Philippine Supreme Court Jurisprudence > Year 2016 > September 2016 Decisions > A.C. No. 11121, September 13, 2016 - DELIA LIM, Complainant, v. ATTY. AQUILINO MEJICA, Respondent.:

Before the Court is an administrative complaint¹ for disbarment filed by complainant Delia Lim (Lim) charging respondent Atty. Aquilino Mejica (Atty. Mejica) with violation of Rule 1.03 of Canon 1, Rule 12.02 of Canon 12 and Rule 7.03 of Canon 7 of the Code of Professional Responsibility (CPR).

The Facts

On July 16, 2008, Atty. Mejica filed a criminal action for grave oral defamation against Lim, then incumbent Vice Mayor of Oras, Eastern Samar, before the Office of the Assistant Provincial Prosecutor (OAPP) of Oras, Eastern Samar, docketed as I.S. No. 08-90-0. He alleged that Lim uttered against him the following slanderous words at the Session Hall of the Sangguniang Bayan of Oras: "HI AGUS BALDADO NAG KIHA KAN ATTY. AKI MEJICA HA IBP UG YANA HI ATTY. MEJ[I]CA SUSPENDIDO HIT IYA KA ABOGADO SAKOP HIN UNOM KA BULAN, IPAN NUMAT NIYO" (Mr. Agus Baldado filed a case against Atty. Mejica before the Integrated Bar of the Philippines (IBP) and now Atty. Mejica is suspended from practice of his profession as a lawyer for a period of six (6) months, you relay this information).²chanrobleslaw

On February 19, 2009, acting Provincial Prosecutor Cornelio M. Umil II issued a Resolution³ dismissing the complaint of Atty. Mejica for lack of probable cause. A Motion for Reconsideration⁴ (MR) was filed, but the same was denied in a Resolution⁵ dated May 20, 2009.

However, while Atty. Mejica's MR was still pending before the Office of the Provincial Prosecutor (OPP), he filed on March 31, 2009, for the second time, the same complaint⁶ before the Municipal Circuit Trial Court (MCTC) of Oras, Eastern Samar, docketed as Criminal Case No. (0)2009-03.

On July 6, 2009, the MCTC issued an Order⁷ dismissing the complaint of Atty. Mejica on the ground that the same had already prescribed. An MR was filed but the same was denied in an Order⁸ dated September 14, 2009.

Consequently, Lim filed the instant case alleging that Atty. Mejica deliberately committed forum shopping when he filed the same complaint with the same attachments with the MCTC during the pendency of his MR to the dismissal of his complaint before the OPP.⁹chanrobleslaw

On November 16, 2009, the Commission on Bar Discipline (CBD) of the IBP issued an Order¹⁰ directing Atty. Mejica to submit his answer to Lim's complaint within 15 days from receipt of the order.

In his Answer,¹¹ Atty. Mejica argued that the filing of the case before the MCTC pending the resolution of his MR before the OPP was made in good faith. He argued that he did not know that an oral defamation case may be filed directly with the MCTC.¹²chanrobleslaw

According to Atty. Mejica, he consulted his friend, Atty. Emmanuel C. Apelado, a Public Attorney's Office lawyer, when he found out that the person drafting the pleadings of Lim was the same person who was handling the case in the OPP. He alleged that he was advised, that an oral defamation case is not subject to preliminary investigation and as such he could file the same directly with the MCTC.¹³chanrobleslaw

Also, he argued that since the criminal complaint was filed before the OAPP, its resolution for probable cause would not be a bar for the court's judicial determination of probable cause considering that in case of oral defamation, preliminary investigation is not required.¹⁴chanrobleslaw

On August 31, 2010, the IBP-CBD issued a Notice¹⁵ directing the parties to appear for a mandatory conference. During the mandatory conference, however, only Lim and her counsel appeared, while Atty. Mejica was absent.¹⁶chanrobleslaw

On January 10, 2011, the IBP-CBD issued an Order¹⁷ terminating the mandatory conference and directing both parties to submit their respective position papers within a non-extendible period of 30 days upon receipt of the said order.

