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Philippine Supreme Court Jurisprudence > Year 2013 > January 2013 Decisions > G.R. No. 174191 - Nenita Quality Foods Corporation v. Crisostomo Galabo, et al.:




G.R. No. 174191 - Nenita Quality Foods Corporation v. Crisostomo Galabo, et al.

PHILIPPINE SUPREME COURT DECISIONS

SECOND DIVISION

G.R. No. 174191 : January 30, 2013

NENITA QUALITY FOODS CORPORATION, Petitioner, v. CRISOSTOMO GALABO, ADELAIDA GALABO, and ZENAIDA GALABO-ALMACBAR, Respondent.

D E C I S I O N

BRION, J.:

We resolve the petition for review on certiorari1 of petitioner Nenita Quality Foods Corporation (NQFC) to nullity the February 22, 2006 Decision2 and the July 13, 2006 resolution3 of the Court of Appeals (CA) in CA-G.R. SP No. 77006. The CA reversed the decision4 of the Regional Trial Court (RTC) of Davao City, Branch 17, which affirmed in toto the decision5 of the Municipal Trial Court in Cities (MTCC), Davao City, Branch 5, in Civil Case No. 10,958-E-01. The MTCC dismissed the complaint for forcible entry and damages, which respondents Crisostomo Galabo, Adelaida Galabo, and Zenaida Galabo-Almachar filed against NQFC.

The Factual Antecedents

The dispute in the case relates to the possession of a parcel of land described as Lot No. 102, PSD-40060, the former Arakaki Plantation in Marapangi, Toril, Davao City with an area of six thousand seventy-four square meters (6,074 sq. m.).

As the CA summarized in the assailed decision, the respondents are the heirs of Donato Galabo. In 1948, Donato obtained Lot No. 722, Cad-102, a portion of the Arakaki Plantation in Marapangi, Toril, Davao City, owned by National Abaca and Other Fibers Corporation. Donato and the respondents assumed that Lot No. 722 included Lot No. 102, per the original survey of 1916 to 1920.

When the Board of Liquidators (BOL) took over the administration of the Arakaki Plantation in the 1950s, it had Lot No. 722 resurveyed. Allegedly, the resurvey did not include Lot No. 102; thus, when Donato acquired Transfer Certificate of Title No. T-214966 for Lot No. 722 on April 26, 1953, Lot No. 102 was not included. The respondents, however, continue to posses, occupy and cultivate Lot No. 102.

When NQFC opened its business in Marapangi, Toril, Davao City in the late 1950s, it allegedly offered to buy Lot No. 102. Donato declined and to ward off further offers, put up "Not For Sale" and "No Trespassing" signs on the property. In the 1970s, Crisostomo fenced off the entire perimeter of Lot No. 102 and built his house on it.

On August 19, 1994, the respondents received a letter from Santos Nantin demanding that they vacate Lot No. 102. Santos claimed ownership of this lot per the Deed of Transfer of Rights (Deed of Transfer)7 dated July 10, 1972, which the respondents and their mother allegedly executed in Santos favor. The respondents denied this claim and maintained that they had been occupying Lot No. 102, which the BOL itself recognized per its letters8 and the Certification9 dated April 12, 2000 confirming Donato as the long-time occupant and awardee of the property. To perfect their title, the respondents applied for free patent over Lot No. 102 on September 6, 2000.

On January 3, 2001 and again on a later date, NQFCs workers, with armed policemen of Toril, Davao City, entered by force Lot No. 102 to fence it. The respondents reported the entry to the authorities. On April 16, 2001, Crisostomo received a letter from NQFCs counsel demanding that he remove his house from Lot No. 102. NQFC subsequently removed the existing fence and cut down various trees that the respondents had planted on the property.

NQFC, for its part, claimed that Santos immediately occupied and possessed Lot No. 102 after he purchased it from the respondents in 1972 and declared it under his name for taxation purposes. Santos was also granted Free Patent over the property by the Bureau of Lands, and obtained Original Certificate of Title No. (OCT) P-403510 on June 18, 1974. On December 29, 2000, the heirs of Santos conveyed Lot No. 102 to NQFC via the Deed of Absolute Sale11 of even date. NQFC then filed a petition for cancellation of the respondents patent application over Lot No. 102, which the BOL-Manila granted on April 19, 2001, on the ground that Donato failed to perfect his title over Lot No. 102 which has long been titled in Santos name.

When conciliation failed, the respondents filed on September 17, 2001 a complaint12 for forcible entry with damages before the MTCC against NQFC, alleging that: (1) they had been in prior physical possession of Lot No. 102; and (2) NQFC deprived them of possession through force, intimidation, strategy, threats and stealth.

The Ruling of the MTCC

Relying on the ruling of the BOL-Manila, the MTCC dismissed the respondents complaint,13 explaining that the questions raised before it required technical determination by the administrative agency with the expertise to determine such matters, which the BOL-Manila did in this case.14?r?l1

The MTCC held that the pieces of evidence NQFC presented the Deed of Transfer the respondents executed in Santos favor, Santos OCT P-4035 over Lot No. 102, the Deed of Absolute Sale in NQFCs favor, and the findings of the BOL-Manila established NQFCs rightful possession over the property. It further held that: (1) the respondents relinquished their rights over Lot No. 102 when they executed the Deed of Transfer in Santos favor; (2) the certificate of title over Lot No. 102 in Santos name shows that he was in actual physical possession since actual occupation is required before an application for free patent can be approved; and (3) NQFC validly acquired ownership over Lot No. 102 when it purchased it from Santos, entitling it to the right, among others, to possess the property as ancillary to such ownership.

The Ruling of the RTC

The respondents appealed the MTCC decision to the RTC but the latter court denied the appeal.15 As the MTCC did, the RTC relied on the findings of the BOL-Manila. It held that: (1) the respondents failed to perfect whatever right they might have had over Lot No. 102; and (2) they are estopped from asserting any right over Lot No. 102 since they have long transferred the property and their right thereto, to Santos in 1972.

