SUPREME COURT DECISIONS

Search for www.chanrobles.com

PLEASE CLICK HERE FOR THE LATEST ➔ SUPREME COURT DECISIONS

EN BANC

G.R. No. L-6303 June 30, 1954

In the matter of the last will and testament of JOSE VA�O, deceased. TEODORO VA�O, Petitioner-Appellant, vs. PAZ VA�O VDA. DE GARCES, et al., oppositors-appellees.

Pedro R. Luspo, Vicente L. Faelnar and Roque R. Luspo for appellant.
Pelaez, Pelaez and Pelaez and Ramon Duterte for appellees.

MONTEMAYOR, J.:

This is an appeal by petitioner Teodoro Va�o from a decision of the Court of First Instance of Cebu denying probate of the document (Exhibit "A"), said to be the LAST WILL AND TESTAMENT OF JOSE VA�O. The appeal was first taken to the Court of Appeals where the record on appeal and the briefs of petitioner and oppositors were filed. Subsequently, however, on joint motion of both parties requesting that the appeal be elevated to the Supreme Court on the ground that the value of the properties involved as shown by the inventory was more than P50,000, the case was forwarded to this Tribunal where memoranda were filed in lieu of oral argument.chanroblesvirtualawlibrary chanrobles virtual law library

Jose Va�o died on January 28, 1950, in the City of Cebu. According to the certificate of the City Health Officer and Local Civil Registrar, Exhibit "C", he was 78 years old and he die of P. T. B. (pulmonary tuberculosis). He left properties valued at P95,913.05 as per inventory of the administrator but which according to the evidence are worth much more. On February 11, 1950, Teodoro Ceblero Va�o petitioned the Court of First Instance of Cebu to have a document supposed to be the last will and testament of Jose Va�o, and which he attached to his petition, probated. We reproduce said document -

LAST WILL AND TESTAMENTchanrobles virtual law library

IN THE NAME OF THE FATHER, THE SON AND THE HOLY GHOST, AMEN:chanrobles virtual law library

I, Jose Va�o, single, Filipino citizen, of legal age and resident of Cebu City, being of sound and disposing mind and memory, do hereby make, execute and publish, this my Last Will and Testament in English, which language is known to me, and which I talk, read and understand, hereby revoking and cancelling any and all testamentary provisions heretofore made by me, and the following shall be my Last Will:chanrobles virtual law library

1. I hereby make known to the world that Teodoro Ceblero Va�o is my son.chanroblesvirtualawlibrary chanrobles virtual law library

2. That I hereby bequeath to aforesaid Teodoro Ceblero Va�o all my properties.chanroblesvirtualawlibrary chanrobles virtual law library

In witness whereof, I have hereunto affixed my name at the City of Cebu, Philippines this 11th day of December, 1949.

(Sgd.) Jose Va�o Testator

We, the undersigned attesting witnesses, whose residences are stated opposite our respective names, do hereby certify that the testator whose name is signed hereinabove, has published unto us the foregoing WILL consisting of one page, as his Last Will and Testament, and has signed the same in our presence, and in witness whereof we have each signed the same in the presence of said testator and in the presence of each other.chanroblesvirtualawlibrary chanrobles virtual law library

Cebu City, Philippines, this 11th day of December, 1949.

Pedro C. Ceniza - 494-B. Junquera, Cebu City
O. Rama, M. D. - Basak, Sn. Nicolas, Cebu City
Nazario R. Paquiao - 553 A. P. del Rosario, St., Cebu City

Teodoro asked that he be appointed administrator of the estate and that pending his appointment as regular administrator, he be designated special administrator.chanroblesvirtualawlibrary chanrobles virtual law library

On March 24, 1950, Paz Va�o Vda. de Garces and the supposed heirs of Jesus Va�o, brother of Jose Va�o, filed the following opposition -

OPPOSITIONchanrobles virtual law library

Comes now Paz Va�o Vda. de Garces, and the heirs of Jesus Va�o, thru their undersigned attorneys, and to this Honorable Court respectfully states:chanrobles virtual law library

