SUPREME COURT DECISIONS

Search for www.chanrobles.com

PLEASE CLICK HERE FOR THE LATEST ➔ SUPREME COURT DECISIONS

EN BANC

G.R. No. L-20183 June 30, 1966

THE PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, plaintiff and appellee, vs. EDUARDO BERDIDA Y INGUITO, ET AL., defendants.
EDUARDO BERDIDA Y INGUITO, LORETO SABERON Y CASAS, VICENTE ABERAS Y CORDERO and JESUS FELICIA Y BALIDBID, defendants and appellants.

Senen S. Ceniza, Emilio G. Opinion and Agustin R. Romeras for defendants and appellants.
Office of the Solicitor General A. A. Alafriz, Acting Assistant Solicitor General I. C. Borromeo and Solicitor S. C. Jacob for plaintiff and appellee.

PER CURIAM:chanrobles virtual law library

This is an automatic review of death sentence pursuant to the Rules of Court.¹chanrobles virtual law library

On 10 May 1960, an information for frustrated murder² of Antonio Maravilla and another information for murder³ of Federico Ca�alete, were filed in the Court of First Instance of Manila. Said informations were directed against the same eight accused: Eduardo Berdida y Inguito, Jesus Felicia y Balidbid, Vicente Aberas y Cordero, Cristoto Mitilla y Paral, Demetrio Garin y Payos, Protacio Libres y Corona, Loreto Saberon y Casas and Mario Mustrado y Sumaya.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

After the defendants pleaded not guilty at their arraignment on 16 May 1960, the two cases were tried jointly. Acting on a motion to dismiss filed by defendants Cristoto Mitilla and Mario Mustrado, after the prosecution rested its case, the court dismissed the charges against Mario Mustrado, with costs de oficio. After the trial, the Court of First Instance rendered on 27 July 1962 the decision now under review. Its dispositive portion states:

In view of the foregoing considerations, the Court finds the defendants Eduardo Berdida, Loreto Saberon, Vicente Aberas and Jesus Felicia guilty beyond reasonable doubt of the crime of murder. This Court has in previous cases endeavored to avoid the imposition of the capital punishment. In the case at bar, however, where the offenders, pretending to be police officers, kidnapped the victims and mercilessly beat one of them to death, the Court finds no other alternative, in pursuance to the mandate of the law, but to impose, as it hereby imposes upon the said defendants, the death penalty, to indemnify jointly and severally the heirs of Federico Ca�alete in the sum of P4,000.00 and to pay the costs. May God have mercy on their souls.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

In Criminal Case No. 52338, above-said defendants are also hereby found guilty beyond reasonable doubt of the crime of attempted murder and considering the aggravating circumstances present, they are sentenced each to suffer a maximum penalty of TEN (10) YEARS of prision mayor and a minimum of SIX (6) YEARS of prision correccional, and to pay the costs, without prejudice on the part of the complainant to institute a separate civil action for the recovery of damages.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

The defendants Garin, Mitilla and Libres are hereby acquitted, in both cases, with costs de oficio, and their immediate release is hereby ordered.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

So ordered.

The records show the prosecution's evidence, as follows:chanrobles virtual law library

At about 10 o'clock in the evening of 7 May 1960, Antonio Maravilla, Federico Ca�alete, Virgilio Haban and Pedrito Rapadas left the store of one Mang Terio at Mabuhay Street, North Harbor, Tondo, Manila, and proceeded walking towards their homes. They were met on their way by Eduardo Berdida, Antonio Louie, one Tiquio and one alias Ifugao, who identified themselves as detectives, told them not to move, and pointed sharp and long bolos to them.⁴ Antonio Maravilla and Federico Ca�alete raised their hands, but Pedrito Rapadas and Virgilio Haban were able to run away. Antonio Louie then dealt a fist blow on Antonio Maravilla. After that, the group took Antonio Maravilla and Federico Ca�alete along the rail tracks, telling them that they had done something wrong.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

