Philippine Supreme Court Jurisprudence > Year 2018 > December 2018 Decisions > G.R. Nos. 213365-66, December 10, 2018 - ASIA PACIFIC RESOURCES INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS, LTD., Petitioner, v. PAPERONE, INC., Respondent.:

Before the Court is a Petition for Review on Certiorari¹ under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court, assailing the November 28, 2013 Decision² and the July 9, 2014 Resolution³ of the Court of Appeals (CA) in CA-G.R. SP Nos. 122288 and 122535. The CA reversed and set aside the November 10, 2011 Decision⁴ of the Intellectual Property Office (IPO) Director General, finding Paperone, Inc. (respondent) liable for unfair competition.

The Facts

The dispute in this case arose from a complaint for unfair competition, trademark infringement, and damages filed against respondent by Asia Pacific Resources International Holdings, Ltd. (petitioner).

Petitioner is engaged in the production, marketing, and sale of pulp and premium wood free paper.⁵ It alleged that it is the owner of a well�-known trademark, PAPER ONE, with Certificate of Registration No. 4-1999-01957 issued on September 5, 2003.⁶ The said trademark enjoyed legal protection in different countries worldwide and enjoyed goodwill and high reputation because of aggressive marketing and promotion. Petitioner claimed that the use of PAPERONE in respondent's corporate name without its prior consent and authority was done in bad faith and designed to unfairly ride on its good name and to take advantage of its goodwill. It was calculated to mislead the public into believing that respondent's business and/or products were manufactured, licensed or sponsored by petitioner. It was also alleged that respondent had presumptive, if not actual knowledge, of petitioner's rights to the trademark PAPER ONE, even prior to respondent's application for registration of its corporate name before the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).⁷

Respondent, on its part, averred that it had no obligation to secure prior consent or authority from petitioner to adopt and use its corporate name. The Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) and the SEC had allowed it to use Paperone, Inc., thereby negating any violation on petitioner's alleged prior rights. Respondent was registered with the SEC, having been organized and existing since March 30, 2001. Its business name was likewise registered with the DTI. Respondent also denied any awareness of the existence of petitioner and/or the registration of PAPER ONE, as the latter is a foreign corporation not doing business in the Philippines. While the business of respondent dealt with paper conversion such as manufacture of table napkins, notebooks and intermediate/collegiate writing pads, it did not use its corporate name PAPERONE on any of its products. Further, its products had been widely sold in the Philippines even before petitioner could claim any business transaction in the country. The public could not have possibly been deceived into believing that any relation or sponsorship existed between the parties, considering these circumstances.⁸

In its decision,⁹ the Bureau of Legal Affairs (BLA) Director, Intellectual Property Office, found respondent liable �or unfair competition. It ordered respondent to cease and desist from using PAPERONE in its corporate name, and to pay petitioner P300,000.00, as temperate damages; P200,000.00, as exemplary damages; and P100,000.00, as attorney's fees. It ruled that petitioner was the first to use PAPER ONE in 1999 which had become a symbol of goodwill of its paper business. Respondent's use of PAPERONE in its corporate name was to benefit from the established goodwill of petitioner. There was, however, no trademark infringement since PAPER ONE was registered in the Philippines only in 2003.¹⁰

On appeal to the IPO Director General, the BLA decision was affirmed with modification insofar as the increase in the award of attorney's fees to P300,000.00.¹¹

The CA Ruling

Both parties appealed to the CA. Petitioner maintained that it was entitled to actual damages amounting to P46,032,569.72 due to unfair competition employed by respondent. Respondent claimed that it was not liable for unfair competition.

In its decision, the CA reversed and set aside the IPO Director General's decision. It held that there was no confusing similarity in the general appearance of the goods of both parties. Petitioner failed to establish through substantial evidence that respondent intended to deceive the public or to defraud petitioner. Thus, the essential elements of unfair competition were not present.¹²

ISSUES

In the petition before us, petitioner raises various issues for our resolution. However, given the facts of this case, we find that the only issues to be resolved are:

I.
WHETHER RESPONDENT IS LIABLE FOR UNFAIR COMPETITION, and

II.
WHETHER PETITIONER IS ENTITLED TO ACTUAL DAMAGES.

The core of the controversy is the adoption of "PAPERONE" in the trade name of respondent, which petitioner claims it has prior right to, since it was the first to use it as its trademark for its paper products. Petitioner claims that respondent committed unfair competition by adopting PAPERONE in its trade name. It is noteworthy that the issue of trademark infringement is not the subject of the appeal before us.

