Philippine Supreme Court Jurisprudence > Year 2018 > August 2018 Decisions > G.R. No. 225783, August 20, 2018 - PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. CHRISTOPHER BAPTISTA Y VILLA, Accused-Appellant.:

Before the Court is an ordinary appeal¹ filed by accused-appellant Christopher Baptista y Villa (Baptista) assailing the Decision² dated September 11, 2015 of the Court of Appeals (CA) in CA-G.R. CR-HC No. 06275, which affirmed in toto the Decision³ dated June 11, 2013 of the Regional Trial Court of Laoag City, Branch 13 (RTC) in Crim. Case No. 14935-13 finding him guilty beyond reasonable doubt of violating Section 5, Article II of Republic Act No. (RA) 9165,⁴ otherwise known as the "Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002."

This case stemmed from an Information⁵ filed before the RTC, charging Baptista with the crime of Illegal Sale of Dangerous Drugs, the accusatory portion of which states:

That on or about 7:30 o'clock in the evening of October 3, 2011 at Brgy. 3, [M]unicipality of San Nicolas, province of Ilocos Norte, Philippines and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the above-named accused, did then and there willfully, unlawfully, feloniously and knowingly sell one (1) [heat-sealed] transparent plastic sachet containing methamphetamine hydrochloride, commonly known as "shabu," a dangerous drug, weighing 0.0389 gram, worth Five Hundred Pesos (Php500.00) to poseur-buyer, IO1 DEXTER D. REGASPI, without the necessary license or authority from the appropriate government agency or authority to do so.

CONTRARY TO LAW.⁶

The prosecution alleged that at around five (5) o'clock in the afternoon of October 3, 2011, a confidential informant (CI) told Intelligence Officer 1 (IO1) Dexter D. Regaspi (IO1 Regaspi) that a certain Christopher Baptista alias "Toti" was selling shabu at Brgy. 8, San Nicolas, Ilocos Norte and other nearby barangays. The CI and IO1 Regaspi then arranged a meet-up with Baptista who, however, could not sell them shabu worth P500.00 at the time because he had no available stock. As such, IO1 Regaspi and the CI returned to the office where they planned a buy-bust operation.⁷ At around seven (7) o'clock in the evening, the buy-bust team went to the transaction area. IO1 Regaspi gave the marked money to Baptista, who, in turn, handed over one (1) heat-sealed plastic sachet. After examining the same, IO1 Regaspi executed the pre-arranged signal by removing his ball cap and immediately declared his authority as a Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) agent, while Police Officer 3 Joey P. Aninag (PO3 Aninag) and the rest of the buy-bust team rushed to the scene.⁸ IO1 Regaspi then marked the plastic sachet with his initials "DDR," but since it was about to rain, the requisite inventory could not be conducted. Thus, the team went back to the PDEA Office wherein IO1 Regaspi prepared the inventory⁹ of the seized items in the presence only of a media representative, while IO1 Ranel Ca�ero took photographs¹⁰ of the same.¹¹ After the requests for laboratory¹² and medical examinations¹³ were made, the apprehending officers proceeded to the Ilocos Norte Police Provincial Crime Laboratory Office, where they were informed that there was no chemist available.¹⁴

Eventually, at around 4:30 in the morning of the following day, they proceeded to the PDEA Regional Office 1 Regional Laboratory in San Fernando, La Union where the seized item tested positive for the presence of methamphetamine hydrochloride, or shabu, a dangerous drug.¹⁵

In his defense, Baptista denied the charges against him.¹⁶ He claimed that in the evening of October 3, 2011, he was on his way to the tiangge located in front of a church to drink with a friend. Before reaching the tiangge, however, some unknown men grabbed and handcuffed him and shortly after, he and his friend were brought to an office where he was accused by the PDEA agents of selling shabu. Later, at around two (2) o'clock in the morning of the following day, the PDEA agents took him to the municipal hall.¹⁷


