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FIRST DIVISION

[G.R. No. 134004. December 15, 2000

PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Plaintiff-Appellee, vs. SPO3 ANTONIO MENDOZA, Accused-Appellant.

D E C I S I O N

PUNO, J.: chanrobles virtual law library

While celebrating his best friend's birthday, Antonio Antholyn Laggui II ironically met his death. At age 25, he was still at the prime of his life and less than one year into his marriage. The accused SPO3 Antonio Mendoza was behind his namesake's untimely demise. chanrobles virtual law library

On June 11, 1997, an information was filed charging the accused Mendoza with murder, viz: chanrobles virtual law library

"That on or about the 22nd day of March, 1997, in the municipality of Ilagan, province of Isabela, Philippines, and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the said accused, with intent to kill and with evident premeditation and treachery, did then and there, willfully, unlawfully and feloniously, assault, attack and shoot for several times with a Caliber .45 pistol one Antonio Antholyn Laggi (sic) II, inflicting upon him, multiple gunshot wounds on different parts of his body, which directly caused his death. chanrobles virtual law library

CONTRARY TO LAW."[1 chanrobles virtual law library

The accused Mendoza pled not guilty. Trial proceeded in due course. chanrobles virtual law library

The records show that on March 21, 1997, from 4:00 p.m. until midnight, Christopher Huidem was celebrating his birthday in his house in Purok 3, Bliss Village, Ilagan, Isabela. He and his barkada, among whom was the victim Antonio, were drinking Tanduay rum mixed with Pepsi. At the stroke of midnight, some of Christopher's friends went home while others including Antonio stayed behind in the Huidem residence. While the rest of their friends slept, Christopher, his brother Jonathan, a certain Toti Galumaya and Antonio conversed until Christopher and Jonathan started an argument at about 3:00 a.m. Both were already tipsy but could still get hold of themselves.² The altercation stemmed from an incident the previous day when Christopher, the younger of the Huidems, did not obey Jonathan who asked him to do an errand. Christopher's aunt, Rosario Repaso, was in her store less than thirty meters away and heard the argument. As the parents of the Huidem brothers entrusted their children to Rosario while they were away, Rosario went to the Huidem residence to check on them. She found Christopher, Jonathan, Toti and Antonio at the terrace. She pacified the Huidem brothers and told Christopher to go out to Rosario's store and Jonathan to go inside their house and sleep. Antonio followed Christopher outside.³ chanrobles virtual law library

Andres Rodriguez, the Huidem's neighbor across the road, was also awakened by the altercation of the Huidems. The latter's parents also instructed Andres to look after their children while they were away. He got up and proceeded to the Huidem residence. He met Christopher on the road in front of the Huidem residence. Andres advised Christopher to give in to Jonathan so as not to cause any further trouble. While Andres was conversing with Christopher and Antonio was standing about three to four meters away from the latter,[4 the accused Mendoza approached them and lighted their faces with a flashlight.⁵ Mendoza wore a bonnet which left his "singkit"/"medyo singkit" eyes and "medyo matangos" nose exposed.⁶ As the accused lighted Antonio's face, he shouted at Antonio, asking him if he was a barangay tanod and if he was drunk. Antonio answered in the negative. All of a sudden, from a distance of about one meter, the accused Mendoza shot Antonio twice on the breast using a .45 caliber pistol. Antonio fell to the ground face up. Christopher was about four meters away from the accused Mendoza. Andres was about five meters away from the latter and about two to three meters away from Christopher. Andres then ran to the back of his house. The place where the shooting incident took place was illumined by a light in front of a store about four meters away and a neon street light about three meters away.⁷ chanrobles virtual law library

Upon hearing the two gunshots, Rosario told Toti that she would check where the gunshots came from. Afraid, however, of the danger, she went out of the Huidem abode through the kitchen backdoor and ran back to her store. Rosario's husband, Adonis Repaso, also heard the gunshots from their store. He went out of their store and when he was about five meters away from Christopher, the accused Mendoza walked towards Adonis, poked his gun at him and asked him if he was also a tough guy. Adonis answered that he was not and ran back inside their store. chanrobles virtual law library