The relevant provisions of the Intellectual Property Code¹³ provide:

SECTION 168. Unfair Competition, Rights, Regulation and Remedies. -

168.1. A person who has identified in the mind of the public the goods he manufactures or deals in, his business or services from those of others, whether or not a registered mark is employed, has a property right in the goodwill of the said goods, business or services so identified, which will be protected in the same manner as other property rights.

168.2. Any person who shall employ deception or any other means contrary to good faith by which he shall pass off the goods manufactured by him or in which he deals, or his business, or services for those of the one having established such goodwill, or who shall commit any acts calculated to produce said result, shall be guilty of unfair competition, and shall be subject to an action therefor.

168.3. In particular, and without in any way limiting the scope of protection against unfair competition, the following shall be deemed guilty of unfair competition:

(a) Any person, who is selling his goods and gives them the general appearance of goods of another manufacturer or dealer, either as to the goods themselves or in the wrapping of the packages in which they are contained, or the devices or words thereon, or in any other feature of their appearance, which would be likely to influence purchasers to believe that the goods offered are those of a manufacturer or dealer, other than the actual manufacturer or dealer, or who, otherwise, clothes the goods with such appearance as shall deceive the public and defraud another of his legitimate trade, or any subsequent vendor of such goods or any agent of any vendor engaged in selling such goods with a like purpose.

The essential elements of an action for unfair competition are: (1) confusing similarity in the general appearance of the goods, and (2) intent to deceive the public and defraud a competitor.¹⁴ Unfair competition is always a question of fact.¹⁵ At this point, it bears to stress that findings of fact of the highly technical agency - the IPO - which has the expertise in this field, should have been given great weight by the Court of Appeals.¹⁶

a) Confusing similarity

As to the first element, the confusing similarity may or may not result from similarity in the marks, but may result from other external factors in the packaging or presentation of the goods.¹⁷ Likelihood of confusion of goods or business is a relative concept, to be determined only according to peculiar circumstances of each case.¹⁸

The marks under scrutiny in this case are hereby reproduced for easy reference:

Petitioner's:

(See image p. 6)

Respondent's:

(See image p. 6)

It can easily be observed that both have the same spelling and are pronounced the same. Although respondent has a different logo, it was always used together with its trade name. It bears to emphasize that, initially, respondent's trade name had separate words that read "Paper One, Inc." under its original Articles of Incorporation. This was later on revised to make it one word, and now reads "Paperone, Inc."¹⁹

At first glance, respondent may be correct that there would be no confusion as to the presentation or packaging of its products since it is not using its corporate name as a trademark of its goods/products. There is an apparent dissimilarity of presentation of the trademark PAPER ONE and the trade name and logo of Paperone, Inc. Nevertheless, a careful scrutiny of the mark shows that the use of PAPERONE by respondent would likely cause confusion or deceive the ordinary purchaser, exercising ordinary care, into believing that the goods bearing the mark are products of one and the same enterprise.

Relative to the issue on confusion of marks and trade names, jurisprudence has noted two types of confusion, viz.: (1) confusion of goods (product confusion), where the ordinarily prudent purchaser would be induced to purchase one product in the belief that he was purchasing the other; and (2) confusion of business (source or origin confusion), where, although the goods of the parties are different, the product, the mark of which registration is applied for by one party, is such as might reasonably be assumed to originate with the registrant of an earlier product; and the public would then be deceived either into that belief or into the belief that there is some connection between the two parties, though inexistent.²⁰ Thus, while there is confusion of goods when the products are competing, confusion of business exists when the products are non-competing but related enough to produce confusion of affiliation.²¹

This case falls under the second type of confusion. Although we see a noticeable difference on how the trade name of respondent is being used in its products as compared to the trademark of petitioner, there could likely be confusion as to the origin of the products. Thus, a consumer might conclude that PAPER ONE products are manufactured by or are products of Paperone, Inc. Additionally, although respondent claims that its products are not the same as petitioner's, the goods of the parties are obviously related as they are both kinds of paper products.