Recommendation and Resolutions of the IBP

On November 17, 2011, the IBP-CBD issued a Report and Recommendation¹⁸ finding Atty. Mejica liable for violating Rule 12.02 of Canon 12 of the CPR, and recommended that he be suspended for a period of six (6) months. Subsequently, the Report and Recommendation of the IBP-CBD was adopted and approved by the IBP Board of Governors in a Resolution¹⁹ dated June 20, 2013. The IBP Board of Governors, however, modified the penalty by reducing the suspension to three (3) months.

On October 23, 2013, an MR²⁰ was filed by Atty. Mejica but the same was denied by the IBP Board of Governors in a Resolution²¹ dated September 27, 2014. The IBP Board of Governors, however, after considering this Court's previous sanctions imposed against Atty. Mejica, increased his suspension to five (5) years.

The Issue

Essentially, the case directly poses to the Court the question of whether the instant disbarment complaint constitutes a sufficient basis to suspend Atty. Mejica from the practice of law for five (5) years for violation of the CPR.

Ruling of the Court

There is no violation of the rule against non-forum shopping

"There is forum shopping whenever as a result of an adverse opinion in one forum, a party seeks a favorable opinion (other than by appeal or certiorari) in another."²² "The test for determining forum shopping is whether in the two (or more) cases pending, there is an identity of parties, rights or causes of action, and relief sought."²³chanrobleslaw

In Yu v. Lim,²⁴ the Court discussed the requisites of forum shopping as follows:ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Forum shopping exists when the elements of litis pendentia are present or where a final judgment in one case will amount to res judicata in another. Litis pendentia requires the concurrence of the following requisites: (1) identity of parties, or at least such parties as those representing the same interests in both actions; (2) identity of rights asserted and reliefs prayed for, the reliefs being founded on the same facts; and (3) identity with respect to the two preceding particulars in the two cases, such that any judgment that may be rendered in the pending case, regardless of which party is successful, would amount to res judicata in the other case.²⁵cralawred (Citation omitted and italics in the original)

In the present case, the Court finds that the second requisite of forum shopping does not exist since there is no identity of relief in I.S. No. 08-90-0 filed before the OAPP of Oras, Eastern Samar and in Criminal Case No. (0)2009-03 filed before the MCTC of the same place.

In I.S. No. 08-90-0, the complaint seeks for the finding by the prosecutor of probable cause against Lim for Grave Oral Defamation so that the latter could be held for trial. Meanwhile, in Criminal Case No. (0)2009-03, the complaint seeks for the conviction of Lim.

In Co v. Lim, et al.,²⁶ the Court, for the purpose of determining the existence of forum shopping, held that the determination made by the Secretary of Justice on whether there is a prima facie case for the prosecution of the case is distinct from the judicial determination of the RTC that there is no probable cause for the continued hearing of the criminal case. Moreover, the Court held that these are two distinct actions which should be independently assailed. The former is pursuant to the powers and functions of the Department of Justice as provided for under the Revised Administrative Code while the latter is in accord to the judicial powers conferred by Section 1, Article VIII of the 1987 Constitution.²⁷chanrobleslaw

Applying the foregoing, it is clear that in the present case, the exercise of the OPP of its investigative power to determine the existence of probable cause to the complaint filed by Arty. Mejica is likewise different and distinct from the power of the court to hold Lim for trial for the offense charged.

Moreover, it is well settled that "[w]hat is pivotal in determining whether forum shopping exists or not is the vexation caused the courts and parties-litigants by a party who asks different courts and/or administrative agencies to rule on the same or related cases and/or grant the same or substantially the same reliefs, in the process creating the possibility of conflicting decisions being rendered by the different courts and/or administrative agencies upon the same issues."²⁸ In the present case, however, there is no sufficient evidence to prove that Atty. Mejica deliberately filed the two complaints for such purpose. As aptly explained by him, the same was a result of a mere inadvertence and that the same was immediately rectified upon coming to his knowledge.

Assuming, however, that there is identity of relief, the complaint pending before the OPP cannot be considered for purposes of determining if there was forum shopping. The power of the prosecutor, pursuant to Section 3, Chapter 1, Title III, Book IV of the Administrative Code of 1987, is only investigatory in character. It states:ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Section 3. Powers and Functions. To accomplish its mandate, the Department shall have the following powers and functions:

chanRoblesvirtualLawlibraryx x x x
�

(2)	Investigate the commission of crimes, prosecute offenders and administer the probation and correction system.

x x x x

Clearly, the prosecutor's resolution does not constitute as a valid and final judgment because his duty, should he find probable cause to prosecute the respondent, is to file the appropriate information before the proper court.