The accused Mendoza went back to Antonio and shot him for the third time just below the eye. Christopher then ran towards the back of Andres' house. Rosario was then on her way to their store when she heard the third gunshot. Upon reaching their store, Adonis met her. He warned her not to go out because the accused Mendoza was armed. She sat under a santol tree by their store. From there, she saw the accused Mendoza standing beside the fallen Antonio. He flagged down an approaching tricycle. She was about fifteen meters away from the accused.⁸ Meanwhile, Christopher fetched Barangay Tanod Basilio Goyagoy who lived about ten meters away from the back of Andres' house and fifty meters away from the crime scene.⁹ Christopher awakened Goyagoy and told him that Antonio was shot at the road in front of Andres' house. The two headed for the crime scene. Goyagoy was ahead of Christopher by about seven meters. When Goyagoy approached Antonio's body, the accused Mendoza pointed his gun at him. Goyagoy was about three meters from Mendoza.[10 Goyagoy ran back to his house. Rosario then saw the accused Mendoza board the tricycle. Shortly after Goyagoy reached his house, he proceeded to the house of Bliss Village's Barangay Captain, Fausto Mamauag. He passed by the scene of the crime again. By this time, the accused Mendoza was nowhere in sight. Upon reaching Mamauag's residence, Goyagoy told him that Antonio had been shot. They headed for the crime scene. Rosario, who had then gone out of hiding, secretly told Mamauag that the accused Mendoza killed Antonio.[11 Mamauag instructed the Barangay Tanods who arrived at the crime scene to look for the accused Mendoza at his residence. After going to the latter's residence, the Barangay Tanods went back to Mamauag and reported that Mendoza was nowhere to be found.[12 Shortly thereafter, Mamauag and Goyagoy left to report the matter at the police station. Mamauag asked the police to investigate the shooting incident, then called the Funeraria Ramos. Mamauag and Goyagoy acompanied four policemen to the crime scene. The police inspected Antonio's wounds. Thereafter, the employees of Funeraria Ramos took his body.[13 Christopher, Andres, Rosario, and Adonis went with the police to the police station. In the morning of March 22, 1997, Christopher, Andres, and Rosario separately executed sworn statements[14 narrating the shooting incident. On June 6, 1997, Goyagoy also executed a sworn statement narrating the incident.¹⁵ chanrobles virtual law library

Christopher had known the accused Mendoza for two years prior to the shooting incident because Mendoza was a resident of Purok 6 of the Bliss Village and a policeman. He was familiar with Mendoza's face, fair complexion, about 5'7" height, and medium to heavy built[16 because he would see Mendoza walking or on a vehicle in Bliss Village. At 5:00 p.m., the latter would board a jeep along the highway in front of Christopher's house, sometimes wearing the same khaki shorts he was wearing on that fateful day of March 22, 1997. In the morning, he would sometimesg. Sometimes he would also buy cigarettes near Christopher's house.[17 Andres was also familiar with the accused Mendoza's face and built prior to the shooting incident because he would see him at the Bliss Village and in the camp where Mendoza was assigned as a policeman and where Andres was following up the case of his grandchild. He would pass by the road fronting Andres' house.¹⁸ Rosario was also familiar with the accused Mendoza. Before the shooting incident, she would see him in the Bliss Village vicinity. He went to her store about four times. Prior to the fateful night, the last time he went there was at about 11:00 p.m. on March 18, 1997. chanrobles virtual law library

Dra. Lourdes A. Sajonas, municipal health officer of Rural Unit 1, Ilagan, Isabela also testified. She examined Antonio's body at 8:00 a.m. of March 22, 1997. Her findings show that Antonio sustained three gunshot wounds: one below the left eye, another above the left nipple and the third below the left nipple. These were the points of entry of the bullets. Two other wounds were found, one at the back of the head and another at the back of the victim, possibly the points of exit of two bullets. With the presence of gunpowder around the entry wounds, Dra. Sajonas concluded that the victim was shot within two feet, and that the gun wielder was standing in front of the victim. All three gunshot wounds were fatal. The cause of Antonio's death was hypovolemic shock secondary to multiple gunshot wounds. Dra. Sajonas also concluded that the victim died about six hours before she examined him.[19 chanrobles virtual law library