The BLA Director aptly ruled that "[t]o permit respondent to continue using the same or identical Paperone in its corporate name although not [used] as label for its paper products, but the same line of business, that of manufacturing goods such as PAPER PRODUCTS, therefore their co�existence would result in confusion as to source of goods and diversion of sales to [r]espondent knowing that purchasers are getting products from [petitioner] APRIL with the use of the corporate name Paper One, Inc. or Paperone, Inc. by herein [r]espondent."²²

The matter of prior right over PAPERONE, again, is a matter of factual determination; therefore, we give credence to the findings of the IPO, who has the expertise in this matter, being supported by substantial evidence. The Court has consistently recognized the specialized functions of the administrative agencies - in this case, the IPO. Berris Agricultural Co., Inc. v. Abyadang²³ states, thus:

The determination of priority of use of a mark is a question of fact. Adoption of the mark alone does not suffice. One may make advertisements, issue circulars, distribute price lists on certain goods, but these alone will not inure to the claim of ownership of the mark until the goods bearing the mark are sold to the public in the market. Accordingly, receipts, sales invoices, and testimonies of witnesses as customers, or orders of buyers, best prove the actual use of a mark in trade and commerce during a certain period of time.

x x x x

Verily, the protection of trademarks as intellectual property is intended not only to preserve the goodwill and reputation of the business established on the goods bearing the mark through actual use over a period of time, but also to safeguard the public as consumers against confusion on these goods. On this matter of particular concern, administrative agencies, such as the IPO, by reason of their special knowledge and expertise over matters falling under their jurisdiction, are in a better position to pass judgment thereon. Thus, their findings of fact in that regard are generally accorded great respect, if not finality by the courts, as long as they are supported by substantial evidence, even if such evidence might not be overwhelming or even p1reponderant. It is not th1e task of the appellate court to weigh once more the evidence submitted before the administrative body and to substitute its own judgment for that of the administrative agency in respect to sufficiency of evidence.²⁴ (Emphasis supplied)

The BLA Director found, as affirmed by the IPO Director General, that it was petitioner who has priority rights over PAPER ONE, thus:

One essential factor that has led this Office to tilt the scales of justice in favor of Complainant is the latter's establishment of prior use of the word PaperOne for paper products in the Philippines. Records will show that there was prior use and adoption by Complainant of the word "PaperOne." PaperOne was filed for trademark registration on 22 March 1999 (Exhibit "D", Complainant) in the name of Complainant Asia Pacific Resources International Holdings, Ltd. and matured into registration on 10 February 2003. Respondent's corporate or trade name is Paper One, Inc. which existed and was duly registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission on 31 March 2001 (Exhibit "11", Respondent). If anyone files a suit and can prove priority of adoption, he can assert his right to the exclusive use of a corporate name with freedom from infringement by similarity (Philips Export B.V. et al. vs. CA, G.R. No. 96161). Respondent was incorporated in March 2001 by virtue of SEC registration No. A200104788 (Exhibit "11", Complainant) and was registered two (2) years thereafter as business name with the Department of Trade and Industry under DTI Business Name Registration No. 00068456 (Exhibit "13", Respondent). Complainant Asia Pacific Resources International Holdings, Ltd., APRIL for brevity, presented evidence of its use of the label PaperOne on paper products in the Philippines earlier than the date of its trademark application in 1999 when its marketing and promotion agent JND International Corporation ("JND" for brevity) licensed one of its clients, National Paper Products & Printing Corporation ("NAPPCO" for brevity) to import, sell and distribute Complainant's APRIL paper products in 1998 (par. 3, Exhibit "AA", Complainant). To support this declaration are documents evidencing transactions of NAPPCO with Complainant APRIL with the earliest documented transaction on 22 January 1999 (Exhibit "G", Complainant) bearing [I]nvoice [N]o. LCA9812133.

[The] fact of earlier use was not disputed by the Respondent. In point of fact, Respondent already knew of Complainant's APRIL existence prior to Respondent's incorporation as Paper One, Inc. in 2001. Most of the incorporators of National Paper Products & Printing Corporation or NAPPCO for brevity (Exhibits "H" and "H�-A" to "H-H", Complainant) which in late 1990s transacted with Complainant APRIL through Invoice No. LCA9812133 dated 22 January 1999, the earliest invoice noted (Exhibit "G", Complainant) are likewise incorporators of Paper One, Inc. (Exhibit "11", Respondent) namely Tan Tian Siong, Chong Ping Tat, Thelma J. Uy, Conchita Francisco, Sy Siong Sun, to name a few. Also, NAPPCO, through Complainant's marketing and promotion agent JND International Corporation, or JND for brevity (Exhibit "AA", Complainant) expressed interest in a letter dated 19 January 2000 to work with JND and APRIL, as its exclusive distributor and we quote "to become your exclusive distributor of 'Paper One' Multi Purpose Copy Paper" (Exhibit "AA-1-d", Complainant). Worth mentioning at this point is the jurisprudence pronounced in the case of Converse Rubber Corporation vs. Universal Rubber Products, Inc. and Tiburcio S. Evalle (G.R. No. L-27906, Jan. 18, 1987) where the court said:

Knowing therefore that the word "CONVERSE" belongs to and is being used by petitioner, and is in fact the dominant word in petitioner's corporate name, respondent has no right to appropriate the same for use on its products which are similar to those being produced by petitioner.²⁵ (Emphasis supplied)

b) intent to deceive the public and defraud a competitor

The element of intent to deceive and to defraud may be inferred from the similarity of the appearance of the goods²⁶ as offered for sale to the public.²⁷ Contrary to the ruling of the CA, actual fraudulent intent need not be shown.²⁸ Factual circumstances were established showing that respondent adopted PAPERONE in its trade name even with the prior knowledge of the existence of PAPER ONE as a trademark of petitioner. As in all other cases of colorable imitations, the unanswered riddle is why, of the millions of terms and combinations of letters available, respondent had to choose those so closely similar to another's trademark if there was no intent to take advantage of the goodwill generated by the other mark.²⁹

With regard to the issue on damages, we likewise agree with the IPO that the actual damages prayed for cannot be granted because petitioner has not presented sufficient evidence to prove the amount claimed and the basis to measure actual damages.

WHEREFORE, the petition is GRANTED. The November 28, 2013 Decision and the July 9, 2014 Resolution of the: Court of Appeals in CA G.R. SP Nos. 122288 and 122535 are REVERSED and SET ASIDE. Accordingly, the November 10, 2011 Decision of the Intellectual Property Office Director General finding respondent liable for unfair competition is hereby REINSTATED.

SO ORDERED.

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NOTICE OF JUDGMENT

Sirs / Mesdames:

Please take notice that on December 10, 2018 a Decision, copy attached hereto, was rendered by the Supreme Court in the above-entitled case, the original of which was received by this Office on February 21, 2019 at 9:05 a.m.

Very truly yours, (SGD) WILFREDO V. LAPITAN Division Clerk of Court

Endnotes:

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¹Rollo, pp. 17-72.

² Id. at 79-91; penned by Associate Justice Agnes Reyes-Carpio and concurred in by Associate Justices Noel G. Tijam (now Member of this Court) and Priscilla J. Baltazar-Padilla.

³ Id. at 93-94.

⁴ Id. at 97-109.

⁵ Id. at 22; Petition.

⁶ Id. at 118; Attachment to Annex "D" of the Petition. In rollo , pp. 22 and 87, the date February 10, 2003 appears to be the date of Registration.

⁷ Id. at17-72.

⁸ Id. at 1061-1073; Comment.

⁹ Id. at 356-377.

¹⁰ Id. at 355-377; Annex "K."

¹¹ Id. at 96-109; Annex "C."

¹² Id. at 79-91.

¹³ Republic Act No. 8293 otherwise known as "An Act Prescribing the Intellectual Property Code and Establishing the Intellectual Property Office, providing for its powers and functions, and for other purposes" (June 6, 1997).

¹⁴In-N-Out Burger, Inc. v. Sehwani, Inc. and/or Benita's Frites, Inc., 595 Phil. 1119, 1149 (2008).

¹⁵Shell Company of the Philippines, Ltd. v. Insular Petroleum Refining Co., Ltd., et al., 120 Phil. 434, 441 (1964).

¹⁶ See UFC Philippines, Inc. v. Barrio Fiesta Manufacturing Corp., 778 Phil. 763, 791 (2016).

¹⁷In-N-Out Burger, Inc. v. Sehwani, Inc. and/or Benita's Frites, Inc., supra note 14, at 1149.

¹⁸ See Canon Kabushiki Kaisha v. Court of Appeals, et al., 391 Phil. 154, 162 (2000).

¹⁹Rollo, p. 1064 (Comment); rollo, p. 370 (Decision of BLA).

²⁰Skechers, U.S.A., Inc. v. Inter Pacific Industrial Trading Corp., et al. (Resolution), 662 Phil. 11, 19-20 (2011).