In resolving the issue of possession of Lot No. 102, the RTC also resolved the question of ownership, as justified under the Rules, explaining that the NQFCs possession of Lot No. 102 was anchored on a Deed of Absolute Sale, while that of the respondents was based merely on the allegation of possession and occupation by Donato, and not on any title.16?r?l1

Thus, the question of concurrent possession of Lot No. 102 between NQFC and the respondents should tilt in NQFCs favor.

When the RTC denied the respondents motion for reconsideration in an order17 dated March 5, 2003, the respondents elevated their case to the CA via a petition for review.18?r?l1

The Ruling of the CA

The respondents claimed before the CA that the RTC erred when it held that NQFC had prior possession of Lot No. 102, based solely on its Deed of Absolute Sale. They argued, among others, that: (1) Santos should have taken the necessary steps to oust the respondents had he been in possession of Lot No. 102 beginning 1972; (2) Santos could not have validly obtained title over Lot No. 102 since it was still in the name of the Republic of the Philippines (Republic) as of 1980;19 and (3) NQFC no longer had to forcibly evict the respondents in January 2001 if it had been in possession of Lot No. 102 after it bought this land from Santos in 2000.

The CA found reversible error in the RTCs decision; thus, it granted the respondents petition and ordered NQFC to vacate Lot No. 102. The CA explained that a plaintiff, in a forcible entry case, only has to prove prior material and physical possession of the property in litigation and undue deprivation of it by means of force, intimidation, threat, strategy or stealth. These, the respondents averred in the complaint and sufficiently proved, thus entitling them to recover possession of Lot No. 102. Relying on the doctrine of presumption of regularity in the performance of official duty, the CA especially took note of the letters and the Certification which the BOL sent to the respondents acknowledging Donato as the awardee of Lot No. 102 and the respondents as the actual occupants and possessors.

In brushing aside the RTCs findings, the CA ruled that: (1) Donatos failure to perfect his title over Lot No. 102 should not weigh against the respondents as the issue in a forcible entry case is one of possession de facto and not of possession de jure; and (2) NQFCs ownership of Lot No. 102 is beside the point as ownership is beyond the purview of an ejectment case. The title or right of possession, it stressed, is never an issue in a forcible entry suit. The CA, however, denied the respondents prayer for moral damages and attorneys fees, and rejected the other issues raised for being irrelevant.

In its July 13, 2006 resolution,20 the CA denied NQFCs motion for reconsideration, prompting the NQFCs present recourse.

The Petition

NQFC argues that the CA erred in holding that the respondents had prior physical possession of Lot No. 102.21 It claims that, first, in reversing the RTC findings, the CA relied solely on the letters and the Certification of the BOL,22 which has been controverted by the following pieces of evidence, among others: (1) the Deed of Transfer that the respondents executed in favor of Santos; (2) the order of the Bureau of Lands approving Santos patent application; (3) Santos OCT P-4035; and (4) the Deed of Absolute Sale that Santos executed in favor of NQFC.

NQFC maintains that the Bureau of Lands would not have granted Santos free patent application had he not been in possession of Lot No. 102 because continued occupation and cultivation, either by himself or by his predecessor-in-interest, of the property is a requirement for such grant under the Public Land Act. By the very definition of "occupy," Santos is therefore deemed to have possessed Lot No. 102 prior to 1974, the year his free patent application was granted,23 and under the principle of tacking of possession, he is deemed to have had possession of Lot No. 102 not only from 1972, when the respondents transferred it to him, but also from the time Donato acquired the lot in 1948. Thus, Santos had no reason to oust the respondents since he had been in possession of Lot No. 102 beginning 1972, by virtue of the transfer.24?r?l1

Second, the respondents had no documents to prove that they were in actual occupation and cultivation of Lot No. 102 the reason they did not heed the BOLs request to perfect their title over it. Finally, citing jurisprudence,25 NQFC argues that the RTC rightly ruled on the issue of its ownership over Lot No. 102 in deciding the issue of prior physical possession as the Rules allow this, by way of exception.26?r?l1

The Case for Respondents

The respondents arguments closely adhere to the CAs ruling. They argue that NQFC, rather than meeting the issues, focused on its alleged ownership of Lot No. 102 and the possession flowing out of its ownership. They deny ever meeting Santos and they maintain that their continued possession and occupation of Lot No. 102 belie this supposed sale. Even granting that this sale occurred, Santos could still not have acquired any right over Lot No. 102 for as of 1980, it was still in the name of the Republic.27 Thus, they could not have transferred ownership of Lot No. 102 to Santos, and he cannot claim ownership of Lot No. 102 by reason of this sale.28?r?l1

On the other hand, the respondents open, continuous, exclusive, notorious and adverse possession of Lot No. 102 for three decades, coupled by a claim of ownership, gave them vested right or interest over the property.29 This vested right is equivalent to an actually issued certificate of title so that the execution and delivery of the title is a mere formality. To say the least, NQFC did not have to send them a formal demand to vacate30 and violently oust them from the premises had it been in actual possession of the property as claimed.31?r?l1

Lastly, the respondents invoked the settled rule that the Courts jurisdiction in a Rule 45 petition is limited only to reviewing errors of law. NQFC failed to show misapprehension of facts in the CAs findings to justify a departure from this rule.32?r?l1

The Courts Ruling

We first address the procedural issue raised. Resolving the contentions raised necessarily requires us to delve into factual issues, a course not proper in a petition for review on certiorari, for a Rule 45 petition resolves only questions of law, not questions of fact.33 This rule is read with the equally settled dictum that factual findings of the CA are generally conclusive on the parties and are therefore not reviewable by this Court.34 By way of exception, we resolve factual issues when, as here, conflict attended the findings of the MTCC and of the RTC, on one hand, and of the CA, on the other. Of minor note, but which we deem important to point, the petition needlessly impleaded the CA, in breach of Section 4, Rule 45 of the Rules of Court.35?r?l1

Substantively, the key issue this case presents is prior physical possession whether NQFC had been in prior physical possession of Lot No. 102.