SPO4 Catalino Rumbaoa also took the witness stand. As the provincial supply officer of the Philippine National Police (PNP), he issued one pistol caliber .45 (Colt) with Serial No. 1085262, one magazine for caliber .45, and seven rounds of ammunition for caliber .45 to the accused Mendoza on January 1, 1994. The accused's receipt of the said items was evidenced by a memorandum receipt[20 which the accused's counsel admitted to have been signed by the accused.²¹ chanrobles virtual law library

National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) ballistician Rodolfo Bilgera also testified as an expert on ballistics. From his examination, he concluded that the bullet[22 and two shells found in the crime scene we re fired from caliber .45 pistol with serial number 1085262, the accused Mendoza's pistol which was turned over to the NBI.²³ chanrobles virtual law library

Leonisa Laggui, Antonio's wife, also took the witness stand. She testified that Antonio was 25 years old at the time of his death. He was then earning P180.00 per day as a contractual worker in the Coca-Cola Bottler's Plant in Ilagan, Isabela. Leonisa spent P8,000.00 for the services of Funeraria Ramos and another P20,000.00 for the wake. Her husband's death caused her pain and sleepless nights worrying about the future of their child.[24 chanrobles virtual law library

The defense presented the accused Mendoza. He testified that prior to his detention in relation to the instant case, he resided at Purok 6, Bliss Village, Ilagan, Isabela since February 6, 1996. In the evening of March 21, 1997, he was at the Isabela Provincial Hospital at Calamagui, Ilagan, Isabela. He was watching over his twenty-year old son, Benjie Mendoza. The latter had been confined in the hospital since March 17, 1997 because his face was clubbed during a fight with several persons, among whom were a certain Sotero and Lazam, a young man residing near the place where Antonio was shot. The brawl occurred a few days before the shooting of Antonio. It was the third time his son figured in an unprovoked fight with some young men in Bliss Village. On the second fight, Mendoza thought that his son was going to die because he fell unconscious. chanrobles virtual law library

On the night of March 21, 1997, Mendoza arrived at the hospital at 7:30 p.m. and did not leave his son's bedside until 4:40 a.m. the following day. At that time, he was with his wife, Maria Cristina and mother-in-law, Carmen Carao. From the hospital, he proceeded to the Isabela Provincial Police Office at Baligatan, Ilagan, Isabela. He stayed there until 8:00 a.m.[25 chanrobles virtual law library

He denied any involvement in the shooting of Antonio. In fact, prior to March 22, 1997, he did not know nor had he ever seen Antonio Antholyn Laggui, Andres Rodriguez, Rosario Repaso, and Christopher Huidem. He also testified that he had no misunderstanding with any of the prosecution witnesses. He claimed that he had been falsely charged of the killing of Antonio through the machinations of Senior Inspector Nepomuceno Alindada who bore a grudge against him because of an incident relating to the 1995 elections. On May 7, 1995, Mendoza headed the team which confiscated the armalite rifles issued to Alindada but were found in the possession of the political supporters of mayor Mercy Uy in Barangay Marana, Ilagan, Isabela. As a result of the confiscation, a case for Illegal Possession of Firearms was filed. The case was subsequently dismissed. chanrobles virtual law library

Maria Cristina Mendoza also took the witness stand. She testified that in the early evening of March 21, 1997, she was at the Isabela Provincial Hospital in Calamagui 2nd, Ilagan, Isabela with the accused, their son Benjie, and her mother Carmen Carao. She was watching over Benjie who was confined at the hospital since March 17, 1997 because he met an accident while he boarded his single motor bike. He was unconscious that night. The accused arrived between 7:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m. and stayed there until about 6:00 a.m. the next morning. That night, Cristina would sleep briefly, then awake to attend to her son, then go back to sleep. Cristina produced a certification from the hospital that Benjie was confined from March 17, 1997 until March 25, 1997. After the shooting incident on March 22, 1997, the Mendoza family did not go back to Bliss Village because the accused Mendoza was tagged as a suspect in the killing of Antonio Laggui. The family stayed in the police camp where the accused Mendoza was assigned.[26 chanrobles virtual law library