²¹Mcdonald's Corp., et al. v. L.C. Big Mak Burger, Inc., et al., 480 Phil. 402, 429-430 (2004).

²²Rollo, p. 370.

²³ 647 Phil. 517 (2010).

²⁴ Id. at 526-533.

²⁵Rollo, pp. 368-369.

²⁶ See NBI- Microsoft Corp. v. Hwang, et al., 499 Phil. 423, 439 (2005).

²⁷In-N-Out Burger, Inc. v. Sehwani, Inc. and/or Benita's Frites, Inc., supra note 14, at 1149-1150.

²⁸ Id. at 1149.

²⁹ See American Wire & Cable Co. v. Director of Patents, 142 Phil. 523 (1970).

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LEONEN, J.:

I concur in the result. Respondent should be liable for unfair competition under Section 168¹ of Republic Act No. 8293, or the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines.

I agree that we should base our decision in this case on present jurisprudence. This means, generally, that there are two types of confusion with trademarks and trade names: confusion of goods and confusion of business. A finding of confusion is highly fact-specific based on the circumstances of the case.² In Canon Kabushiki Kaisha v. Court of Appeals:³

The likelihood of confusion of goods or business is a relative concept, to be determined only according to the particular, and sometimes peculiar, circumstances of each case. Indeed, in trademark law cases, even more than in other litigation, precedent must be studied in the light of the facts of the particular case. Contrary to petitioner's supposition, the facts of this case will show that the cases of Sta. Ana vs. Maliwat, Ang vs. Teodoro and Converse Rubber Corporation vs. Universal Rubber Products, Inc. are hardly in point. The just cited cases involved goods that were confusingly similar, if not identical, as in the case of Converse Rubber Corporation vs. Universal Rubber Products, Inc. Here, the products involved are so unrelated that the public will not be misled that there is the slightest nexus between petitioner and the goods of private respondent.

In cases of confusion of business or origin, the question that usually arises is whether the respective goods or services of the senior user and the junior user are so related as to likely cause confusion of business or origin, and thereby render the trademark or tradenames confusingly similar. Goods are related when they belong to the same class or have the same descriptive properties; when they possess the same physical attributes or essential characteristics with reference to their form, composition, texture[,] or quality. They may also be related because they serve the same purpose or are sold in grocery stores.⁴ (Citations omitted)

My discomfort with the prevailing doctrine is that determining whether goods or services are related is left solely to the subjective evaluation of the Philippine Intellectual Property Office or the judgment of the court. It is based on ad hoc inferences of similarity in class, physical attributes or descriptive properties, purpose, or points of sale of the goods or services. Here, the Bureau of Legal Affairs of the Intellectual Property Office, as affirmed by the Director-General, found that respondent committed unfair competition based on a simplistic conclusion that "[b]oth Complainant APRIL and Respondent's main business product is paper[;] both offer papers for sale to the public."⁵ We should improve on the standard by which likelihood of confusion is measured, considering the advances in the study of competition and economics in general.

There should be objective, scientific, and economic standards to determine whether goods or services offered by two parties are so related that there is a likelihood of confusion. In a market, the relatedness of goods or services may be determined by consumer preferences. When two goods are proved to be perfect substitutes,⁶ where the marginal rate of substitution, or the "consumer's willingness to substitute one good for another while maintaining the same level of satisfaction"⁷ is constant, then it may be concluded that the goods are related for the purposes of determining likelihood of confusion. Even goods or services, which superficially appear unrelated, may be proved related if evidence is presented showing that these have significant cross-elasticity of demand, such that changes of price in one party's goods or services change the price of the other party's goods and services.⁸ Should it be proved that goods or services belong to the same relevant market, they may be found related even if their classes, physical attributes, or purposes are different.

While not binding on this Court, jurisprudence from the United States of America on the determination of related goods or services provide clues to this approach. In Worthington Foods, Inc. v. Kellogg Co.,⁹ both "reasonable interchangeability"¹⁰ of goods and consumer response through cross-elasticity were factors in the court's assessment on whether the goods were in the same relevant market:

One analogous body of law sheds light on the issue of direct competition between goods, namely market definition under section 2 of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, 15 U.S.C. � 2 (1982). Professor McCarthy, in his seminal trademark treatise, states that products which are "competitive" for purposes of trademark analysis are "goods which are reasonably interchangeable by buyers for the same purposes." Determining whether products are "reasonably interchangeable" is the analysis which the Court must undertake when defining the relevant product market in an action under section 2 of the Sherman Act. The Court holds that the same analysis is helpful for determining whether the parties' goods are "directly competing" for purposes of assessing palming off liability.