We rule in the negative.

First, on the reliance on the BOL letters and Certification and the CAs alleged disregard of NQFCs evidence. To prove prior physical possession of Lot No. 102, NQFC presented the Deed of Transfer, Santos OCT P-4035, the Deed of Absolute Sale, and the Order of the Bureau of Lands approving Santos free patent application. In presenting these pieces of evidence, NQFC is apparently mistaken as it may have equated possession that is at issue as an attribute of ownership to actual possession. The latter type of possession is, however, different from and has different legal implications than the former. While these documents may bear weight and are material in contests over ownership of Lot No. 102, they do not per se show NQFCs actual possession of this property.

We agree that ownership carries the right of possession, but the possession contemplated by the concept of ownership is not exactly the same as the possession in issue in a forcible entry case. Possession in forcible entry suits refers only to possession de facto, or actual or material possession, and not possession flowing out of ownership; these are different legal concepts36 for which the law provides different remedies for recovery of possession.37 As we explained in Pajuyo v. Court of Appeals,38 and again in the more recent cases of Gonzaga v. Court of Appeals,39 De Grano v. Lacaba,40 and Lagazo v. Soriano,41 the word "possession" in forcible entry suits refers to nothing more than prior physical possession or possession de facto, not possession de jure42 or legal possession in the sense contemplated in civil law.43 Title is not the issue,44 and the absence of it "is not a ground for the courts to withhold relief from the parties in an ejectment case."45?r?l1

Thus, in a forcible entry case, "a party who can prove prior possession can recover such possession even against the owner himself. Whatever may be the character of his possession, if he has in his favor prior possession in time, he has the security that entitles him to remain on the property until a person with a better right lawfully ejects him."46 He cannot be ejected by force, violence or terror -- not even by its owners.47 For these reasons, an action for forcible entry is summary in nature aimed only at providing an expeditious means of protecting actual possession.48 Ejectment suits are intended to "prevent breach of x x x peace and criminal disorder and to compel the party out of possession to respect and resort to the law alone to obtain what he claims is his."49 Thus, lest the purpose of these summary proceedings be defeated, any discussion or issue of ownership is avoided unless it is necessary to resolve the issue of de facto possession.

We agree with the respondents that instead of squarely addressing the issue of possession and presenting evidence showing that NQFC or Santos had been in actual possession of Lot No. 102, the former merely narrated how it acquired ownership of Lot No. 102 and presented documents to this effect. Its allegation that Santos occupied Lot No. 102 in 1972 is uncorroborated. Even the tax declarations under Santos name are hardly of weight; "tax declarations and realty tax payments are not conclusive proof of possession. They are merely good indicia of possession in the concept of owner"50 but not necessarily of the actual possession required in forcible entry cases.

Section 1, Rule 70 of the Rules of Court provides when an action for forcible entry, and unlawful detainer, is proper:cralawlibrary

SECTION 1. Who may institute proceedings, and when. Subject to the provisions of the next succeeding section, a person deprived of the possession of any land or building by force, intimidation, threat, strategy, or stealth, or a lessor, vendor, vendee, or other person against whom the possession of any land or building is unlawfully withheld after the expiration or termination of the right to hold possession, by virtue of any contract, express or implied, or the legal representatives or assigns of any such lessor, vendor, vendee, or other person may at any time within one (1) year after such unlawful deprivation or withholding of possession, bring an action in the proper Municipal Trial Court against the person or persons unlawfully withholding or depriving of possession, or any person or persons claiming under them, for the restitution of such possession, together with damages and costs. [emphasis ours; italics supplied]

Under this provision, for a forcible entry suit to prosper, the plaintiff must allege and prove: (1) prior physical possession of the property; and (2) unlawful deprivation of it by the defendant through force, intimidation, strategy, threat or stealth.51 As in any civil case, the burden of proof lies with the complainants (the respondents in this case) who must establish their case by preponderance of evidence. In the present case, the respondents sufficiently alleged and proved the required elements.

To support its position, NQFC invokes the principle of tacking of possession, that is, when it bought Lot No. 102 from Santos on December 29, 2000, its possession is, by operation of law, tacked to that of Santos and even earlier, or at the time Donato acquired Lot No. 102 in 1948.

NQFCs reliance on this principle is misplaced. True, the law52 allows a present possessor to tack his possession to that of his predecessor-in-interest to be deemed in possession of the property for the period required by law. Possession in this regard, however, pertains to possession de jure and the tacking is made for the purpose of completing the time required for acquiring or losing ownership through prescription. We reiterate possession in forcible entry suits refers to nothing more than physical possession, not legal possession.

The CA brushed aside NQFCs argument on the respondents failure to perfect their title over Lot No. 102. It held that the issue in this case is not of possession de jure, let alone ownership or title, but of possession de facto. We agree with the CA; the discussions above are clear on this point.

We agree, too, as we have indicated in passing above, that the issue of ownership can be material and relevant in resolving the issue of possession. The Rules in fact expressly allow this: Section 16, Rule 70 of the Rules of Court53 provides that the issue of ownership shall be resolved in deciding the issue of possession if the question of possession is intertwined with the issue of ownership. But this provision is only an exception and is allowed only in this limited instance-- to determine the issue of possession and only if the question of possession cannot be resolved without deciding the issue of ownership.54 Save for this instance, evidence of ownership is not at all material, as in the present case.55?r?l1

As a final reiterative note, this Decision deals only with de facto possession and is without prejudice to an appropriate action for recovery of possession based on ownership.

WHEREFORE, in light of these considerations, we hereby DENY the petition; the decision dated February 22, 2006 and the resolution dated July 13, 2006 of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. SP No. 77006 are hereby AFFIRMED.

SO ORDERED.