Carmen Carao also testified. On the evening of March 21, 1997, she was at the Isabela Provincial Hospital at Calamagui, Ilagan, Isabela. She was with the accused Mendoza and his wife Cristina, watching over Benjie, her grandson. Benjie was confined at the hospital for treatment of several injuries on the head and face which he sustained when he was mauled by unidentified persons from Bliss Village, the prime suspect being a person working in Coca-Cola. The accused did not leave the hospital until Benjie was discharged on March 25, 1997.[27 chanrobles virtual law library

The trial court gave credence to the prosecution's story. The dispositive portion of its decision reads: chanrobles virtual law library

"WHEREFORE, finding the accused guilty beyond reasonable doubt of the offense charged - MURDER - and there being no mitigating nor aggravating circumstance to consider, the court hereby sentences the accused to a penalty of RECLUSION PERPETUA, with all the accessory penalties provided for by law; to indemnify the heirs of the deceased victim, ANTONIO ANTHOLYN LAGGUI II, the sum of P30,000.00 as actual expenses incurred as a result of his death; the amount of P1,260,000.00 for lost earnings; the sum of P500,000.00 as moral damages and P100,000.00 as exemplary damages, and to pay the costs. chanrobles virtual law library

The gun used (sic) a .45 caliber pistol bearing Serial No. 1085262 is hereby ordered returned to the government agency or unit that issued the same to the accused."[28 chanrobles virtual law library

Hence, this appeal with the following assignment of errors:

"I chanrobles virtual law library

The trial court committed grave error in giving full weight and credence to the inconsistent and conflicting testimonies of the prosecution witnesses in total disregard of the glaring and fatal infirmities thereof, specially with respect to the identification of the accused-appellant.

II chanrobles virtual law library

The trial court committed grave error in convicting accused-appellant of the crime of murder despite failure of the prosecution to prove the identity of the assailant and his guilt beyond reasonable doubt.

III chanrobles virtual law library

Assuming that the accused-appellant killed the victim, the trial court committed grave error in convicting him of murder instead of homicide." chanrobles virtual law library

The appeal is bereft of merit. chanrobles virtual law library

In affirming the conviction of the accused, we note the observation of the trial court that in identifying the accused Mendoza, the witnesses' testimonies were "straightforward and unwavering."[29 Well-settled is the rule that the credibility of witnesses and their testimonies is best left to the discretion of the trial court which, unlike a review court, observed the demeanor and conduct of witnesses while testifying and thus was in a better position to assess their capacity for truth.[30 As we held in People v. Mitra:[31 chanrobles virtual law library

The trial judge is in a better position to decide the question of credibility, since he personally heard the witnesses and observed their deportment and manner of testifying.[32 He had before him the essential aids to determine whether a witness was telling the truth or lying. Truth does not always stalk boldly forth naked; she often hides in nooks and crannies visible only to the minds eye of the judge who tried the case. To him appears the furtive glance, the blush of conscious shame, the hesitation, the sincere or flippant or sneering tone, the heat, the calmness, the yawn, the sigh, the candor or lack of it, the scant or full realization of the solemnity of an oath, the carriage and mien. chanrobles virtual law library

The exception to the rule is when the trial court overlooked certain facts of substance and value that, if considered, might affect the result of the case.[33 In the first and second assignment of errors, the accused Mendoza attempts to place the present case under the mantle of this exception. Thus, the defense points out that Christopher Huidem was celebrating his birthday and was continuously drinking intoxicating liquor for eight hours from March 21, 1997 up to midnight before the shooting incident took place at about 3:00 a.m. This leads the defense to the conclusion that Christopher was too drunk and sleepy to have identified the accused as the triggerman.[34 We cannot subscribe to the accused Mendoza's contention. Although Christopher admitted that he drank liquor while celebrating his birthday, he likewise testified that he did not drink too much and that he could still get hold of himself. He still had the sense to remember the shooting of his best friend, Antonio. On the other hand, the defense's assertion of Christopher's extreme drunkenness is merely a conclusion which does not find support from the evidence on record. chanrobles virtual law library