1. That the oppositor Paz Va�o Vda. de Garces is the sister of the deceased Jose Va�o, and Filomena Va�o, Felicidad Vano, Angel Va�o, Salvador Va�o, Norberto Va�o, Teodorico Va�o, and Ireneo Va�o, are the children and heirs of Jesus (brother of Jose Va�o), and all of them are entitled to participate in the said Estate of the deceased Jose Va�o in case of intestacy;chanrobles virtual law library

2. That the instrument now offered for probate as will of the deceased Jose Va�o was procured by undue and improper pressure and influence on the part of Teodoro Ceblero who is not an acknowledged natural child of the deceased Jose Va�o;chanrobles virtual law library

3. That the said Jose Va�o was mentally incapable to make a will on December 11th, 1949;chanrobles virtual law library

4. 4. That the signature of the testator Jose Va�o was procured by fraud and trick on the part of Teodoro Ceblero and the said deceased Jose Va�o never intended that the said document should be his will at the time of fixing his signature thereto;chanrobles virtual law library

5. That the instrument now offered for probate as will of the deceased Jose Va�o is written in English language which is not the usual and proper language of the deceased, and if the deceased would have had made any will he should have it written in Spanish;chanrobles virtual law library

6. That the said deceased Jose Va�o never recognized Teodoro Ceblero as his acknowledged natural child, the same being a mere protege of the deceased, and not an adopted or acknowledged natural child;chanrobles virtual law library

7. That the deceased Jose Va�o had time and again told his sister and nephews that he will not execute a will because he wants to leave all his estate in favor of his brother and sister, and nephews;chanrobles virtual law library

8. That Dolores Garces de Falcon, a niece of the deceased Jose Va�o, being the nearest of kin, is a competent person to act as Administratrix of the estate of the deceased, and she is willing to serve as such;

PRAYERchanrobles virtual law library

For all the foregoing considerations, we respectfully pray this Honorable Court that the said will of the deceased Jose Va�o be declared null and void, and that it be not admitted to probate; That an administratrix of the said estate be appointed who shall distribute the same among the legal heirs of the deceased; That Dolores Garces de Falcon be appointed as Administratrix of the Estate of the deceased Jose Va�o.chanroblesvirtualawlibrary chanrobles virtual law library

Cebu City, Philippines, March 23, 1950.

On August 29, 1950, Ireneo Va�o one of the persons included in the opposition, filed a motion of the following tenor.

MOTIONchanrobles virtual law library

Comes now Ireneo Va�o and to this Honorable Court respectfully stated:chanrobles virtual law library

1. That he is the son and only heir of Jesus Va�o, now deceased.chanroblesvirtualawlibrary chanrobles virtual law library

2. That his father Jesus Va�o is a brother of Jose Va�o, also deceased.chanroblesvirtualawlibrary chanrobles virtual law library

3. That in this case a petition has been presented for the probate of the last will and testament of Jose Va�o.chanroblesvirtualawlibrary chanrobles virtual law library

4. That an opposition has been filed against the probate of said will.chanroblesvirtualawlibrary chanrobles virtual law library

5. That he is named as one of the oppositors, without his knowledge and consent.chanroblesvirtualawlibrary chanrobles virtual law library

6. That he does not oppose nor intends to oppose the probate of the will in question, because that document contains a true expression of the wish and desire of Jose Va�o as to who shall inherit his property.chanroblesvirtualawlibrary chanrobles virtual law library

7. That he has not authorized anybody to file an opposition in his name.

PRAYERchanrobles virtual law library

Wherefore, the undersigned respectfully prays his Honorable Court to cancel his name from the list of oppositors mentioned in the opposition to the petition filed by Teodoro Va�o.chanroblesvirtualawlibrary chanrobles virtual law library

Tagbilaran, Bohol (for the City of Cebu), August 8, 1950

Said motion of Ireneo Va�o was granted by the Court. In the course of the hearing, he was presented as one of the witnesses for petitioner Teodoro and he declared that he was the son of Jesus Va�o, already dead; that he knew Filomena Falcon, Felicidad Calibo, Angle Falcon, Salvador Flores, Norberto Calibo, and Teodorico Falcon, who are sometimes known by the surname Va�o but that they were not related to him because he had no brothers or sisters; that his father Jesus Va�o was a younger brother of the testator Jose Va�o; that petitioner Teodoro Va�o was the cousin, son of Jose Va�o, and that he knew of the blood relationship between the testator and Teodoro Va�o because he (Ireneo) since childhood used to go to his uncle's house where Teodoro lived and he saw that Teodoro was treated as a son by Jose Va�o, who paid for Teodoro's board at the Colegio del Ni�o where the two of them were students; that he (Ireneo) never authorized anyone to include him as oppositor to the probate of the will of Jose Va�o and that he did not oppose its probate.chanroblesvirtualawlibrary chanrobles virtual law library