Endnotes:


1 Dated September 7. 2006 and filed on September 11, 2006 under Rule 45 of the 1997 Rules of Civil Procedure, rollo. pp. 17-32.

2 Penned by Associate Justice Rodrigo F. Lim. Jr., and concurred in by Associate Justices Teresita Dy-Liacco Flores. Romulo V. Borja, Ramon R. Garcia, and Ricardo R. Rosario; id. at 276-292.

3 Id. at 39-42.

4 Dated November 29, 2002. The case was docketed as Civil Case No. 29, 139-2002; id. at 143-151. Penned by Judge Renato A. Fuentes.

5 Dated February 20, 2002; id. at 112-122. Penned by Presiding Judge Daydews D. Villamor.

6 Id. at 167.

7 Id. at 68-69.

8 Id. at 65-66.

9 Id. at 67.

10 Id. at 71-73.

11 Id. at 74-76.

12 Id. at 43-52.

13 Supra note 5.

14 Id. at 118-119.

15 Supra note 4.

16 Id. at 147-148.

17 Id. at 159.

18 Under Rule 42 of the 1997 Rules of Civil Procedure; id. at 123-140.

19 Id. at 77. See also the MTCCs findings; id. at 118-119.

20 Supra note 3.

21 Rollo, p. 23.

22 Id. at 28-30.

23 Id. at 27-28; cf. page 335.

24 Id. at 334.

25 Quoted portions of the Supreme Court ruling in Refugia v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 118284, July 5, 1996, 258 SCRA 347; id. at 30-31.

26 Supra; cf. pp. 343-345.

27 Supra note 19.

28 Id. at 317-319.

29 Id. at 319.

30 Copy of the Notice to Vacate; id. at 188.

31 Id. at 319-320.

32 Id. at 320-321.

33 See Dr. Seri�a v. Caballero, 480 Phil. 277, 284 (2004); Go Ke Chong, Jr. v. Chan, G.R. No. 153791, August 24, 2007, 531 SCRA 72, 80-81, citing Barcenas v. Tomas, G.R. No. 150321, March 31, 2005, 454 SCRA 593, 606; and Lagazo v. Soriano, G.R. No. 170864, February 16, 2010, 612 SCRA 616, 620.

34 Dr. Seri�a v. Caballero, supra, at 284.

35 SEC. 4. Contents of petition. The petition shall be filed in eighteen (18) copies, with the original copy intended for the court being indicated as such by the petitioner, and shall (a) state the full name of the appealing party as the petitioner and the adverse party as respondent, without impleading the lower courts or judges thereof either as petitioners or respondents. [italics supplied; emphasis ours] cf. Dela Cruz v. CA and Te, 539 Phil. 158, 169 (2006).

36 Gonzaga v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 130841, February 26, 2008, 546 SCRA 532, 542.

37 Ibid.

38 G.R. No. 146364, June 3, 2004, 430 SCRA 492, 509-510.

39 Supra note 36, at 540.

40 G.R. No. 158877, June 16, 2009, 589 SCRA 148, 158-159, citing Gonzaga v. Court of Appeals, supra.

41 Supra note 33, at 621, citing De Grano v. Lacaba, supra.

42 See also Barrientos v. Rapal, G.R. No. 169594, July 20, 2011, 654 SCRA 165, 170-171, citing Carbonilla v. Abiera, G.R. No. 177637, July 26, 2010, 625 SCRA 461, 469.

43 See De Grano v. Lacaba, supra note 40, at 159, citing Sps. Tirona v. Hon. Alejo, 419 Phil. 285, 298 (2001); cf. Lagazo v. Soriano, supra note 33, at 621.

44 Heirs of Pedro Laurora v. Sterling Technopark III, G.R. No. 146815, April 9, 2003, 401 SCRA 181, 184; and Gonzaga v. Court of Appeals, supra note 36, at 541, citing Heirs of Pedro Laurora v. Sterling Technopark III, at 184.

45 Mu�oz v. Yabut, Jr., G.R. Nos. 142676 and 146718, June 6, 2011, 650 SCRA 344, 376, citing Pajuyo v. Court of Appeals, supra note 38.

46 Pajuyo v. Court of Appeals, supra note 38, at 510-511, citing Rubio v. The Hon. Municipal Trial Court in Cities, 322 Phil. 179 (1996); and Antazo v. Doblada, G.R. No. 178908, February 4, 2010, 611 SCRA 586, 593, citing Pajuyo v. Court of Appeals, supra note 38.

47 Heirs of Pedro Laurora v. Sterling Technopark III, supra note 44, at 185, citing Mu�oz v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 102693, September 23, 1992, 214 SCRA 216; Joven v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 80739, August 20, 1992, 212 SCRA 700; German Management and Services, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. Nos. 76216 and 76217, September 14, 1989, 177 SCRA 495; and Supia and Batioco v. Quintero and Ayala, 59 Phil. 312 (1933).

48 See Pajuyo v. Court of Appeals, supra note 38, at 511-512; David v. Cordova, 502 Phil 626, 645-646 (2005), citing Pajuyo v. Court of Appeals, at 511-512; and Pagadora v. Ilao, G.R. No. 165769, December 12, 2011, 662 SCRA 14, 29-30.

49 Pajuyo v. Court of Appeals, supra, at 512.

50 De Grano v. Lacaba, supra note 40, citing Estrella v. Robles, Jr., G.R. No. 171029, November 22, 2007, 538 SCRA 60, 74; and Ganila v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 150755, June 28, 2005, 461 SCRA 435.

51 See Gonzaga v. Court of Appeals, supra note 36, at 540, citing Bejar v. Caluag, G.R. No. 171277, February 15, 2007, 516 SCRA 84, 91.