The defense likewise observed that the testimonies of the prosecution witnesses were fraught with inconsistencies. One such inconsistency was that Christopher testified that he knew who shot Antonio. But initially, upon investigation by the police, Christopher "first described the facial features, the body built, the complexion and the clothes worn by the assailant before mentioning the name of the herein accused-appellant."[35 From this, the defense draws the conclusion that Christopher was unsure of the identity of the perpetrator thus he only described him. The conclusion does not follow from the premises laid down by the defense. It is not decisive that Christopher first described the accused Mendoza before stating his name as the culprit. It is not even required that the witness know the name of the accused in order to positively identify him. This Court has repeatedly held that identification of a person is not solely through knowledge of his name. In fact, familiarity with physical features, particularly those of the face, is the best way to identify a person. One may be familiar with the face but not necessarily the name. Thus, it does not follow that to be able to identify a person, one must necessarily know his name.[36 "Experience shows that precisely because of the unusual acts of bestiality committed before their eyes, eyewitnesses, especially the victims to a crime, can remember with a high degree of reliability the identity of criminals. We have ruled that the natural reaction of victims of criminal violence is to strive to see the appearance of their assailants and observe the manner the crime was committed. Most often, the face and body movements of the assailant create an impression which cannot easily be erased from their memory."[37 As the eyewitness testified, prior to the shooting incident, they were familiar with the physical features of the accused Mendoza. On the night that Mendoza shot Antonio, he was wearing a bonnet which left his eyes and nose exposed. Through these facial features, his fair complexion, his height and built, the eyewitnesses, particularly Christopher, Andres, Rosario and Goyagoy, were able to identify him. chanrobles virtual law library

Another inconsistency played up by the defense is the difference in the testimonies of Christopher Huidem and Andres Rodriguez with respect to the clothes the accused Mendoza wore on that fateful night. In his affidavit, Christopher stated that the accused Mendoza wore an unbuttoned dark jacket over a white shirt and khaki short pants, while Andres testified that Mendoza was not wearing a jacket, but only a white shirt and khaki short pants. Such inconsistency is only a minor detail which does not affect the credibility of the witnesses. Witnesses cannot be expected to remember all the details of the harrowing event which unfolded before their eyes. We have consistently held that minor discrepancies do not damage the essential integrity of the evidence in its material whole nor reflect adversely on the witnesses' credibility.[38 In fact, they may even strengthen their credibility.[39 Furthermore, there is a dearth of evidence of any motive or reason for the prosecution witnesses to falsely testify against the accused Mendoza. The accused himself tesitified that he did not have any misunderstanding with the prosecution's principal witnesses. Well-entrenched in our jurisprudence is the rule that where there is no evidence that the principal witnesses of the prosecution were actuated by ill-motive, their testimony is entitled to full faith and credit.[40 chanrobles virtual law library

To bolster the prosecution's story, NBI ballistician Bilgera confirmed that the bullet and shells found in the scene of the crime were fired from the accused Mendoza's .45 caliber pistol bearing Serial No. 1085262. chanrobles virtual law library

In light of the positive identification made by the prosecution witnesses, the accused's defense of denial and alibi must fall. The running case law is that positive identification of the accused will prevail over the defense of denial and alibi.[41 Furthermore, for alibi to prosper, it must be shown that there was physical impossibility for the accused to have been at the scene of the crime. The defense has failed to satisfy this requirement. The scene of the shooting incident and the hospital where accused claims he was at the time Antonio was shot are both in Ilagan, Isabela. chanrobles virtual law library

Anent the third assignment of error, the trial court was correct in appreciating the qualifying circumstance of treachery and convicting the accused Mendoza of murder and not homicide. To prove treachery, the following must be shown: (1) the employment of means of execution that gives the person attacked no opportunity to defend himself or to retaliate; and (2) the deliberate and conscious adoption of the means of execution.[42 The testimonies of the prosecution witnesses clearly show that the accused Mendoza shot Antonio suddenly and without warning. Antonio therefore did not have any opportunity to defend himself and to retaliate. It cannot also be gainsaid that the means of execution was deliberate and consciously adopted. The accused Mendoza went to the crime scene armed with a gun. He first lighted Antonio's face with the flashlight he carried with him, then fired at a vital part of Antonio's body. chanrobles virtual law library