The three attesting witnesses Pedro Ceniza, Dr. Osmundo Rama and Atty. Nazario Pacquiao testified for the petitioner and assured the court that Exhibit "A" was the last will and testament of the late Jose Va�o; that he signed Exhibit "A" in their presence, and that each of them signed the same after him in his presence and in the presence of each other; that at the time of the execution of the document in the afternoon of December 11, 1949, the testator was of sound and disposing mind and memory and that it was his voluntary act, no pressure or influence having been exerted on him; that the blank space after the letter "I" in the first paragraph of Exhibit "A" was filled out by the testator himself although they (witnesses) differ as to who filled out the blank spaces on the document where the words "11th" and "December" appear. Atty. Pacquiao told the court that it was he who prepared the will (Exhibit A) pursuant to the wishes of the testator.chanroblesvirtualawlibrary chanrobles virtual law library

For the opposition Ciriaca Alse who formerly worked as a servant in the household of Teodoro Va�o, Dolores Garces de Falcon, a daughter of Paz Va�o Vda. de Garces and Carmen Vallore testified. The burden of their testimony is that from November 1949, Jose Va�o was already very sick; that in December he was in serious if not critical condition; that he was always in bed, oftentimes unable to move or open his eyes and he could not maintain any conversation with anyone; that he had to be fed by someone; and that he was bed-ridden and already had bed-sores. The idea sought to be conveyed by them was that the testator was in no condition to execute a will.chanroblesvirtualawlibrary chanrobles virtual law library

Mr. Edgar Bond, an examiner of questioned documents and chief of the Questioned Documents and Ballistics Division of the National Bureau of Investigation was also presented by the opposition as a handwriting expert and he told the court that after examining the supposed signature of Jose Va�o on Exhibit "A" and comparing them with his accepted standard signatures, he was convinced that the signatures on Exhibit "A" were forgeries. His testimony was vigorously objected to by counsel for the petitioner on the ground that the genuineness of the signature of the testator on Exhibit "A" was never placed in issue because the written opposition of the opponents virtually admitted said genuineness and merely claimed that the will was not the testator's voluntary act because said signature was obtained thru trickery and that undue pressure and influence were brought to bear upon him.chanroblesvirtualawlibrary chanrobles virtual law library

To counteract the testimony of Bond, the deposition of Dr. Paul Rodriguez Versoza, another handwriting expert was taken and introduced in evidence. Dr. Versoza claims that after examining the signatures of Jose Va�o on Exhibit "A" and comparing them with accepted standard signatures of the testator, he was convinced that the signatures on Exhibit "A" were genuine and that any difference noted between them were due to the age, weakness, and illness of the testator, especially the fact that he was suffering from rheumatism. After hearing, the learned trial court noting discrepancies in the testimonies of the three attesting witnesses as to the due execution of Exhibit "A", and accepting the expert testimony of Mr. Bond over that of Dr. Versoza, came to the conclusion that the supposed signatures of Jose Va�o on Exhibit "A" are not genuine but imitated and held that Exhibit "A" was not the last will and testament of Jose Va�o.chanroblesvirtualawlibrary chanrobles virtual law library

One of the errors assigned by petitioner-appellant is that the trial court erred in permitting appellees over the objection of appellant to present evidence which are contrary to their allegations in their opposition. It is his contention that the opponents not only failed to allege as a basis of their opposition that the signatures of the testator on the supposed will were forged but that on the contrary, they impliedly admitted the genuineness of said signatures, merely claiming that said signatures were obtained through trickery and fraud and under pressure and influence. This point brings us to a discussion of what evidence an opponent to a probate of a will may be permitted to present at the hearing - whether or not he is limited to presenting evidence to sustain the particular objection or ground on which he bases his opposition to the probate.chanroblesvirtualawlibrary chanrobles virtual law library