As to the institution of the criminal action, Section 1, Rule 110 of the Revised Rules of Criminal Procedure states:ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Section 1. Institution of criminal actions. � Criminal actions shall be instituted as follows:

chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

(a) For offenses where a preliminary investigation is required pursuant to Section 1 of Rule 112, by filing the complaint with the proper officer for the purpose of conducting the requisite preliminary investigation.

(b) For all other offenses, by filing the complaint or information directly with the Municipal Trial Courts and Municipal Circuit Trial Courts, or the complaint with the office of the prosecutor. In Manila and other chartered cities, the complaints shall be filed with the office of the prosecutor unless otherwise provided in their charters.

The institution of the criminal action shall interrupt the running period of prescription of the offense charged unless otherwise provided in special laws.

Moreover, Section 1, Rule 112 of the Revised Rules of Criminal Procedure, when preliminary investigation shall be conducted, provides:ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Section 1. Preliminary investigation defined; when required. - Preliminary investigation is an inquiry or proceeding to determine whether there is sufficient ground to engender a well-founded belief that a crime has been committed and the respondent is probably guilty thereof, and should be held for trial.

Except as provided in Section 7 of this Rule, a preliminary investigation is required to be conducted before the filing of a complaint or information for an offense where the penalty prescribed by law is at least four (4) years, two (2) months and one (1) day without regard to the fine.

In the present case, considering that the crime charged is Grave Oral Defamation which is punishable by arresto mayor in its maximum period to prision correccional in its minimum period, the complaint should clearly be filed directly with the MCTC pursuant to above-quoted provisions. Thus, the OPP of Oras, Eastern Samar did not acquire jurisdiction over the offense charged.

Atty. Mejica is liable for violation of Canon 10 of the CPR

Nonetheless, the Court finds that Atty; Mejica failed to exercise candor and courtesy to the court when he failed to inform the same of the pendency of his MR before the OPP in connection with the same cause of action. Likewise, records show that he failed to withdraw his MR before the OPP despite the subsequent filing of his complaint before the MCTC.

Although it is the MCTC that has jurisdiction over the complaint filed by Atty. Mejica, he made a mockery of the judicial process and further eroded public confidence in lawyers when he ignored the proceedings he initiated in the OPP.

For these acts, the Court finds Atty. Mejica liable under Canon 10 of the CPR for violating the lawyer's duty to observe candor and fairness in his dealings with the court. It states:ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

CANON 10. A lawyer owes candor, fairness and good faith to the Court.

Clearly, Atty. Mejica committed an act of professional misconduct and thereby failed to live up to the exacting ethical standards imposed on members of the Bar.

Proper penalty to be imposed against Atty. Mejica

As to the penalty, Section 27, Rule 138 of the Revised Rules of Court provides:ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

SEC. 27. Disbarment or suspension of attorneys by Supreme Court; grounds therefore. - A member of the bar may be disbarred or suspended from his office as attorney by the Supreme Court for any deceit, malpractice, or other gross misconduct in such office, grossly immoral conduct, or by reason of his conviction of a crime involving moral turpitude, or for any violation of the oath which he is required to take before admission to practice, or for a wilful disobedience of any lawful order of a superior court, or for corruptly or wilfully appearing as an attorney for a party to a case without authority so to do. The practice of soliciting cases at law for the purpose of gain, either personally or through paid agents or brokers, constitutes malpractice.

In the present case, the IBP found that this is not Atty. Mejica's first infraction. In Baldado v. Atty. Mejica,²⁹ the Court suspended him for three (3) months for his negligence in failing to protect the interest of his client. Also, in Caspe v. Mejica,³⁰ he was suspended for two (2) years for his corrupt motive in facilitating the filing of cases against the complainant therein, in violation of the CPR.

The Court, however, repeatedly held "[t]hat the supreme penalty of disbarment is meted out only in clear cases of misconduct that seriously affect the standing and character of the lawyer as an officer of the court."³¹ While the Court will not hesitate to remove an erring lawyer from the Bar, where the evidence calls for it, the Court will also not disbar him where a lesser penalty will suffice to accomplish the desired end.