In a Decision¹⁸ dated June 11, 2013, the RTC found Baptista guilty beyond reasonable doubt of the crime of Illegal Sale of Dangerous Drugs, and accordingly, sentenced him to suffer the penalty of life imprisonment and to pay a fine in the amount of P500,000.00.¹⁹ It ruled that the prosecution proved all the elements of the crime charged, as it was established that Baptista sold the seized drug to IOI Regaspi in exchange for the P500.00 marked money recovered from him.²⁰ On the other hand, it held that his unsubstantiated defense of denial could not prevail over the credible testimonies of the prosecution witnesses who positively identified him as the seller of the said drug.²¹

Moreover, the RTC found that the buy-bust team complied with the procedural requirements under Section 21, Article II of RA 9165.²² It ruled that the conduct of inventory and photography in the PDEA Office was valid, even if the same were made without the presence of a barangay official and a representative from the Department of Justice (DOJ), since the same provision principally requires the presence of the accused during the inventory, which was complied with.²³

Aggrieved, Baptista appealed²⁴ to the CA.



In a Decision²⁵ dated September 11, 2015, the CA affirmed in toto the ruling of the RTC.²⁶ Among others, it ruled that the apprehending officers' non-compliance with the requirements under Section 21, Article II of RA 9165 was amply justified, considering that the integrity and evidentiary value of the seized drug were properly preserved.²⁷

Hence, the instant appeal.



The issue for the Court's resolution is whether or not Baptista's conviction for the crime of Illegal Sale of Dangerous Drugs should be upheld.



The appeal is meritorious.

Preliminarily, it must be stressed that an appeal in criminal cases opens the entire case for review and, thus, it is the duty of the reviewing tribunal to correct, cite, and appreciate errors in the appealed judgment whether they are assigned or unassigned.²⁸ "The appeal confers the appellate court full jurisdiction over the case and renders such court competent to examine the records, revise the judgment appealed from, increase the penalty, and cite the proper provision of the penal law."²⁹

In this case, Baptista was charged with the crime of Illegal Sale of Dangerous Drugs, defined and penalized under Section 5, Article II of RA 9165. In every prosecution for Illegal Sale of Dangerous Drugs, it is essential that the following elements are proven with moral certainty: (a) the identity of the buyer and the seller, the object, and the consideration; and (b) the delivery of the thing sold and the payment.³⁰ Case law states that it is equally essential that the identity of the prohibited drug be established beyond reasonable doubt, considering that the prohibited drug itself forms an integral part of the corpus delicti of the crime. The prosecution has to show an unbroken chain of custody over the dangerous drug so as to obviate any unnecessary doubts on the identity of the dangerous drug on account of switching, "planting," or contamination of evidence. Accordingly, the prosecution must be able to account for each link of the chain of custody from the moment the illegal drugs are seized up to their presentation in court as evidence of the crime.³¹

In this regard, Section 21, Article II of RA 9165 outlines the procedure which the police officers must follow when handling the seized drugs in order to preserve their integrity and evidentiary value.³² Under the said section, prior to its amendment by RA 10640,³³ the apprehending team shall, among others, immediately after seizure and confiscation conduct a physical inventory and photograph the seized items in the presence of the accused or the person from whom the items were seized, or his representative or counsel, a representative from the media and the DOJ, and any elected public official who shall be required to sign the copies of the inventory and be given a copy of the same, and the seized drugs must be turned over to the Philippine National Police Crime Laboratory within twenty-four (24) hours from confiscation for examination.³⁴ In the case of People v. Mendoza,³⁵ the Court stressed that " [wlithout the insulating presence of the representative from the media or the [DOJ], or any elected public official during the seizure and marking of the [seized drugs], the evils of switching, 'planting,' or contamination of the evidence that had tainted the buy-busts conducted under the regime of [RA] 6425 (Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972) again reared their ugly heads as to negate the integrity and credibility of the seizure and confiscation of the. [said drugs] that were evidence herein of the corpus delicti, and thus adversely affected the trustworthiness of the incrimination of the accused. Indeed, the x x x presence of such witnesses would have preserved an unbroken chain of custody."³⁶