With respect to the accused Mendoza's civil liability, the accused shall pay the victim's heirs P50.000.00 as civil indemnity. The evidence on record also warrants payment of P8,000.00, not P30,000.00, in actual damages. The trial court was correct in awarding moral damages, but conformably with case law, the amount should be reduced to P50,000.00. Similarly, exemplary damages must be reduced to P50,000.00. The accused Mendoza shall also compensate the heirs of Antonio for the latter's loss of earning capacity. The following factors should be considered in determining the compensable amount of lost earnings: (1) the number of years for which the victim would have otherwise lived; and (2) the rate of loss sustained by the heirs of the deceased. Jurisprudence provides that the first factor, or life expectancy, is computed by applying the formula (2/3 x [80-age at death]) adopted in the American Expectancy Table of Mortality or the Actuarial Combined Experience Table of Mortality.[43 On the other hand, the second factor is arrived at by multiplying the life expectancy by the net earnings of the deceased, i.e., the total earnings less expenses necessary in the creation of such earnings or income and less living and other incidental expenses.[44 The net earning is ordinarily pegged at fifty percent (50%) of the gross earnings.[45 chanrobles virtual law library

Antonio's wife, Leonisa, testified that her husband was 25 years old at the time of his death. He was then earning P180.00 per day as a contractual worker in the Coca-Cola Bottler's Plant in Ilagan, Isabela. The defense did not dispute Leonisa's testimony. Thus, applying the formula above, the accused Mendoza should pay the victim's heirs P861,378.30 as shown by the following computation: chanrobles virtual law library

2/3 x (80 - 25[age at the time of death]) = 36.67 (expected years of life left) chanrobles virtual law library

P 180.00 (daily earning) x 261 (number of working days in a year) = P46,980.00 (gross annual salary) chanrobles virtual law library

P 46,980.00 x .50 = P23,490.00 (net annual salary) chanrobles virtual law library

36.67 x P23,490.00= P861,378.30 (loss of earning capacity)[46 chanrobles virtual law library

IN VIEW WHEREOF , the impugned decision is AFFIRMED with the MODIFICATION that the accused Mendoza is hereby adjudged to pay the heirs of the victim the amount of P50,000.00 as civil indemnity, P8,000.00 as actual damages, P50,000.00 as moral damages, P50,000.00 as exemplary damages, and P861,378.30 as unearned income. Costs against the accused-appellant. chanrobles virtual law library

The gun used by the accused, .45 caliber pistol bearing Serial No. 1085262, is ordered to be returned to the government agency or unit that issued the same to the accused. chanrobles virtual law library

SO ORDERED. chanrobles virtual law library

Davide, Jr., C.J., (Chairman), Kapunan, Pardo, and Ynares-Santiago, JJ., concur .

[1 Original Records, p. 1.

[2 TSN, Christopher Huidem, September 11, 1997, p. 42.

[3 TSN, Rosario Repaso, October 14, 1997, pp. 66-67.

[4 TSN, Christopher Huidem, September 11, 1997, p. 27.

[5 TSN, Andres Rodriguez, September 11, 1997, pp. 62-64.

[6 Original Records, p. 14; Exhibit "A-1", Sworn Statement of Christopher Huidem, p. 2; Original Records, p. 16; Exhibit "B", Sworn Statement of Andres Rodriguez, p. 1.

[7 TSN, Christopher Huidem, supra, pp. 22-23; Andres Rodriguez, supra, pp. 63-97; Rosario Repaso, supra, p. 71; Basilio Goyagoy, September 25, 1997, p. 10.

[8 TSN, Rosario Repaso, supra, pp. 71-72.

[9 TSN, Basilio Goyagoy, supra, p. 9.

[10 Id. , p. 23.

[11 TSN, Rosario Repaso, supra, p. 132; Fausto Mamauag, October 23, 1997, p. 62.