At the end of the rail tracks, said group tied the hands of Antonio Maravilla and Federico Ca�alete. After doing this, they dragged the two and took them to a place in Pier 8 at the North Harbor near Vicente Aberas' house. In said place, there were others who joined the group, among them, Jesus Felicia, Loreto Saberon and Vicente Aberas. At this point Eduardo Berdida told Antonio Maravilla and Federico Ca�alete to dig their graves, but they refused. Arturo Macabebe, who also joined the group, took two sticks of cigarettes and told Antonio Maravilla and Federico Ca�alete to smoke. Antonio Maravilla again refused. Following said refusal, the victims were hit with a piece of wood. Eduardo Berdida and Jesus Felicia then held Antonio Maravilla and Federico Ca�alete, respectively, by the hands and from behind. As they were thus held, Vicente Aberas delivered fist blows on them, first on Antonio Maravilla, then on Federico Ca�alete.⁵ Furthermore, Loreto Saberon also held Federico Ca�alete while others gave fist blows to the latter.⁶ At about 1 o'clock in the morning of 8 May 1960, Antonio Maravilla lost consciousness, shortly after hearing Loreto Saberon say that the group would cut off the ears of Antonio Maravilla and Federico Ca�alete for appetizer or "pulutan".⁷chanrobles virtual law library

Antonio Maravilla's sister, Elizabeth, had meanwhile been informed by Virgilio Haban, one of those who were able to run away, that her brother and Federico Ca�alete were taken by armed men. She therefore went out with some companions in search of her brother. She asked the help of Patrolman Carlos Pili, who was then at the corner of Kaguitingan and Lakandula Streets in front of Pier 6. Patrolmen Amado Santos and Fabricante also joined them. As the other policemen took to separate directions, Patrolman Pili and Elizabeth Maravilla went along Mabuhay Street. They came upon a group of men, between Piers 6 and 8, who were hesitant to answer their inquiries. So they proceeded further, entering a small alley. As they went on, Elizabeth found the shoes of her brother. So they continued until they met Vicente Aberas, stripped to the waist, with bloodstains on his hands.⁸ Patrolman Pili detained him. Since somebody threatened them should they proceed any further, Patrolman Pili and Elizabeth Maravilla went to Precinct 3, taking along Vicente Aberas. Assistance from the Mobile Patrol was then requested. Accompanied by her neighbors and more policemen, Elizabeth, together with Patrolman Pili, returned and went further to the interior of Mabuhay Street. Finally, they came upon Federico Ca�alete and Antonio Maravilla, sprawled on the ground, the former face down, the latter flat on his back. Federico Ca�alete was found dead. Antonio Maravilla was alive, though his face was swollen, rendering him barely recognizable. Antonio Maravilla was taken to the North General Hospital.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

Patrolman Pili, meanwhile, went still further to the interior and saw, about 12 meters away from where they found the victims, a group drinking liquor. At the approach of Patrolman Pili, about four men ran away, leaving behind four men, namely, Loreto Saberon, Mario Mustrado, Cristoto Mitilla and Protacio Libres, the last mentioned being then drunk and asleep on a bamboo bed.⁹ A Mobile Patrol car thereafter arrived and apprehended them, except Libres. Patrolman Pili next went towards a house near Tagumpay Street in which direction the others had fled. In said house, which was that of Crisanta Melgar, the patrolman found some persons who pretended to be sleeping, namely, Demetrio Garin, Jesus Felicia and Eduardo Berdida. Patrolman Pili brought them outside and they were taken by the Mobile Patrol to the Detective Bureau.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

Furthermore, the body of Federico Ca�alete was examined at the scene where it was found by officers of the Mobile Patrol. Detective Bureau agents likewise went to said place. Finding bloodstains near an a alley to Tagumpay Street, they went to a house thereat and found Protacio Libres sleeping on a bamboo bed. Said detectives took Libres to the headquarters.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

At the police station, all the apprehended suspects were made to mingle with other persons. Antonio Maravilla, who was fetched to point out therefrom the persons who attacked him and Federico Ca�alete identified Eduardo Berdida, Vicente Aberas, Loreto Saberon and Jesus Felicia.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

An autopsy was made on 8 May 1960 on the body of Federico Ca�alete by Dr. Luis Larion, Medical Examiner of the Manila Police Department. The post mortem findings in his report are as follows: (Exh. M):

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM:

Hemorrhage extensive, subarachnoid brain.