Also, it is well-settled that "[t]he appropriate penalty to be imposed on an errant attorney involves the exercise of sound judicial discretion based on the facts of the case."³²chanrobleslaw

Under the circumstances, considering that there was no bad faith or malice on the part of Atty. Mejica and that it was merely a result of his wrong notion that the complaint for oral defamation is within the jurisdiction of the OPP, the Court finds it appropriate to impose upon him the penalty of suspension from the practice of law for six (6) months. This serves the purpose of protecting the interest of the court, the legal profession and the public.

"Candor and fairness are demanded of every lawyer."³³ It is a cardinal requirement for every practicing lawyer.³⁴ "They are bound by their oath to speak the truth and to conduct themselves according to the best of their knowledge and discretion, and with fidelity to the courts and their clients."³⁵chanrobleslaw

As a final note, the Court emphasizes its reminder to all members of the bar in Belleza v. Atty. Macasa,³⁶ wherein it states:ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Lawyers should always live up to the ethical standards of the legal profession as embodied in the [CPR]. Public confidence in law and in lawyers may be eroded by the irresponsible and improper conduct of a member of the bar. Thus, every lawyer should act and comport himself in a manner that would promote public confidence in the integrity of the legal profession.³⁷ (Citations omitted)

WHEREFORE, premises considered, the Resolution No. XXI-2014-595 dated September 27, 2014 of the Integrated Bar of the Philippines Board of Governors is hereby SET ASIDE.

The Court, however, finds Atty. Aquilino Mejica to have violated Canon 10 of the Code of Professional Responsibility. He is hereby meted out the penalty of SUSPENSION from the practice of law for SIX (6) MONTHS with WARNING that a similar offense by him will be dealt with more severely.

Let copies of this Decision be entered in the personal record of Atty. Aquilino Mejica as a member of the Philippine Bar and furnished the Office of the Bar Confidant, the Integrated Bar of the Philippines and the Office of the Court Administrator for circulation to all courts in the country.

SO ORDERED.chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

Sereno, C.J., Carpio, Velasco, Jr., Leonardo-De Castro, Brion, Peralta, Del Castillo, Perez, Mendoza, Perlas-Bernabe, Leonen, Jardeleza, and Caguioa, JJ., concur.
Bersamin, J., on official leave.

Endnotes:

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¹Rollo, pp. 2-7.

² Id. at 8.

³ Id. at 33-37.

⁴ Id. at 47-54.

⁵ Id. at 38-39.

⁶ Id. at 40.

⁷ Id. at 56-57.

⁸ Id. at 58-59.

⁹ Id. at 6.

¹⁰ Id. at 60.

¹¹ Id. at 67-70.

¹² Id. at 69.

¹³ Id.

¹⁴ Id.

¹⁵ Id. at 73.

¹⁶ Id. at 74.

¹⁷ Id. at 98.

¹⁸ Id. at 286-296.

¹⁹ Id. at 285.

²⁰ Id. at 297-312.

²¹ Id. at 360-361.

²²Paredes, Jr. v. Hon. Sandiganbayan, 322 Phil. 709, 728 (1996), citing Crisostomo v. Securities and Exchange Commission, 258-A Phil. 725, 735 (1989).

²³Citibank N.A. v. Sabeniano, 535 Phil. 384, 408 (2006).

²⁴ 645 Phil. 421 (2010).

²⁵cralawred Id. at 431.

²⁶ 619 Phil. 704 (2009).

²⁷ Id. at 718.

²⁸Yu v. Lim, supra note 24, at 431-432.

²⁹ 706 Phil. 1 (2013).

³⁰ A.C. No. 10679, March 10, 2015, 752 SCRA 203.

³¹Kupers v. Atty. Hontanosas, 605 Phil. 397, 404 (2009).

³²Judge Macias v. Atty. Selda, 484 Phil. 10, 14 (2004).

³³Hueysuwan-Florido v. Atty. Florido, 465 Phil. 1, 6 (2004).

³⁴Judge Marias v. Atty. Selda, supra note 32, at 13.

³⁵Philippine Association of Court Employees (PACE) v. Alibutdan-Diaz, A.C. No. 10134, November 26, 2014, 742 SCRA 351, 357, citing Sonic Steel Industries, Inc. v. Atty. Chua, 714 Phil. 192, 203 (2013).

³⁶ 611 Phil. 179 (2009).

³⁷ Id. at 192.