[12 TSN, Fausto Mamauag, supra, pp. 62-63.

[13 TSN, Basilio Goyagoy, supra, pp. 7-15.

[14 Original Records, pp. 13-14, 16, 21; Exhibits "A", "B", and "H".

[15 TSN, September 25, 1997, p. 17.

[16 Original Records, p. 14; Exhibit "A-1", Sworn Statement of Christopher Huidem, p. 2.

[17 TSN, Christopher Huidem, supra, p. 44; September 17, 1997, p. 171.

[18 TSN, Andres Rodriguez, supra, pp. 117-121.

[19 TSN, Dra. Lourdes Sandojas, September 16, 1997, pp. 6-56.

[20 Original Records, p. 86; Exhibit "G".

[21 TSN, SPO4 Catalino Rumbaoa, October 14, 1997, pp. 59-63.

[22 Exhibit "E"; TSN, Rodolfo Bilgera, January 14, 1998, p. 171.

[23 TSN, Rodolfo Bilgera, January 14, 1998, pp. 171-172; Exhibit "L", "L-1" and "L-2".

[24 TSN, Leonisa Laggui, October 23, 1997, pp. 47-52.

[25 TSN, Antonio Mendoza, supra, pp. 100-106.

[26 TSN, Cristina Mendoza, November 19, 1997, pp. 138-147.

[27 TSN, Carmen Carao, December 1, 1997, pp. 4-11.

[28 Rollo, pp. 25-26.

[29 Rollo, p. 22; Decision, p. 4.

[30 People v. Pacina, G.R. No. 123150, August 16, 2000.

[31 G.R. No. 130669, March 27, 2000, citing People v. Agbayani, 284 SCRA 315 (1998), citing People v. Delovino, 317 Phil. 741, 753 (1995), citing Creamer v. Bivert, 214 MO 473, 474 (1908) as cited in M. FRANCES MCNAMARA, 2000 FAMOUS LEGAL QUOTATIONS 548 (1967).

[32 Id., citing People v. Conde, 322 Phil. 757 (1996).

[33 People v. Quisay, G.R. No. 106833, December 10, 1999, citing People v. Dizon, G.R. No. 128889, August 20, 1999.

[34 Rollo, pp. 53-54; Appellant's Brief, pp. 9-10.

[35 Rollo, p. 54; Appellant's Brief, p, 10.

[36 People v. Verzosa, et al., 294 SCRA 466 (1998), citing People v. Reception, 198 SCRA 670 (1991). See also People v. Barrientos, 285 SCRA 221 (1998), citing People v. Reception, supra.

[37 People v. Teehankee, Jr. 249 SCRA 54 (1995), citing People v. Campa, 230 SCRA 431 (1994) and People v. Apawan, 235 SCRA 355 (1994).

[38 People v. Saez, G.R. No. 13512, December 15, 1999, citing People v. Simon, 234 SCRA 555 (1994).

[39 People v. Carullo, 289 SCRA 481 (1998), citing People v. Lorenzo, 240 SCRA 624 (1995).

[40 People v. Milliam, et al., G.R. No. 129071, January 31, 2000, citing People v. Leoterion, G.R. Nos. 111940-06, November 21, 1996.

[41 People v. Gallego, G.R. No. 130603, August 15, 2000, citing People v. Rojas, G.R. No. 125292, April 12, 2000, citing People v. Cortes, G.R. No. 129693, January 24, 2000.

[42 People v. Casingal, G.R. No. 132214, August 1, 2000, citing People v. Aquino, G.R. No. 128887, January 20, 2000 citing People v. Hubilla, 252 SCRA 471, 481 (1996); People v. Realin, G.R. No. 126051, January 21, 1999.

[43 People v. Reynaldo Langit, G.R. No. 134757-58, August 4, 2000, citing People v. Villanueva, 302 SCRA 380 (1999); People v. Suitos, 20 SCRA 419 (1967).

[44 Id., citing People v. Reyes, 309 SCRA 622 (1999).

[45 Id., citing People v. De Vera, Sr., 308 SCRA 102 (1999).

[46 See People v. Reynaldo Langit, supra.