52 Article 1138 of the Civil Code provides:cralawlibrary

Art. 1138. In the computation of time necessary for prescription, the following rules shall be observed:cralawlibrary

(1) The present possessor may complete the period necessary for prescription by tacking his possession to that of his grantor or predecessor in interest. ???�r?bl?��??r�??l�l??�l?br?r�

53 SEC. 16. Resolving defense of ownership. When the defendant raises the defense of ownership in his pleadings and the question of possession cannot be resolved without deciding the issue of ownership, the issue of ownership shall be resolved only to determine the issue of possession. (emphasis ours)

54 Pajuyo v. Court of Appeals, supra note 38, at 510.

55 See De Grano v. Lacuba, supra note 40, at 159, citing Habagat Grill v. DMC-Urban Property Developer, Inc., G.R. No. 155110, March 31, 2005, 454 SCRA 653, 670; and Pajuyo v. CA, supra note 38.




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  • G.R. No. 181826 : January 09, 2013 - PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, APPELLEE, VS. HONG YEN E AND TSIEN TSIEN CHUA, APPELLANTS.

  • G.R. No. 192727 : January 09, 2013 - RAUL B. ESCALANTE, Petitioner, v. PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES AND THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS, FORMER SPECIAL TWENTIETH DIVISION AND EIGHTEENTH DIVISION, COURT OF APPEALS, CEBU CITY, RESPONDENTS.

  • G.R. No. 183035 : January 09, 2013 - OPTIMA REALTY CORPORATION, Petitioner, v. HERTZ PHIL. EXCLUSIVE CARS, INC., RESPONDENT.

  • G.R. No. 160932 : January 14, 2013 - SPECIAL PEOPLE, INC. FOUNDATION, REPRESENTED BY ITS CHAIRMAN, ROBERTO P. CERICOS, Petitioner, v. NESTOR M. CANDA, BIENVENIDO LIPAYON, JULIAN D. AMADOR, BOHOL PROVINCIAL CHIEF, REGIONAL DIRECTOR, AND NATIONAL DIRECTOR, RESPECTIVELY, ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT BUREAU, DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES, AND THE SECRETARY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES, ALL SUED IN BOTH THEIR OFFICIAL AND PRIVATE CAPACITIES, RESPONDENTS.

  • G.R. No. 178611 : January 14, 2013 - ESTRELLA ADUAN ORPIANO, Petitioner, v. SPOUSES ANTONIO C. TOMAS AND MYRNA U. TOMAS, RESPONDENTS.

  • G.R. No. 182976 : January 14, 2013 - MANILA ELECTRIC COMPANY (MERALCO), Petitioner, v. ATTY. PABLITO M. CASTILLO, DOING BUSINESS UNDER THE TRADE NAME AND STYLE OF PERMANENT LIGHT MANUFACTURING ENTERPRISES AND GUIA S. CASTILLO, RESPONDENTS.

  • G.R. No. 192986 : January 15, 2013 - ADVOCATES FOR TRUTH IN LENDING, INC. AND EDUARDO B. OLAGUER, Petitioners, v. BANGKO SENTRAL MONETARY BOARD, REPRESENTED BY ITS CHAIRMAN, GOVERNOR ARMANDO M. TETANGCO, JR., AND ITS INCUMBENT MEMBERS: JUANITA D. AMATONG, ALFREDO C. ANTONIO, PETER FAVILA, NELLY F. VILLAFUERTE, IGNACIO R. BUNYE AND CESAR V. PURISIMA, RESPONDENTS.

  • G.R. No. 201796 : January 15, 2013 - GOVERNOR SADIKUL A. SAHALI AND VICE-GOVERNOR RUBY M. SAHALL, Petitioners, v. COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS (FIRST DIVISION), RASHIDIN H. MATBA AND JILKASI J. USMAN, RESPONDENTS.

  • A.M. OCA IPI No. 10-25-SB-J : January 15, 2013 - RE: COMPLAINT OF LEONARDO A. VELASCO AGAINST ASSOCIATE JUSTICES FRANCISCO H. VILLARUZ, JR., ALEX L. QUIROZ, AND SAMUEL R. MARTIRES OF THE SANDIGANBAYAN.

  • A.M. OCA IPI No. 12-202-CA-J : January 15, 2013 - RE: VERIFIED COMPLAINT OF AMA LAND, INC. AGAINST HON. DANTON Q. BUESER, HON. SESINANDO E. VILLON and HON. RICARDO R! ROSARIO, ASSOCIATE JUSTICES OF THE COURT OF APPEALS.

  • G.R. No. 191691 : January 16, 2013 - ROMEO A. GONTANG, IN HIS OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS MAYOR OF GAINZA, CAMARINES SUR, VS. PETITIONER, ENGR. CECILIA ALAYAN, RESPONDENT.

  • G.R. No. 175209 : January 16, 2013 - ROLANDO L. CERVANTES, Petitioner, v. PAL MARITIME CORPORATION AND/OR WESTERN SHIPPING AGENCIES, PTE., LTD., RESPONDENTS.

  • G.R. No. 160138 : January 16, 2013 - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE REBUILDERS, INC. (AER), ANTONIO T. INDUCIL, LOURDES T. INDUCIL, JOCELYN T. INDUCIL AND MA. CONCEPCION I. DONATO, Petitioners, v. PROGRESIBONG UNYON NG MGA MANGGAGAWA SA AER, ARNOLD VILLOTA, FELINO E. AGUSTIN, RUPERTO M. MARIANO II, EDUARDO S. BRIZUELA, ARNOLD S. RODRIGUEZ, RODOLFO MAINIT, JR., FROILAN B. MADAMBA, DANILO D. QUIBOY, CHRISTOPHER R. NOLASCO, ROGER V. BELATCHA, CLEOFAS B. DELA BUENA, JR., HERMINIO P. PAPA, WILLIAM A. RITUAL, ROBERTO CALDEO, RAFAEL GACAD, JAMES C. CAAMPUED, ESPERIDION V. LOPEZ, JR., FRISCO M. LORENZO, JR., CRISANTO LUMBAO, JR., AND RENATO SARABUNO, RESPONDENTS.; G.R. NO. 160192 - PROGRESIBONG UNYON NG MGA MANGGAGAWA SA AER, ARNOLD VILLOTA, FELINO E. AGUSTIN, RUPERTO M. MARIANO II, EDUARDOS. BRIZUELA, ARNOLD S. RODRIGUEZ, RODOLFO MAINIT, JR., FROILAN B. MADAMBA, DANILO D. QUIBOY, CHRISTOPHER R. NOLASCO, ROGER V. BELATCHA, CLEOFAS B. DELA BUENA, JR., HERMINIO P. PAPA, WILLIAM A. RITUAL, ROBERTO CALDEO, RAFAEL GACAD, JAMES C. CAAMPUED, ESPERIDION V. LOPEZ, JR., FRISCO M. LORENZO, JR., CRISANTO LUMBAO, JR., AND RENATO SARABUNO, Petitioners, v. AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE REBUILDERS, INC., AND ANTONIO T. INDUCIL, RESPONDENTS.

