED, ESPERIDION V. LOPEZ, JR., FRISCO M. LORENZO, JR., CRISANTO LUMBAO, JR., and RENATO SARABUNO, Respondents.; G.R. No. 160192 - PROGRESIBONG UNYON NG MGA MANGGAGAWA SA AER, ARNOLD VILLOTA, FELINO E. AGUSTIN, RUPERTO M. MARIANO II, EDUARDO S. BRIZUELA, ARNOLD S. RODRIGUEZ, RODOLFO MAINIT, JR., FROILAN B. MADAMBA, DANILO D. QUIBOY, CHRISTOPHER R. NOLASCO, ROGER V. BELATCHA, CLEOFAS B. DELA BUENA, JR., HERMINIO P. PAPA, WILLIAM A. RITUAL, ROBERTO CALDEO, RAFAEL GACAD, JAMES C. CAAMPUED, ESPERIDION V. LOPEZ, JR., FRISCO M. LORENZO, JR., CRISANTO LUMBAO, JR., and RENA TO SARABUNO, Petitioners, v. AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEREBUILDERS, INC., and ANTONIO T. INDUCIL, Respondents.

  • G.R. No. 160932 - Special People, Inc. Foundation represented by its Chairman, Roberto P. Cericos v. Nestor M. Canda, et al.

  • G.R. No. 167158 - Virginia Judy Dy and Gabriel Dy v. Philippine Banking Corporation

  • G.R. No. 166967 - Edna J. Jaca v. People of the Philippines, et al.; G.R. No. 166974 - Alan C. Gaviola v. People of the Philippines; G.R. No. 167167 - Eustaquio B. Cesa v. People of the Philippines

  • G.R. No. 170022 - Republic of the Philippines v. Cesar Encelan

  • G.R. No. 169005 - Winston F. Garcia, in his capacity as President and General Manager of the GSIS v. Court of Appeals and Rudy C. Tesoro

  • G.R. No. 170054 - Goya, Inc. v. Goya, Inc. Employees Union-FFW

  • G.R. No. 170498 - Metropolitan Bank & Trust Company v. Absolute Management Corporation

  • G.R. No. 170634 - People of the Philippines v. Pedro Buado, Jr., y Cipriano

  • G.R. No. 170770 - Vitaliano N. Aguirre II and Fidel N. Aguirre II and Fidel N. Aguirre v. FQB+, Inc., Nathaniel D. Bocobo, Priscila Bocobo and Antonio De Villa

  • G.R. No. 171677 - Philippine National Bank, substituted by Tranche 1 (SPV-AMC), Inc. v. Rina Parayno Lim and Puerto Azul Land, Inc.

  • G.R. No. 173425 - Fort Bonifacio Develoment Corp v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue and Revenue District Officer, Revenue District No. 44, Taguig and Pateros, Bureau of Internal Revenue

  • G.R. No. 173520 - National Power Corporation v. Spouses Rodolfo Zabala and Lilia Baylon

  • G.R. No. 173559 - Leticia Diona, rep. by her attorney-in-fact, Marcelina Diona v. Romeo A. Balangue, Sonny A. Balangue, Reynaldo A. Balangue, and Esteban A. Balangue, Jr.

  • G.R. No. 174191 - Nenita Quality Foods Corporation v. Crisostomo Galabo, et al.

  • G.R. No. 174436 - Juanita Ermita

  • G.R. No. 174882 - Mondragon Personal Sales, Inc. v. Victoriano S. Sola, Jr.

  • G.R. No. 175209 - Rolando L. Cervantes v. PAL Maritime Corporation and/or Western Shipping agencies, Pte., Ltd.

  • G.R. No. 177751 - People of the Philippines v. Florencio Agacer, et al.

  • G.R. No. 177167 - Nelson B. Gan v. Galderma Philippines, Inc. and Rosendo C. Veneracion

  • G.R. No. 178312 - Land Bank of the Philippines v. Heirs of Spouses Jorja Rigor Soriano and Magin Soriano

  • G.R. No. 177783 - Heirs of Fausto C. Ignacio v. Home Bankers Savings and Trust co., et al.