A relevant product market includes all products that are either identical or available substitutes for each other. To determine whether products are "available substitutes" or "reasonably interchangeable," the Court must first scrutinize the uses of the product. It must assess whether the products can perform the same function. The second factor to weigh is consumer response, or more specifically, cross-elasticity. That is, the Court must assess to what extent consumers will choose substitutes for the parties' goods in response to price increases.

....

The second market factor to be considered is consumer response or cross-elasticity. Unfortunately, the parties did not present evidence concerning any tendency or lack of tendency of consumers to switch from the plaintiff's products to the defendant's if Worthington were to raise its prices or vice versa. Therefore, the Court cannot conclude that the plaintiff has demonstrated cross-elasticity of the parties' products indicating that their goods are in the same relevant market.

In short, on an examination of the current record, the Court, finds that Worthington's goods are not in the same relevant market as Kellogg's cereal. The parties' products have different uses or functions. Also, the Court has no evidence of any degree of cross-elasticity between the plaintiff's foods and the defendant's cereal.¹¹ (Citations omitted)

The lack of evidence that the parties directly competed in the same marketplace led to a finding that no likelihood of confusion would ensue in Exxon Corporation v. Exxene Corporation.¹² In Amstar Corp. v. Dominos Pizza, Inc.,¹³ among the factors used to determine that the parties' goods were unrelated were: (1) the distribution channels by which their goods were sold; and (2) the demographics of the predominant purchasers of the goods. In AMF, Inc. v. Sleekcraft Boats,¹⁴ competition between the parties' lines of boats was found negligible despite the potential market overlap, since the respective lines catered to different kinds of activities. Similarly, in Thompson Tank Mfg. Co., Inc. v. Thompson,¹⁵ the contested goods represented only one percent (1%) of complainant's business, while ninety percent (90%) of the defendant's business were in fields that complainant did not engage in. This also disproves the claim of likelihood of confusion.

We can build on past jurisprudence of this Court. In Shell Co. of the Philippines, Ltd. v. Inc. Petroleum Refining Co., Ltd. and CA,¹⁶ this Court did not give credence to a complainant's claim that the entry into the market of the defendant's products, which were allegedly sold in complainant's drums, caused a decrease in complainant's sales. Thus, no unfair competition could be imputed to the defendant:

Petitioner contends that there had been a marked decrease in the volume of sales of low-grade oil of the company, for which reason it argues that the sale of respondent's low-grade oil in Shell containers was the cause. We are reluctant to share the logic of the argument. We are more inclined to believe that several factors contributed to the decrease of such sales. But let us assume, for purposes of argument, that the presence of respondent's low-grade oil in the market contributed to such decrease. May such eventuality make respondent liable for unfair competition? There is no prohibition for respondent to sell its goods, even in places where the goods of petitioner had long been sold or extensively advertised. Respondent should not be blamed if some of petitioner's dealers buy Insoil oil, as long as respondent does not deceive said dealers. If petitioner's dealers pass off Insoil oil as Shell oil, that is their responsibility. If there was any such effort to deceive the public, the dealers to whom the defendant (respondent) sold its products and not the latter, were legally responsible for such deception. The passing of said oil, therefore, as product of Shell was not performed by the respondent or its agent, but petitioner's dealers, which act respondent had no control whatsoever.¹⁷

These cases illustrate the many ways by which specialized agencies and courts may objectively evaluate the relatedness of allegedly competing goods and services. An analysis that ends in a mere finding of confusing similarity in the general appearance of the goods¹⁸ should not suffice.

After determining the relevant market, the purpose of prosecuting unfair competition is to prohibit and restrict deception of the consuming public whenever persons or firms attempt to pass off their goods or services for another's.¹⁹ Underlying the prohibition against unfair competition is that business competitors cannot do acts which deceive, or which are designed to deceive the public into buying their goods or availing their services instead.²⁰

Even if products are found to be in the same market, in all cases of unfair competition, competition should be presumed. Courts should take care not to interfere in a free and fair market, or to foster monopolistic practices. Instead, they should confine themselves to prevent fraud and misrepresentation on the public. In Alhambra Cigar, etc., Co. v. Mojica:²¹