  • OCA I.P.I. NO. 11-3631-RTJ : January 16, 2013 - KAREEN P. MAGTAGÑOB, COMPLAINANT, VS. JUDGE GENIE G. GAPAS-AGBADA, RESPONDENT.

  • G.R. No. 179628 : January 16, 2013 - THE MANILA INSURANCE COMPANY, INC., PETITIONER. VS. SPOUSES ROBERTO AND AIDA AMURAO, RESPONDENTS.

  • G.R. No. 199149 : January 22, 2013 - LIWAYWAY VINZONS-CHATO, Petitioner, v. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ELECTORAL TRIBUNAL AND ELMER E. PANOTES, RESPONDENTS.; G.R. NO. 201350 - ELMER E. PANOTES, Petitioner, v. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ELECTORAL TRIBUNAL AND LIWAYWAY VINZONS-CHATO, RESPONDENTS.

  • Adm. Case No. 6148 : January 22, 2013 - FLORENCE MACARUBBO, TEVES COMPLAINANT, VS. ATTY. EDMUNDO L. MACARUBBO, RESPONDENT. - RE: PETITION (FOR EXTRAORDINARY MERCY) OF EDMUNDO L. MACARUBBO.

  • G.R. No. 199612 : January 22, 2013 - RENATOM. FEDERICO, Petitioner, v. COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS, COMELEC EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR AND OSMUNDO M. MALIGAYA, RESPONDENTS.

  • G.R. No. 193897 : January 23, 2013 - UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST, DEAN ELEANOR JAVIER, RONNIE GILLEGO AND DR. JOSE C. BENEDICTO, Petitioners, v. ANALIZA F. PEPANIO AND MARITI D. BUENO, RESPONDENTS.

  • G.R. No. 177783 : January 23, 2013 - HEIRS OF FAUSTO C. IGNACIO, namely MARFEL D. IGNACIO MANALO, MILFA D. IGNACIO­MANALO AND FAUSTINO D. IGNACIO, Petitioners, v. HOME BANKERS SAVINGS AND TRUST COMPANY, SPOUSES PHILLIP AND THELMA RODRIGUEZ, CATHERINE, REYNOLD & JEANETTE, ALL SURNAMED ZUNIGA, RESPONDENTS.

  • Adm. Case No. 5530 - Sps. Arcing and Cresing Bautista, et al. v. Atty. Arturo Cefra

  • Adm. Case No. 6148 - Florence Teves Macarubbo, Complainant; v. Atty. Edmundo L. Macarubbo, Respondent; Re: Petition (for Extraordinary Mercy) of Edmundo L. Macarubbo

  • OCA I.P.I. No. 11-3631-RTJ - Kareen P. Magtag

  • Adm. Case No. 6475 - Fe A. Ylaya v. Atty. Glenn Carlos Gacott

  • G.R. No. 160138 - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE REBUILDERS, INC. (AER), ANTONIO T. INDUCIL, LOURDES T. INDUCIL, JOCELYN T. INDUCIL and MA. CONCEPCION I. DONATO, Petitioners, v. PROGRESIBONG UNYON NG MGA MANGGAGAWA SA AER, ARNOLD VILLOTA, FELINO E. AGUSTIN, RUPERTO M. MARIANO II, EDUARDO S. BRIZUELA, ARNOLD S. RODRIGUEZ, RODOLFO MAINIT, JR., FROILAN B. MADAMBA, DANILO D. QUIBOY, CHRISTOPHER R. NOLASCO, ROGER V. BELATCHA, CLEOFAS B. DELA BUENA, JR., HERMINIO P. PAPA, WILLIAM A. RITUAL, ROBERTO CALDEO, RAFAEL GACAD, JAMES C. CAAMPUED, ESPERIDION V. LOPEZ, JR., FRISCO M. LORENZO, JR., CRISANTO LUMBAO, JR., and RENATO SARABUNO, Respondents.; G.R. No. 160192 - PROGRESIBONG UNYON NG MGA MANGGAGAWA SA AER, ARNOLD VILLOTA, FELINO E. AGUSTIN, RUPERTO M. MARIANO II, EDUARDO S. BRIZUELA, ARNOLD S. RODRIGUEZ, RODOLFO MAINIT, JR., FROILAN B. MADAMBA, DANILO D. QUIBOY, CHRISTOPHER R. NOLASCO, ROGER V. BELATCHA, CLEOFAS B. DELA BUENA, JR., HERMINIO P. PAPA, WILLIAM A. RITUAL, ROBERTO CALDEO, RAFAEL GACAD, JAMES C. CAAMPUED, ESPERIDION V. LOPEZ, JR., FRISCO M. LORENZO, JR., CRISANTO LUMBAO, JR., and RENA TO SARABUNO, Petitioners, v. AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEREBUILDERS, INC., and ANTONIO T. INDUCIL, Respondents.