  • G.R. No. 178611 - Estrella Aduan Orpiano v. Spouses Antonio C. Tomas and Myrna U. Tomas

  • G.R. No. 179003 - Antonio L Tan, Jr. v. Yoshitsugu Matsuura and Carolina Tanjutco; G.R. No. 195816 - Antonio L. Tan, Jr. v. Julie O Cua

  • G.R. No. 179382 - Spouses Benjamin C. Mamaril and Sonia P. Mamaril v. The Boy Scout of the Philippines, et al.

  • G.R. No. 179628 - The Manila Insurance Company, Inc. v. Spouses Roberto and Aida Amurao

  • G.R. No. 180036 - Situs Development Corporation, et al. v. Asia Trust Bank, et al.

  • G.R. No. 180463 - Republic of the Philippines v. AFP Retirement and Separation Benefits System, et al.

  • G.R. No. 180919 - People of the Philippines v. Simpresueta M. Seraspe, accused-appelant

  • G.R. No. 181218 - Republic of the Philippines, represented by the Department of Public Works and Highways v. Heirs of Spouses Pedro Bautista and Valentina Malabanan

  • G.R. No. 181738 - General Milling Corporation v. Violeta L. Viajar

  • G.R. No. 182457 - People of the Philippines v. Antonio Basallo y Asprec

  • G.R. No. 182976 - Manila Electric Company (MERALCO) v. Atty. P.M. Castillo, doing business under the trade name and style of Permanent Light Manufacturing Enterprises, et al.

  • G.R. No. 183035 - Optima Realty Corporation v. Hertz Phil., Exclusive, Inc.

  • G.R. No. 183896 - Syed Azhar Abbas v. Gloria Goo Abbas

  • G.R. No. 185595 - Ma. Carminia C. Calderon (formerly Ma. Carminia Calderon-Roxas), represented by her attorney-in-fact, Marycris V. Baldevia v. Jose Antonio F. Roxas

  • G.R. No. 186069 - Jesus L. Cabahug and Coronacion M. Cabahug v. National Power Corporation

  • G.R. No. 187048 - Poeple of the Philippines v. Benjamin Peteluna and Abundio Binondo

  • G.R. No. 188299 - Heirs fo Luis A. Luna, et al. v. Ruben S. Afable, et al.

  • G.R. No. 188603 - People of the Philippines v. Ramil Rarugal Alias "Amay Bisaya"

  • G.R. No. 188635 - Brenda L. Nazareth, Regional Director, Department of Science and Technology, etc. v. The Hon. Reynaldo A. Villar, Hon. Juanito G. Espino, Jr., et al.

  • G.R. No. 188768 - TML Gasket Industries, Inc. v. BPI Family Savings Bank, Inc.

  • G.R. No. 190969 - Baron A. Villanueva, et al. v. Edna R. Caparas

  • G.R. No. 191691 - Romeo A. Gontang, in his official capacity as Mayor of Gainza, Camarines Sur

  • G.R. No. 192050 - Nelson Valleno y Lucito v. People of the Philippines

  • G.R. No. 192289 - Kamarudin K. Ibrahim v. Commission on Elections and Rolan G. Buagas

  • G.R. No. 192532 - Spouses Ricardo and Elena Golez v. Spouses Carlos adn Amelita Navarro

  • G.R. No. 192986 - Advocates for Truth in Lending, Inc. & Eduardo B. Olaguer v. Bangko Sentral Monetary Board, Represented by its Chairman, Governor Armando M. Tatangco, Jr., etc.

  • G.R. No. 193507 - People of the Philippines v. Rey Monticalvo y Magno

  • G.R. No. 193643 - Antonio D. Dayao, Rolando P. Ramirez and Adelio R. Capco v. Commission on Elections and LPG Marketers; G.R. No. 193704 - Federation of the Philippine Industries, Inc. v. Commission on Elections and LPG Marketers Association, Inc.

  • G.R. No. 193897 - University of the East, Dean Eleanor Javier, Ronnie Gillego and Dr. Jose C. Benedicto v. Analiza F. Pepanio and Mariti D. Bueno

  • G.R. No. 193960 - Karlo Angelo Dabalos y San Dieo v. Regional Trial Court, Branch 59, Angeles City, etc., et al.

  • G.R. No. 194236 - People of the Philippines v. Patricio Rayon, Sr.

  • G.R. No. 194352 - Maxicare PCIB Cigna Healthcare (now Maxicare Healthcare Corporation), Eric S. Nubla, Jr. M.D. and Ruth A. Asis, M.D. v. Marian Brigitte A. Contreras, M.D.