Protection against unfair competition is not intended to create or foster a monopoly and the court should always be careful not to interfere with free and fair competition, but should confine itself, rather, to preventing fraud and imposition resulting from some real resemblance in name or dress of goods. Nothing less than conduct tending to pass off one man's goods or business as that of another will constitute unfair competition. Actual or probable deception and confusion on the part of customers by reason of defendant's practices must always appear.²²

Thus, complainants bear the burden of objectively proving that the deception or fraud has actually or has probably taken place, or that the defendant had the actual or probable intent to deceive the public.²³ This will require, in a future case, measurable standards to show that: (1) the goods or services belong to the same market; and (2) the likelihood of confusion or doubt is adequately and empirically demonstrated, not merely left to the subjective judgment of an administrative body or this Court.

Accordingly, in this case, I vote to GRANT the Petition.

Endnotes:

¹ INTELLECTUAL PROP. CODE, sec. 168 states:

SECTION 168. Unfair Competition, Rights, Regulation and Remedies. - 168.1. A person who has identified in the mind of the public the goods he manufactures or deals in, his business or services from those of others, whether or not a registered mark is employed, has a property right in the goodwill of the said goods, business or services so identified, which will be protected in the same manner as other property rights.

168.2. Any person who shall employ deception or any other means contrary to good faith by which he shall pass off the goods manufactured by him or in which he deals, or his business, or services for those of the one having established such goodwill, or who shall commit any acts calculated to produce said result, shall be guilty of unfair competition, and shall be subject to an action therefor.

168.3. In particular, and without in any way limiting the scope of protection against unfair competition, the following shall be deemed guilty of unfair competition:

(a)

Any person, who is selling his goods and gives them the general appearance of goods of another manufacturer or dealer, either as to the goods themselves or in the wrapping of the packages in which they are contained, or the devices or words thereon, or in any other feature of their appearance, which would be likely to influence purchasers to believe that the goods offered are those of a manufacturer or dealer, other than the actual manufacturer or dealer, or who otherwise clothes the goods with such appearance as shall deceive the public and defraud another of his legitimate trade, or any subsequent vendor of such goods or any agent of any vendor engaged in selling such goods with a like purpose;

(b)

Any person who by any artifice, or device, or who employs any other means calculated to induce the false belief that such person is offering the services of another who has identified such services in the mind of the public; or

(c)

Any person who shall make any false statement in the course of trade or who shall commit any other act contrary to good faith of a nature calculated to discredit the goods, business or services of another.

168.4. The remedies provided by Sections 156, 157 and 161 shall apply mutatis mutandis.

²Shell Co. of the Philippines, Ltd. v. Ins. Petroleum Refining Co., Ltd. and CA, 120 Phil. 434 (1964) [Per J. Paredes, En Banc].

³ 391 Phil. 154 (2000) [Per J. Gonzaga-Reyes, Third Division].

⁴ Id. at 162-163.

⁵Rollo, p. 374. Intellectual Property Office Decision.

⁶ DAVID BESANKO AND RONALD BRAEUTIGAM, MICRO ECONOMICS, 92-93 (4th ed., 2010).

⁷ Id. at 86.

⁸ Id. at 52.

⁹ 732 F. Supp. 1417 (1990).

¹⁰ Id. at 1437.

¹¹ Id. at 1436-1438.

¹² 696 F.2d 544 (7th Cir. 1982).

¹³ 615 F.2d 252 (5th Cir. 1980).

¹⁴ 599 F.2d 341 (9th Cir. 1979).

¹⁵ 693 F.2d 991 , 993 (9th Cir. 1982).

¹⁶ 120 Phil. 434 (1964) [Per J. Paredes, En Banc].

¹⁷ Id. at 443.

¹⁸Superior Commercial Enterprises, Inc. v. Kunnan Enterprises Ltd., et al., 632 Phil. 546 (2010) [Per J. Brion, Second Division].

¹⁹Coca-Cola Bottlers, Phils., Inc., Naga Plant v. Gomez, 591 Phil. 642 (2008) [Per J. Brion, Second Division].

²⁰E. Spinner & Co. v. Neuss Hesslein Corporation, 54 Phil. 224 (1930) [Per J . Street, En Banc].

²¹ 27 Phil. 266 (1914) [Per J. Moreland, First Division].

²² Id. at 271.

²³Shang Properties Realty Corp., et al. v. St. Francis Dev't. Corp., 739 Phil. 244 (2014) [Per J. Perlas-�Bernabe, Second Division].