The Court, however, clarified that under varied field conditions, strict compliance with the requirements of Section 21, Article II of RA 9165 may not always be possible.³⁷ In fact, the Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of RA 9165 � which is now crystallized into statutory law with the passage of RA 10640³⁸ � provide that the said inventory and photography may be conducted at the nearest police station or office of the apprehending team in instances of warrantless seizure, and that non-compliance with the requirements of Section 21, Article II of RA 9165 � under justifiable grounds � will not render void and invalid the seizure and custody over the seized items so long as the integrity and evidentiary value of the seized items are properly preserved by the apprehending officer or team. ³⁹ Tersely put, the failure of the apprehending team to strictly comply with the procedure laid out in Section 21, Article II of RA 9165 and its IRR does not ipso facto render the seizure and custody over the items as void and invalid, provided that the prosecution satisfactorily proves that: (a) there is justifiable ground for non-compliance; and (b) the integrity and evidentiary value of the seized items are properly preserved.⁴⁰ In People v. Almorfe,⁴¹ the Court stressed that for the above-saving clause to apply, the prosecution must explain the reasons behind the procedural lapses, and that the integrity and evidentiary value of the seized evidence had nonetheless been preserved.⁴² Also, in People v. De Guzman,⁴³ it was emphasized that the justifiable ground for non-compliance must be proven as a fact, because the Court cannot presume what these grounds are or that they even exist.⁴⁴

After a judicious study of the case, the Court finds that the apprehending officers committed unjustified deviations from the prescribed chain of custody rule, thereby putting into question the integrity and evidentiary value of the items purportedly seized from Baptista.

Records disclose that while the inventory and photography of the seized plastic sachet were conducted in the presence of Baptista and a representative from the media, the same were not done in the presence of an elected public official and a representative from the DOJ as required by the rules prevailing at that time (i.e., Section 21, Article II of RA 9165, prior to its amendment by RA 10640). In their testimonies, both IO1 Regaspi and PO3 Aninag explicitly admitted these lapses, viz.:

IO1 Regaspi on Cross-examination

[Atty. Wayne Manuel]: When inventory was done at your office, we noticed in the Certificate of Inventory that a certain Jaezem Ryan Gaces of the Bomba Radyo, Laoag City was present, is that what you mean?

[IO1 Regaspi]: Yes, sir.

Q: At what point in time did he come?

A: At around 8:20, sir.

Q: At around 8:20 and of course, you had to call him?

A: Yes, sir.

Q: You did not call for any barangay officials?

A: We called for the barangay officials but the barangay officials did not come, sir.

Q: You did not try to call any member of the DOJ?

A: No, sir.

x x x x⁴⁵� (Emphases and underscoring supplied )

PO3 Aninag on Direct Examination

[Prosecutor Robert Garcia]: Aside from you, who were also present in the conduct of inventory if you still recall?

[PO3 Aninag]: One of the members of the media who is from Bombo Radyo.

x x x x⁴⁶

The absence of the aforementioned required witnesses does not per se render the confiscated items inadmissible.⁴⁷ However, a justifiable reason for such failure or a showing of any genuine and sufficient effort to secure the required witnesses must therefore be adduced.⁴⁸

In this case, IO1 Regaspi did not provide a sufficient explanation why no barangay official was present during the requisite inventory and photography. Simply stating that the witnesses were invited, without more, is too plain and flimsy of an excuse so as to justify non-compliance with the positive requirements of the law. Worse, the police officers had no qualms in admitting that they did not even bother contacting a DOJ representative, who is also a required witness. Verily, as earlier mentioned, there must be genuine and sufficient efforts to ensure the presence of these witnesses, else non-compliance with the set procedure would not be excused.

Jurisprudence dictates that the procedure enshrined in Section 21, Article II of RA 9165 is a matter of substantive law, and cannot be brushed aside as a simple procedural technicality; or worse, ignored as an impediment to the conviction of illegal drug suspects.⁴⁹ For indeed, however noble the purpose or necessary the exigencies of our campaign against illegal drugs may be, it is still a governmental action that must always be executed within the boundaries of law.⁵⁰

In view of the foregoing, the Court thus concludes that there has been an unjustified breach of procedure and hence, the integrity and evidentiary value of the corpus delicti had been compromised.⁵¹ Consequently, Baptista's acquittal is in order.