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM:

Laceration, blood vessels, brain and spleen.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:

Contusion, posterior lung, bilateral.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

Congestion, lungs, bilateral.

GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM:

About 150 cc. partially digested rice meal with slight alcoholic odor.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

Hemoperitoneum about 100 cc. blood, abdominal cavity.

SPLEEN: Maceration spleen.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

PANCREAS: Contusion, hemorrhagic, pancreas.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

BONES AND JOINTS:

Fracture-separation, left parieto-occipital and right fronto-temporal skull.

MISCELLANEOUS:

Wound, stab, non-penetrating, 1.3 x 0.5 cm. x 1.5 cm. deep, right lumbar region.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

Wound, lacerated, 3 x 0.5 cm. occipital region.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

Wound, lacerated, 2.5 cm. x 1.5 cm. x 1 cm. deep, non-penetrating, left abdomen.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

Hematoma, frontal, right; left, parieto-occipital, and occipital, scalp, head.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

Contusion, multiple, left forehead; left lower eyelids; left face; nose; lower lip; left lateral neck; posterior neck; left shoulder; left and right posterior chest.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

Contused abrasion, anterior left lower chest and right abdomen.

CAUSE OF DEATH:

Shock and hemorrhage due to traumatic fracture of the skull with maceration of spleen, contusion of the lungs and extensive subarachnoid hemorrhages in the brain.

Antonio Maravilla, as shown in the medico-legal certificate of Dr. Cumalinga Espinosa of the North General Hospital (Exh. R), sustained these injuries:

Contusion with abrasion, and periorbital hematoma, eye right.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

Contusion upper and lower lip.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

Contusion 2" mental region.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

Contusion with slight hematoma, malar right, and mandible bilateral.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

Abrasion, 3", lateral neck left.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

Abrasion, 2" #2 level of the 10th rib right, along the MCL.

For the defense of herein appellants, the following evidence was presented to establish alibi:chanrobles virtual law library

Sometime between 7 and 8 o'clock in the evening of 7 May 1960 Crisanta Melgar was filling drums with water in her house at 1205 Tagumpay Street, Tondo, Manila. Shortly thereafter, Eduardo Berdida, Loreto Saberon and Jesus Felicia arrived. Since her husband was on night duty and her brother- in-law was ill, Crisanta Melgar asked the three to remain and help her fill up the drums with water, intending to sell the same the next morning. Said defendants consented and for some time helped Crisanta fill the drums with water. At about 9 o'clock in the evening, however, said defendants went to sleep in the ground floor of Crisanta's new house, still under construction, adjacent to the house aforementioned. At about midnight a policeman and someone in civilian clothes knocked at the door and inquired from Crisanta if there were three persons sleeping in her house. She said yes, and opened the door. The policeman then told Crisanta that a dead man was found near their place. The one in civilian attire went to the back of the house. Crisanta told the policeman she knew nothing of any incident and that the three men had been in her house for some time. She then awoke the defendants Berdida, Saberon and Felicia. The policeman told them to stand up and the man in civilian was asked if they were the ones involved. Said man looked at the defendants and replied in the negative. The policeman and the civilian then left and the defendants went back to sleep. After a while, Crisanta, who was restless and could not sleep, went down, awoke the defendants, and told them that it was better for them to leave. So, the said defendants left, but a policeman stopped them at Tagumpay Street and took them to the police headquarters.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

As to the defendant Vicente Aberas, his defense of alibi is as follows:chanrobles virtual law library