In some jurisdictions in the United States the rule is that the issue in contested wills is made up by the pleadings or framed from the same, and no evidence can be introduced except in support of allegations contained in such pleadings. For instance, if the only opposition to the probate of a will is lack of mental capacity of the testator, then the oppositor in presenting evidence will be confined to that point. In other jurisdictions, however, it is said that the issue is fixed by the statute and is practically the old common law issue "devisavit vel non," is the instrument presented for probate the last will and testament of the testator?; that said issue may not be varied by the pleadings and that every ground of attack on the validity of the will may be employed.chanroblesvirtualawlibrary chanrobles virtual law library

As the law in our jurisdiction on the probate of wills now stands, we are inclined to adopt the second view, namely, that the law itself fixes or determines the issue, because under section 12, Rule 77, of the Rules of Court, before the probate court can allow the will it must be satisfied upon proof taken and filed that the will was duly executed, and that the testator at the time of its execution was of sound and disposing mind and not acting under duress, menace, and undue influence, or fraud. Also, under section 9 of the same rule, a will may be disallowed (a) if not executed and attested as required by law; (b) if the testator was mentally incapable of making a will; (c) if it was executed under duress, or the influence of fear, or threats; (d) if it was procured by undue and improper pressure and influence on the part of the beneficiary; and (e) if the signature of the testator was procured by fraud and trick. The oppositors in the present case therefore were not precluded from attacking the will on the ground of forgery despite the fact that their opposition was confined to grounds (b), (c) and (d) of section 12, Rule 77 as stated above.chanroblesvirtualawlibrary chanrobles virtual law library

On the other hand, section 10 of the same rule 77 provides that "anyone appearing to contest the will must file a writing stating his grounds for opposing its allowance; and serve a copy thereof on the petitioner and other residents of the province interested in the estate." The purpose of this legal provision is clear, and it is to apprise the person or persons seeking the probate of will, as well as any other person interested in the estate, of the reasons in opposing probate so that they may prepare the necessary evidence to counteract and disprove said ground of opposition, this, in addition to apprising the court itself of the issue involved in the proceedings so that it may intelligently direct the presentation of evidence during the hearing. Of course, as we have already stated, an oppositor objecting to the probate of the will on one or two specific grounds may, during the hearing add to the grounds and submit evidence in support of the same, but when this happen as it did in the present case, one is more or less justified in inferring that the oppositors were not sure of their ground; that they were in doubt as to the basis of their opposition, a fact which naturally and not inconsiderably weakens their stand. One of the grounds of their opposition was that the signature of the testator was procured by fraud and trick, thereby leading one to believe, including the court and the petitioner that said signature was genuine but was not valid. At the hearing, said oppositors completely changed their stand and claimed that the signature was actually forged. As we have already said, that conduct and attitude, changeable and uncertain, does not strengthen their position.chanroblesvirtualawlibrary chanrobles virtual law library

Let us now go to the evidence on the alleged forgery of the signatures of the testator Jose Va�o. We have carefully read the testimony of Mr. Bond for the oppositors and the deposition of Dr. Verzosa for the petitioner. There is no reason for doubting the qualifications, sincerity, and honesty of these two witnesses. Their opinions seem to be plausible, arrived at after an analysis and comparison of the questioned signatures with the standard and accepted signatures of the testator; but we fear that the infirmity, age, and state of health of the testator had not been given due consideration by the witness of the opponents and by the court. There is no question that there are differences and discrepancies between the two signatures reading "Jose Va�o" on Exhibit "A" and the genuine, accepted signatures of the testator even as late as the last part of the year 1949. But we should not forget that on December 11th of the same year when he executed Exhibit "A", he was suffering from apparently advanced pulmonary tuberculosis as well as rheumatism which according to Dr. Osmundo Rama who had been treating him until the day he died, affected his joints. The testator was then 78 years old, lying in bed most of the time, so much so that he developed bed-sores, sitting up in bed only once in a while, and at those times, his hands trembled. It is natural that his signatures on Exhibit "A" should lack the firmness, rhythm, lack of effort and continuity of motion that they had before he became quite ill and infirm. Examining the signatures on Exhibit "A", the original of the will, and those on "3-A", a carbon copy thereof, it will be readily observed that while the signatures on the original are already infirm, rough and jagged, suggesting a hand infirm and trembling, those on the duplicate (Exhibit "3-A") are still more so, showing the effects of the concentration of attention, exertion and effort of the testator in reading and singing the original.chanroblesvirtualawlibrary chanrobles virtual law library