As a final note, the Court finds it fitting to echo its recurring pronouncement in recent jurisprudence on the subject matter:

The Court strongly supports the campaign of the government against drug addiction and commends the efforts of our law enforcement officers against those who would inflict this malediction upon our people, especially the susceptible youth. But as demanding as this campaign may be, it cannot be more so than the compulsions of the Bill of Rights for the protection of liberty of every individual in the realm, including the basest of criminals. The Constitution covers with the mantle of its protection the innocent and the guilty alike against any manner of high-handedness from the authorities, however praiseworthy their intentions.

Those who are supposed to enforce the law are not justified in disregarding the right of the individual in the name of order. [For indeed,] [o]rder is too high a price for the loss of liberty. x x x⁵²

"In this light, prosecutors are strongly reminded that they have the positive duty to prove compliance with the procedure set forth in Section 21[, Article II] of RA 9165, as amended. As such, they must have the initiative to not only acknowledge but also justify any perceived deviations from the said procedure during the proceedings before the trial court. Since compliance with this procedure is determinative of the integrity and evidentiary value of the corpus delicti and ultimately, the fate of the liberty of the accused, the fact that any issue regarding the same was not raised, or even threshed out in the court/s below, would not preclude the appellate court, including this Court, from fully examining the records of the case if only to ascertain whether the procedure had been completely complied with, and if not, whether justifiable reasons exist to excuse any deviation. If no such reasons exist, then it is the appellate court's bounden duty to acquit the accused, and perforce, overturn a conviction."⁵³

WHEREFORE, the appeal is GRANTED. The Decision dated September 11, 2015 of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. CR-HC No. 06275 is hereby REVERSED and SET ASIDE. Accordingly, accused-appellant Christopher Baptista y Villa is ACQUITTED of the crime charged. The Director of the Bureau of Corrections is ordered to cause his immediate release, unless he is being lawfully held in custody for any other reason.

SO ORDERED.

Carpio, (Chairperson), Caguioa, A. Reyes, Jr., and J. Reyes, Jr., JJ., concur.

Endnotes:

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¹ See Notice of Appeal dated October 15, 2015; rollo, 17-19.

² Id. at 2-16. Penned by Associate Justice Ma. Luisa C. Quijano-Padilla with Associate Justices Normandie B. Pizarro and Samuel H. Gaerlan, concurring.

³ CA rollo, pp. 34-47. Penned by Presiding Judge Philip G. Salvador.

⁴ Entitled "AN ACT INSTITUTING THE COMPREHENSIVE DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT OF 2002, REPEALING REPUBLIC ACT No. 6425, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT OF 1972, As AMENDED, PROVIDING FUNDS THEREFOR, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES," approved on June 7, 2002.

⁵ Dated October 4, 2011. Records, pp. 1-2.

⁶ Id. at 1.

⁷ See Brief for the Appellee dated June 30, 2014; CA rollo, pp. 123-124.

⁸ Id. at 124-125.

⁹ See Certificate of Inventory dated October 3, 2011; records, p. 23.

¹⁰ Id. at 26.

¹¹ CA rollo, p. 125.

¹² Records, p. 24. Signed by Ilocos Norte SET Team Leader IAV (not defined in the records) Melvin S. Estoque.

¹³ Records, p. 22.

¹⁴ CA rollo, p. 125.

¹⁵ See Chemistry Report No. PDEAROI-DDO11-0036 dated October 4, 2011; records, p. 25.

¹⁶ See Brief of the Accused-Appellant dated February 11, 2014; CA rollo, pp. 85-96.

¹⁷ See CA rollo, pp. 89-90. See also rollo, p. 5.

¹⁸ CA rollo, pp. 34-47.

¹⁹ Id. at 47.

²⁰ See id. at 41-42.

²¹ See id. at 43-44.

²² See id. at 46.

²³ Id.

²⁴ See Notice of Appeal dated June 26, 2013; id. at 53-54.

²⁵ Rollo, pp. 2-16.

²⁶ Id. at 15.

²⁷ See id. at 11-13.