  • G.R. No. 160932 - Special People, Inc. Foundation represented by its Chairman, Roberto P. Cericos v. Nestor M. Canda, et al.

  • G.R. No. 167158 - Virginia Judy Dy and Gabriel Dy v. Philippine Banking Corporation

  • G.R. No. 166967 - Edna J. Jaca v. People of the Philippines, et al.; G.R. No. 166974 - Alan C. Gaviola v. People of the Philippines; G.R. No. 167167 - Eustaquio B. Cesa v. People of the Philippines

  • G.R. No. 170022 - Republic of the Philippines v. Cesar Encelan

  • G.R. No. 169005 - Winston F. Garcia, in his capacity as President and General Manager of the GSIS v. Court of Appeals and Rudy C. Tesoro

  • G.R. No. 170054 - Goya, Inc. v. Goya, Inc. Employees Union-FFW

  • G.R. No. 170498 - Metropolitan Bank & Trust Company v. Absolute Management Corporation

  • G.R. No. 170634 - People of the Philippines v. Pedro Buado, Jr., y Cipriano

  • G.R. No. 170770 - Vitaliano N. Aguirre II and Fidel N. Aguirre II and Fidel N. Aguirre v. FQB+, Inc., Nathaniel D. Bocobo, Priscila Bocobo and Antonio De Villa

  • G.R. No. 171677 - Philippine National Bank, substituted by Tranche 1 (SPV-AMC), Inc. v. Rina Parayno Lim and Puerto Azul Land, Inc.

  • G.R. No. 173425 - Fort Bonifacio Develoment Corp v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue and Revenue District Officer, Revenue District No. 44, Taguig and Pateros, Bureau of Internal Revenue

  • G.R. No. 173520 - National Power Corporation v. Spouses Rodolfo Zabala and Lilia Baylon

  • G.R. No. 173559 - Leticia Diona, rep. by her attorney-in-fact, Marcelina Diona v. Romeo A. Balangue, Sonny A. Balangue, Reynaldo A. Balangue, and Esteban A. Balangue, Jr.

  • G.R. No. 174191 - Nenita Quality Foods Corporation v. Crisostomo Galabo, et al.

  • G.R. No. 174436 - Juanita Ermita

  • G.R. No. 174882 - Mondragon Personal Sales, Inc. v. Victoriano S. Sola, Jr.

  • G.R. No. 175209 - Rolando L. Cervantes v. PAL Maritime Corporation and/or Western Shipping agencies, Pte., Ltd.

  • G.R. No. 177751 - People of the Philippines v. Florencio Agacer, et al.

  • G.R. No. 177167 - Nelson B. Gan v. Galderma Philippines, Inc. and Rosendo C. Veneracion

  • G.R. No. 178312 - Land Bank of the Philippines v. Heirs of Spouses Jorja Rigor Soriano and Magin Soriano

  • G.R. No. 177783 - Heirs of Fausto C. Ignacio v. Home Bankers Savings and Trust co., et al.

  • G.R. No. 178611 - Estrella Aduan Orpiano v. Spouses Antonio C. Tomas and Myrna U. Tomas

  • G.R. No. 179003 - Antonio L Tan, Jr. v. Yoshitsugu Matsuura and Carolina Tanjutco; G.R. No. 195816 - Antonio L. Tan, Jr. v. Julie O Cua

  • G.R. No. 179382 - Spouses Benjamin C. Mamaril and Sonia P. Mamaril v. The Boy Scout of the Philippines, et al.

  • G.R. No. 179628 - The Manila Insurance Company, Inc. v. Spouses Roberto and Aida Amurao

  • G.R. No. 180036 - Situs Development Corporation, et al. v. Asia Trust Bank, et al.

  • G.R. No. 180463 - Republic of the Philippines v. AFP Retirement and Separation Benefits System, et al.

  • G.R. No. 180919 - People of the Philippines v. Simpresueta M. Seraspe, accused-appelant

  • G.R. No. 181218 - Republic of the Philippines, represented by the Department of Public Works and Highways v. Heirs of Spouses Pedro Bautista and Valentina Malabanan

  • G.R. No. 181738 - General Milling Corporation v. Violeta L. Viajar

  • G.R. No. 182457 - People of the Philippines v. Antonio Basallo y Asprec

  • G.R. No. 182976 - Manila Electric Company (MERALCO) v. Atty. P.M. Castillo, doing business under the trade name and style of Permanent Light Manufacturing Enterprises, et al.

  • G.R. No. 183035 - Optima Realty Corporation v. Hertz Phil., Exclusive, Inc.

  • G.R. No. 183896 - Syed Azhar Abbas v. Gloria Goo Abbas

  • G.R. No. 185595 - Ma. Carminia C. Calderon (formerly Ma. Carminia Calderon-Roxas), represented by her attorney-in-fact, Marycris V. Baldevia v. Jose Antonio F. Roxas

  • G.R. No. 186069 - Jesus L. Cabahug and Coronacion M. Cabahug v. National Power Corporation

  • G.R. No. 187048 - Poeple of the Philippines v. Benjamin Peteluna and Abundio Binondo

  • G.R. No. 188299 - Heirs fo Luis A. Luna, et al. v. Ruben S. Afable, et al.

  • G.R. No. 188603 - People of the Philippines v. Ramil Rarugal Alias "Amay Bisaya"

  • G.R. No. 188635 - Brenda L. Nazareth, Regional Director, Department of Science and Technology, etc. v. The Hon. Reynaldo A. Villar, Hon. Juanito G. Espino, Jr., et al.

  • G.R. No. 188768 - TML Gasket Industries, Inc. v. BPI Family Savings Bank, Inc.