But there are other and equally important considerations which favor the conclusion that Exhibit "A" was duly signed written opposition the opponents did not question but on the contrary, assumed if not conceded the genuineness of the signatures of the testator. Then at the hearing, they changed their attitude and for the first time put in issue the genuineness of said signatures; this despite the fact that the original of the will (Exhibit "A") was filed in court on February 11, 1950, and the opposition was filed on March 24th of the same year. In other words the opponents and their lawyers had almost one and a half months within which to examine and scrutinize the signatures on Exhibit "A", after which examination they did not doubt their genuineness.chanroblesvirtualawlibrary chanrobles virtual law library

Again, the opponents include Ireneo Va�o, a son of Jesus Va�o, brother of the testator, among the oppositors. This same Ireneo later filed a motion in court repudiating the action taken by the opponents, saying that he was include among the oppositors without his knowledged or consent; that far from opposing the probate of the will of his uncle, he believed that said will was a true expression of the wish and desire of the testator. Not only this, but he testified for the petitioner and said that the petitioner Teodoro Va�o was the son of the testator and had been treated by him as such since childhood.chanroblesvirtualawlibrary chanrobles virtual law library

The learned trial court lays emphasis on the uncertainty of the three subscribing witnesses as to who filled out the blank spaces on the will now occupied by the words "11th" and "December", while they are sure that the name Jose Va�o on the space at the beginning of the first paragraph was written by the testator himself. Said uncertainty on the part of the said three subscribing witnesses instead of affecting their veracity, in our opinion, strengthens it, because it refers to minor detail and shows that they had not been rehearsed but on the contrary, testified to what they remember. In this connection, there is every reason to believe that the fact that the space for the name Jose Va�o on Exhibit "A" was left in blank to be filled out later by the testator himself argues against the theory of forgery, because if there had been forgery by leaving the blank space for the name of the testator to be filled out later, including the space for the date and the month, the forgers would be laying themselves open and unnecessarily creating an additional opportunity for the opponents and for the to detect the forgery.chanroblesvirtualawlibrary chanrobles virtual law library

After all, there was neither necessity nor occasion for forging the signatures of the testator in the will because there is every reason to believe that said testator would leave all his property to petitioner Teodoro Va�o. The evidence shows that Teodoro was a natural son of the testator. From childhood he had been raised by Jose Va�o, treated like a son, and sent to school, and even after Teodoro had married, he and his wife and family continued to live with the old man, or rather, the old man lived with them. Jose Va�o in 1945, in a public instrument entitled "Special Power of Attorney" (Exhibit "E") referred to Teodoro Va�o as his son and appointed him as his attorney-in-fact to leave to the United States of America any, some or all real properties owned by him in the City of Cebu, under such terms and conditions which Teodoro may deem just and reasonable, and to execute and sign the corresponding deeds of lease, and to collect and receive the rents. This was accepted and acted by Teodoro Va�o. In 1946 and 1947 the testator appointed Teodoro his attorney-in-fact giving him a power of attorney with extensive powers such as to lease to the Republic of the Philippines some of his real personal properties in the City of Cebu, and to collect and receive the rentals accruing from the leased properties; to ask, demand, sue form recover, and collect any and all sums of money, debts, dues, accounts, legacies, bequests, interests, dividends, etc. which thereafter become due or owing to him and to make, sign, execute, and deliver contracts, documents, agreements, and other writings of whatever nature with any and all third persons upon terms and conditions acceptable to him (Teodoro), Exhibits "F" and "G". In 1946 while the testator was in Bohol, he wrote to Teodoro a note (Exhibit "I") addressing him as his "dear son" and with the complimentary clause "your loving Dad", signing the same, asking Teodoro to send P5,000 to him. It seems that at least in Cebu and Bohol petitioner Teodoro Va�o was known by everyone to be the son of Jose Va�o because the latter had treated and accepted, even recognized him as such, and shortly before his death, entrusted him with the complete management of his business. One of the witness for the opposition, Carmen Vallore, cousin-in-law of the testator, in her testimony called Milagros Va�o, wife of Teodoro Va�o, as the daughter-in-law of Jose Va�o, meaning that Teodoro was the son of the testator. During the hearing and while Teodoro Va�o was testifying, counsel for the oppositors repeatedly reffered to the testator as his (Teodoro's) father. Under all these circumstances, is it any wonder that Jose Va�o should voluntarily by means of a will, leave all his properties to his only son, though natural?chanrobles virtual law library