²⁸ See People v. Dahil, 750 Phil. 212, 225 (2015).

²⁹ People v. Comboy, G.R. No. 218399, March 2, 2016, 785 SCRA 512, 521.

³⁰ People v. Sumili, 753 Phil. 342, 348 (2015).

³¹ See People v. Manansala, G.R. No. 229029, February 21, 2018, citing People v. Viterbo, 739 Phil. 593, 601 (2014). See also People v. Alivio, 664 Phil. 565, 576-580 (2011) and People v. Denoman, 612 Phil. 1165, 1175 (2009).

³² See People v. Sumili, supra note 30, at 349-350.

³³ Entitled "AN ACT TO FURTHER STRENGTHEN THE ANTI-DRUG CAMPAIGN OF THE GOVERNMENT, AMENDING FOR THE PURPOSE SECTION 21 OF REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9165, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE 'COMPREHENSIVE DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT OF 2002 ," approved on July 15, 2014.

³⁴ See Section 21 (1) and (2), Article II of RA 9165.

³⁵ 736 Phil. 749 (2014).

³⁶ Id. at 764; emphases and underscoring supplied.

³⁷ See People v. Sanchez, 590 Phil. 214, 234 (2008).

³⁸ Section 1 of RA 10640 states:

Section 1. Section 21 of Republic Act No. 9165, otherwise known as the "Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002," is hereby amended to read as follows:

"SEC. 21. Custody and Disposition of Confiscated Seized, and/or Surrendered Dangerous Drugs, Plant Sources of Dangerous Drugs, Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals, Instruments/Paraphernalia and/or Laboratory Equipment. � The PDEA shall take charge and have custody of all dangerous drugs, plant sources of dangerous drugs, controlled precursors and essential chemicals, as well as instruments/paraphernalia and/or laboratory equipment so confiscated, seized and/or surrendered, for proper disposition in the following manner:

"(I) The apprehending team having initial custody and control of the dangerous drugs, controlled precursors and essential chemicals, instruments/paraphernalia and/or laboratory equipment shall, immediately after seizure and confiscation, conduct a physical inventory of the seized items and photograph the same in the presence of the accused or the persons from whom such items were confiscated and/or seized, or his/her representative or counsel, with an elected public official and a representative of the National Prosecution Service or the media who shall be required to sign the copies of the inventory and be given a copy thereof: Provided, That the physical inventory and photograph shall be conducted at the place where the search warrant is served; or at the nearest police station or at the nearest office of the apprehending officer/team, whichever is practicable, in case of warrantless seizures: Provided, finally, That noncompliance of these requirements under justifiable grounds, as long as the integrity and the evidentiary value of the seized items are properly preserved by the apprehending officer/team, shall not render void and invalid such seizures and custody over said items.

x x x x"

³⁹ See Section 21 (a), Article II of the IRR of RA 9165. See also People v. Ceralde, G.R. No. 228894, August 7, 2017.

⁴⁰ See People v. Goco, G.R. No. 219584, October 17, 2016, 806 SCRA 240, 252.

⁴¹ 631 Phil. 51 (2010).

⁴² Id. at 60.

⁴³ 630 Phil. 637 (2010).

⁴⁴ Id. at 649.

⁴⁵ TSN, March 30, 2012, pp. 4-5.

⁴⁶ TSN, May 17, 2012, p. 15.

⁴⁷ People v. Umipang, 686 Phil 1024, 1052 (2012).

⁴⁸ See id. at 1052-1053.

⁴⁹ See People v. Macapundag, G.R. No. 225965, March 13, 2017, 820 SCRA 204, 215, citing People v. Umipang, id. at 1038.

⁵⁰ Gamboa v. People, 799 Phil. 584, 597 (2016).

⁵¹ See People� v. Sumili, supra note 30, at 352.

⁵² See People v. Mamangon, G.R. No. 229102, January 29, 2018; and People v. Go, 457 Phil. 885, 925 (2003), citing People v. Aminnudin, 246 Phil. 424, 434-435 (1988). See also People v. Miranda, G.R.� No. 229671, January 31, 2018.

⁵³ See People v. Miranda, id.