In the evening of 7 May 1960, he was on board the fishing boat "Don Paulino." At about 10:30 o'clock in the evening, after unloading their catch of fish, he left for home, bringing with him a tulingan fish. Juan, a co-worker of his, invited him to drink beer in a store near Pier 8. For some time they stayed there, then he left for home. On the way he met five men beating up somebody. Approaching them, he asked them to have pity on the man and not to beat him. Someone in the group, armed with a club, warned him not to interfere, so, becoming afraid, he left. In reaching home, he took off his shirt, cut the fish he brought with him in half, lengthwise, and took one of the halves to the house of Emiliano Retone, another co-worker of his, who did not report for work that day. Retone invited him to drink gin. After drinking, he headed for home, but on his way he met two policemen and a woman. After being asked where he came from, which he answered, and whether he had seen a fight, to which he said yes, he was taken to Precinct 3.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

Appellants would, first of all, assail Antonio Maravilla's testimony identifying them as the assailants, for the reason that he lost consciousness, and, therefore, could not be relied upon to make said identification. Appellants would further insist on their defense of alibi. Antonio Maravilla, it is true, lost consciousness' at about 1 o'clock in the morning of 8 May 1960. It is however equally true that before his sense faded out he saw herein appellants perform their atrocities on himself as well as on Federico Ca�alete. It cannot therefore be doubted that he made no mistake in pointing out to herein appellants as definitely among their assailants. This he did, not only at the police station but also in open court during the trial. It is furthermore not disputed by defendants-appellants that Antonio Maravilla has no reason or motive to falsely accuse them of murder and attempted murder. The positive identification he made must therefore be given credence.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

It follows that the defense of alibi cannot be sustained. The rule is settled, to the point of being trite, that the defense of alibi is worthless in the face of positive identification by prosecution witnesses, pointing to the accused as participants in the crime. ¹⁰chanrobles virtual law library

The trial court, moreover, found the above-related defenses of alibi not credible. For, according to said court, if defendants Berdida, Felicia and Saberon really went to help Crisanta Melgar, their provincemate, fill drums with water at her house, it is rather unusual that they went to sleep at about 9 o'clock in the evening. Furthermore, the policeman who inquired about persons sleeping in Crisanta Melgar's house strangely knew their number, that is, three persons. And, finally, it is unbelievable that said policeman did not take them to the headquarters for identification by Antonio Maravilla himself.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

And, with respect to the defendant-appellant Vicente Aberas, the trial court found it too surprising to believe that he went to such lengths of amiability, as to go, shirtless at that, to his friend Retone, at an unholy hour, to share with him one-half of his tulingan fish. No previous agreement, or urgent need for such an act obtained. It could have waited for the next morning, especially since, having allegedly come from work, defendant Aberas must have been tired.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

As this Court stated in People vs. Constante, L-14639, December 28, 1964, the defense of alibi is an issue of fact that hinges on credibility; that the credibility of an alibi depends so much on the credibility of the witnesses who seek to establish it; and that, in this inspect, the relative weight which the trial judge assigns to the testimony of said witnesses must, unless patently and clearly inconsistent with the evidence on record, be accepted. For, as is well recognized, his proximate contact with those who take to the witness chair places him, compared to appellate Justices, in the more competent position to discriminate be between the true and the false.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

And in the present appeal, we find no warrant to depart from the lower court's finding on defendants-appellants' defense of alibi.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

It is also contended by appellants that the aggravating circumstances of nighttime, abuse of superior strength, and evident premeditation should not be appreciated in fixing the penalty. Appellants would argue that nighttime was not purposely sought to facilitate the offense or to afford impunity. At any rate, they would further argue, nighttime as well as abuse of superior strength are deemed absorbed in treachery. As to evident premeditation, they aver that the premeditation, if any, is not evident, for lack of sufficient lapse of time between the execution of the offense and a previous showing of intent to commit it, so as to show that the offenders clung to their determination to commit the crime.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