  • G.R. No. 197384 - Sampaguita Auto Transport Corporation v. National Labor Relations Commission, et al.

  • G.R. No. 197507 - Rivulet Agro-Industrial Corporation v. Anthony Parungao, et al.

  • G.R. No. 198501 - Kestrel Shipping Co., Inc./Capt. Amador P. Servillon and Atlantic Manning Ltd. v. Francisco D. Munar

  • G.R. No. 199149 - Liwayway Vinzons-Chato v. House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal and Elmer E. Panotes; G.R. No. 201350 - Elmer E. Panotes v. House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal and Liwayway Vinzons-Chato

  • G.R. No. 199324 - Executive Secretary, et al. v. Forerunner Multi Resources, Inc.

  • G.R. No. 199338 - Eleazar S. Padillo v. Rural Bank of Nabunturan, Inc., et al.

  • G.R. No. 199612 - Renato M. Federico v. Commission on Elections, COMELEC Executive Director and Osmundo M. Maligaya

  • G.R. No. 200165 - People of the Philippines v. Reynaldo Nacua, et al. accused; Reynaldo Nacua, accused-appellant

  • G.R. No. 201447 - People of the Philippines v. Anastacio Amistoso y Broca

  • G.R. No. 202423 - Chester Uyco, et al. v. Vicente Lo

  • G.R. No. 201716 - Mayor Abelardo Abundo, Sr., v. Commission on Elections & Ernesto R. Vega

  • G.R. No. 192615 - Sps. Eugene L. Lim and Constancia Lim v. The Court of Appeals-Mindanao Station, et al.

  • G.R. No. 189355 - People of the Philippines v. Rolando Cabungan

  • G.R. No. 181826 - People of the Philippines v. Hong Yen E and Tsien Tsien Chua

  • G.R. No. 188056 - Spouses Augusto G. Dacudao and Ofelia R. Dacudao v. Secretary of Justice Raul M. Gonzales of the Department of Justice

  • G.R. No. 188179 - Henry R. Giron v. Commission on Elections; Almario E. Francisco, Federico S. Jong, Jr. and Ricardo L. Baes, Jr., Petitioners-in-Intervention

  • G.R. No. 192727 - Raul Escalante v. People of the Philippines, et al.

  • G.R. No. 201796 - Governor Sadikul A. Sahali and Vice-Governor Ruby M. Sahali v. Commission on Elections (First Division), Rashidin H. Matba and Jilkasi J. Usman

  • A.C. No. 6760 - Anastacio N. Teodoro III v. Atty. Romeo S. Gonzales

  • A.M. OCA IPI No. 10-25-SB-J - Re: Complaint of Leonardo A. Velasco against Associate Justices Francisco H. Villaruz, Jr., et al.

  • A.M. OCA IPI No. 12-202-CA-J - Re: Verified complaint of Ama Land, Inc. against Hon. Danton Q. Bueser, et al.

  • A.M. No. P-12-3090 - Mariano T. Ong v. Eva G. Basiya-Saratan, clerk of Court, RTC, Br. 32, Iloilo City

  • A.M. No. RTJ-12-2326 - Geoffrey Beckett v. Judge Olegario R. Sarmiento, Jr., RTC, Branch 24, Cebu City

  • G.R. No. 155113 - Philippine Bank of Communications v. Pridisons Realty Corporation, et al.

  • G.R. No. 172852 - City of Cebu v. Apolinio M. Dedamo, Jr.

  • G.R. No. 172590 - Mary Louise R. Anderson v. Enrique Ho

  • A.M. No. P-12-3099, January 15, 2013 - OFFICE OF THE COURT ADMINISTRATOR, Complainant, v. LARRIZA P. BACANI, CLERK OF COURT IV, MUNICIPAL TRIAL COURT IN CITIES, MEYCAUAYAN, BULACAN, Respondents.

  • G.R. No. 184698, January 21, 2013 - SPOUSES ALBERTO AND SUSAN CASTRO, Petitioners, v. AMPARO PALENZUELA, FOR HERSELF AND AS AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE OF VIRGINIA ABELLO, GERARDO ANTONIO ABELLO, ALBERTO DEL ROSARIO, INGEBORG REGINA DEL ROSARIO, HANS DEL ROSARIO, MARGARET DEL ROSARIO ISLETA, ENRIQUE PALENZUELA AND CARLOS MIGUEL PALENZUELA, Respondents.