It is not improbable that one of the reasons prompting the filling of the opposition to the petition for probate was that Paz Va�o Vda. de Garces, sister of the testator, could not understand why her brother, a wealthy man should leave all his wealth to a mere natural son (Teodoro) and leave nothing to her; but it was not altogether strange because it seems that the relations between Paz and the testator, were rather strained and in 1949, according to the evidence, Paz had brought a civil action against Jose Va�o and Irineo Va�o, the nephew of Jose Va�o who refused to oppose the probate of the will. And during the last and prolonged illness of the testator, Paz living in the same city of Cebu, did not even once visit her ailing and bed-ridden brother.chanroblesvirtualawlibrary chanrobles virtual law library

The three subscribing witnesses to the will, under oath assured the court that Jose Va�o voluntarily signed Exhibit "A", and these three witnesses were in no way related to Teodoro or to the testator, had no interest in the execution of the will and stood to gain nothing by its probate. Pedro Ceniza is a responsible businessman, Dr. Osmundo Rama, is a practising physician and Atty. Nazario Pacquio, is a member of the bar and at the time he prepared Exhibit "A", he was Assistant Provincial Fiscal of Cebu. Their disinterested testimony cannot be taken lightly. On this question of the weight to be given to the testimony of subscribing witnesses, we held in the case of Roxas vs. Roxas, et al., 48 Off. Gaz. (6) 2177; 87 Phil. 692, that -

We do not venture to impute bias to the experts introduced during the trial but we hasten to state that the positive testimony of the three attesting witnesses ought to prevail over the expert opinions which cannot be mathematically precise but which, on the contrary are "subject to inherent infirmities."chanrobles virtual law library

The law impliedly recognizes the almost conclusive weight of the testimony of attesting witnesses when it provides that "if the will is contested, all the subscribing witnesses present in the Philippines and not insane, must be produced and examined, and the death, absence or insanity of any one of them must be satisfactorily shown to the Court." (Section 11, Rule 77 Rules of Court.)

In the present case, the opinions of the two handwriting experts presented by the parties are conflicting and even assuming that there is doubt to our mind as to which of the two is to be accepted, the positive and clear testimony of the three subscribing witnesses should prevail. In the case of In re Will of Medina, 60 Phil., 391, this Court said:

In the present case, two of the subscribing witnesses are lawyers. This fact together with the circumstance that they were not shown to have any interest in the subject of the litigation, lead the trial court to consider their testimony as worthy of credit. The intervention of professional men specially lawyers, in the preparation and execution of wills, has been given by this Court the consideration deserved.

Reiterating the doctrine laid down in the case of Sotelo vs. Luzan, 59 Phil., 908, we further held in the same case:

In one case it was said: "It is hardly conceivable that any attorney of any standing would risk his professional reputation by falsifying a will and then go before a court and give false testimony."

There is no reason to believe that Atty. Pacquio who, at the time was not only a member of the bar but was an assistant provincial fiscal, should commit forgery by drafting Exhibit "A" and take part in forging the signature of the testator and later falsely testify in court on the due execution of said will and subject himself not only to criminal prosecution and dismissal from his post as assistant provincial fiscal, but also to disbarment proceedings.chanroblesvirtualawlibrary chanrobles virtual law library

In view of the foregoing, the decision appealed from his reversed and Exhibit "A" is hereby allowed probate as the Last Will and Testament of Jose Va�o, with costs against appellees.chanroblesvirtualawlibrary chanrobles virtual law library

Paras, C. J., Pablo, Padilla, Reyes , A., Jugo, Bautista Angelo, Labrador and Concepcion, JJ., concur.