  • G.R. No. 190969 - Baron A. Villanueva, et al. v. Edna R. Caparas

  • G.R. No. 191691 - Romeo A. Gontang, in his official capacity as Mayor of Gainza, Camarines Sur

  • G.R. No. 192050 - Nelson Valleno y Lucito v. People of the Philippines

  • G.R. No. 192289 - Kamarudin K. Ibrahim v. Commission on Elections and Rolan G. Buagas

  • G.R. No. 192532 - Spouses Ricardo and Elena Golez v. Spouses Carlos adn Amelita Navarro

  • G.R. No. 192986 - Advocates for Truth in Lending, Inc. & Eduardo B. Olaguer v. Bangko Sentral Monetary Board, Represented by its Chairman, Governor Armando M. Tatangco, Jr., etc.

  • G.R. No. 193507 - People of the Philippines v. Rey Monticalvo y Magno

  • G.R. No. 193643 - Antonio D. Dayao, Rolando P. Ramirez and Adelio R. Capco v. Commission on Elections and LPG Marketers; G.R. No. 193704 - Federation of the Philippine Industries, Inc. v. Commission on Elections and LPG Marketers Association, Inc.

  • G.R. No. 193897 - University of the East, Dean Eleanor Javier, Ronnie Gillego and Dr. Jose C. Benedicto v. Analiza F. Pepanio and Mariti D. Bueno

  • G.R. No. 193960 - Karlo Angelo Dabalos y San Dieo v. Regional Trial Court, Branch 59, Angeles City, etc., et al.

  • G.R. No. 194236 - People of the Philippines v. Patricio Rayon, Sr.

  • G.R. No. 194352 - Maxicare PCIB Cigna Healthcare (now Maxicare Healthcare Corporation), Eric S. Nubla, Jr. M.D. and Ruth A. Asis, M.D. v. Marian Brigitte A. Contreras, M.D.

  • G.R. No. 197384 - Sampaguita Auto Transport Corporation v. National Labor Relations Commission, et al.

  • G.R. No. 197507 - Rivulet Agro-Industrial Corporation v. Anthony Parungao, et al.

  • G.R. No. 198501 - Kestrel Shipping Co., Inc./Capt. Amador P. Servillon and Atlantic Manning Ltd. v. Francisco D. Munar

  • G.R. No. 199149 - Liwayway Vinzons-Chato v. House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal and Elmer E. Panotes; G.R. No. 201350 - Elmer E. Panotes v. House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal and Liwayway Vinzons-Chato

  • G.R. No. 199324 - Executive Secretary, et al. v. Forerunner Multi Resources, Inc.

  • G.R. No. 199338 - Eleazar S. Padillo v. Rural Bank of Nabunturan, Inc., et al.

  • G.R. No. 199612 - Renato M. Federico v. Commission on Elections, COMELEC Executive Director and Osmundo M. Maligaya

  • G.R. No. 200165 - People of the Philippines v. Reynaldo Nacua, et al. accused; Reynaldo Nacua, accused-appellant

  • G.R. No. 201447 - People of the Philippines v. Anastacio Amistoso y Broca

  • G.R. No. 202423 - Chester Uyco, et al. v. Vicente Lo

  • G.R. No. 201716 - Mayor Abelardo Abundo, Sr., v. Commission on Elections & Ernesto R. Vega

  • G.R. No. 192615 - Sps. Eugene L. Lim and Constancia Lim v. The Court of Appeals-Mindanao Station, et al.

  • G.R. No. 189355 - People of the Philippines v. Rolando Cabungan

  • G.R. No. 181826 - People of the Philippines v. Hong Yen E and Tsien Tsien Chua

  • G.R. No. 188056 - Spouses Augusto G. Dacudao and Ofelia R. Dacudao v. Secretary of Justice Raul M. Gonzales of the Department of Justice

  • G.R. No. 188179 - Henry R. Giron v. Commission on Elections; Almario E. Francisco, Federico S. Jong, Jr. and Ricardo L. Baes, Jr., Petitioners-in-Intervention

  • G.R. No. 192727 - Raul Escalante v. People of the Philippines, et al.

  • G.R. No. 201796 - Governor Sadikul A. Sahali and Vice-Governor Ruby M. Sahali v. Commission on Elections (First Division), Rashidin H. Matba and Jilkasi J. Usman

  • A.C. No. 6760 - Anastacio N. Teodoro III v. Atty. Romeo S. Gonzales

  • A.M. OCA IPI No. 10-25-SB-J - Re: Complaint of Leonardo A. Velasco against Associate Justices Francisco H. Villaruz, Jr., et al.

  • A.M. OCA IPI No. 12-202-CA-J - Re: Verified complaint of Ama Land, Inc. against Hon. Danton Q. Bueser, et al.

  • A.M. No. P-12-3090 - Mariano T. Ong v. Eva G. Basiya-Saratan, clerk of Court, RTC, Br. 32, Iloilo City

  • A.M. No. RTJ-12-2326 - Geoffrey Beckett v. Judge Olegario R. Sarmiento, Jr., RTC, Branch 24, Cebu City

  • G.R. No. 155113 - Philippine Bank of Communications v. Pridisons Realty Corporation, et al.

  • G.R. No. 172852 - City of Cebu v. Apolinio M. Dedamo, Jr.

  • G.R. No. 172590 - Mary Louise R. Anderson v. Enrique Ho

  • A.M. No. P-12-3099, January 15, 2013 - OFFICE OF THE COURT ADMINISTRATOR, Complainant, v. LARRIZA P. BACANI, CLERK OF COURT IV, MUNICIPAL TRIAL COURT IN CITIES, MEYCAUAYAN, BULACAN, Respondents.

  • G.R. No. 184698, January 21, 2013 - SPOUSES ALBERTO AND SUSAN CASTRO, Petitioners, v. AMPARO PALENZUELA, FOR HERSELF AND AS AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE OF VIRGINIA ABELLO, GERARDO ANTONIO ABELLO, ALBERTO DEL ROSARIO, INGEBORG REGINA DEL ROSARIO, HANS DEL ROSARIO, MARGARET DEL ROSARIO ISLETA, ENRIQUE PALENZUELA AND CARLOS MIGUEL PALENZUELA, Respondents.