The presence of one generic aggravating circumstance, apart from the qualifying circumstance of treachery, suffices to fix the penalty for murder at the extreme punishment of death. For there is no mitigating circumstance in the present case. From the facts and evidence of record in this case, it is clear that appellants took advantage of nighttime in committing the felonies charged. For it appears that to carry out a sentence they had pronounced upon Antonio Maravilla and Federico Ca�alete for the death of one Pabling, they had evidently chosen to execute their victims under cover of darkness, at the dead of night, when the neighborhood was asleep. Inasmuch as the treachery consisted in the fact that the victims' hands were tied at the time they were beaten, the circumstance of nighttime is not absorbed in treachery, but can be perceived distinctly therefrom, since the treachery rests upon an independent factual basis. A special case therefore is present to which the rule that nighttime is absorbed in treachery does no apply. ¹¹chanrobles virtual law library

In addition, the presence of evident premeditation is likewise borne out by the record. For the victims were told at the start, when they were taken captives, that they had done something wrong, that they were the ones who stabbed and killed one Pabling, and that for this reason they were to go with the group (T.s.n., 10 October 1960, pp. 20, 22; Exh. D). Not only that; the victims were then taken to a spot where they were ordered to dig their graves. The assailants were previously armed with deadly weapons, and their assault was a concerted and group action. From the time of apprehension of the victims, About 10 o'clock in the evening, to the time Antonio Maravilla lost consciousness, about 1 o'clock early the following morning, is sufficient time for the offenders to meditate and reflect on the consequences of their act.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

In People vs. Lopez, 69 Phil. 298, this Court found the aggravating circumstance of evident premeditation present, in view of the repeated statements of the defendants that the hour of reckoning of the victim would arrive, the existing enmity between them, the fact that they were previously armed with deadly weapons, and the fact that the aggression was simultaneous and continuous until the deceased was left unconscious on the ground. And in People vs. Lazada, 70 Phil. 525, four hours was held sufficient lapse of time for purposes of the presence of evident premeditation. Furthermore, sufficient lapse of time in this regard is not simply a matter of the precise number of hours, but of the reasonable opportunity, under the situation and circumstances, to ponder and reflect upon the consequences. In the present case, we find the facts and circumstances obtaining sufficient to support the trial court's finding of the attendance of evident premeditation.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

Following previous instances, the indemnity to the heirs of the deceased in this case should be increased to P6,000. ¹²chanrobles virtual law library

Anent the attempted murder case, no appeal therefrom was taken. The record shows that defendants perfected no appeal from the judgment below. The present automatic review is limited only to the murder case in which the death penalty was imposed. It was only because of the joint trial that the record of the attempted murder case was likewise elevated herein. Since no appeal was taken in the attempted murder case, the judgment with respect thereto has become final. It therefore cannot now be reviewed herein, as some of the appellants would ask. And defendants-appellants, who are detained, should accordingly be deemed to have started serving their respective sentence in said attempted murder case from the time the decision of the trial court became final as to said case.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

Wherefore, the death penalty imposed on defendants-appellants is hereby affirmed, and the indemnity to the heirs of Federico Ca�alete is hereby increased from P4,000 to P6,000, with costs. So ordered.

Concepcion, C.J., Reyes, J.B.L., Barrera, Dizon, Regala, Makalintal, Bengzon, J.P., Zaldivar and Sanchez, JJ., concur.

Endnotes:

---

¹Sec. 9, Rule 122, formerly Sec. 9, Rule 118.

²Docketed in the CFI as Crim. Case No. 52338.

³Docketed in the CFI as Crim. Case No. 52339.

⁴T.s.n., 10 October 1960, p. 13.

⁵T.s.n., 10 October 1960, p. 14.

⁶T.s.n., 23 November 1960, p. 2.

⁷T.s.n., 23 November 1960, p. 2.

⁸Tsn 13 July 1961, pp. 2, 4.

⁹T.s.n., 27 March 1961, p. 48.

¹⁰People v. Tansiangco L-19448, February 28, 1964; People v. Riveral, L-14077, March 31, 1964.

¹¹See, People v. John Doe, L-2463, March 31, 1950: 2 Viada, Codigo Penal, 274-275.

¹²People v. Hernandez, 91 Phil. 334; People v. Banlos, L-3413, December 29, 1955.