SECOND DIVISION

D E C I S I O N

CARPIO, J.:

The Case

 cralaw

This petition for reviewcЃa1cЃacЃaląw assails the 26 May 2005 DecisioncЃa2cЃacЃaląw of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. CV No. 48447.

The Facts

Petitioner Cargill, Inc. (petitioner) is a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of Delaware, United States of America. Petitioner and Northern Mindanao Corporation (NMC) executed a contract dated 16 August 1989 whereby NMC agreed to sell to petitioner 20,000 to 24,000 metric tons of molasses, to be delivered from 1 Januaryto 30 June 1990at the price of $44 per metric ton. The contract provides that petitioner would open a Letter of Credit with the Bank of Philippine Islands. Under the “red clause” of the Letter of Credit, NMC was permitted to draw up to $500,000 representing the minimum price of the contract upon presentation of some documents.chanroblesvirtua|awlibary

The contract was amended three times: first, on 11 January 1990, increasingthe purchase price of the molasses to $47.50 per metric ton;cЃa3cЃacЃaląw second, on 18 June 1990, reducing the quantity of the molasses to 10,500 metric tons and increasing the price to $55 per metric ton;cЃa4cЃacЃaląw and third, on 22 August 1990, providing for the shipment of 5,250 metric tons of molasses on the last half of December 1990 through the first half of January 1991, and the balance of 5,250 metric tons on the last half of January 1991 through the first half of February 1991.cЃa5cЃacЃaląwThe third amendment also required NMC to put up a performance bond equivalent to $451,500, which represents the value of 10,500 metric tons of molasses computed at $43 per metric ton. The performance bond was intended to guarantee NMC’s performance to deliver the molasses during the prescribed shipment periods according to the terms of the amended contract.

In compliance with the terms of the third amendment of the contract, respondent Intra Strata Assurance Corporation (respondent) issued on 10 October 1990 a performance bondcЃa6cЃacЃaląw in the sum of P11,287,500 to guarantee NMC’s delivery of the 10,500 tons of molasses, and a surety bondcЃa7cЃacЃaląw in the sum of P9,978,125 to guarantee the repayment of downpayment as provided in the contract.chanroblesvirtua|awlibary

NMC was only able to deliver 219.551 metric tons of molasses out of the agreed 10,500 metric tons. Thus, petitioner sent demand letters to respondent claiming payment under the performance and surety bonds. When respondent refused to pay, petitioner filed on 12 April 1991 a complaintcЃa8cЃacЃaląw for sum of money against NMC and respondent.chanroblesvirtua|awlibary

Petitioner, NMC, and respondent entered into a compromise agreement,cЃa9cЃacЃaląw which the trial court approved in its DecisioncЃa10cЃacЃaląw dated 13 December 1991. The compromise agreement provides that NMC would pay petitioner P3,000,000 upon signing of the compromise agreement and would deliver to petitioner 6,991 metric tons of molasses from 16-31 December 1991. However, NMC still failed to comply with its obligation under the compromise agreement. Hence, trial proceeded against respondent.chanroblesvirtua|awlibary

On 23 November 1994, the trial court rendered a decision, the dispositive portion of which reads:

WHEREFORE, judgment is rendered in favor of plaintiff [Cargill, Inc.], ordering defendant INTRA STRATA ASSURANCE CORPORATION to solidarily pay plaintiff the total amount of SIXTEEN MILLION NINE HUNDRED NINETY-THREE THOUSAND AND TWO HUNDRED PESOS (P16,993,200.00), Philippine Currency, with interest at the legal rate from October 10, 1990 until fully paid, plus attorney’s fees in the sum of TWO HUNDRED THOUSAND PESOS (P200,000.00), Philippine Currency and the costs of the suit.chanroblesvirtua|awlibary

The Counterclaim of Intra Strata Assurance Corporation is hereby dismissed for lack of merit.chanroblesvirtua|awlibary

SO ORDERED.cЃa11cЃacЃaląw

On appeal, the Court of Appeals reversed the trial court’s decision and dismissed the complaint. Hence, this petition.chanroblesvirtua|awlibary

The Court of Appeals’ Ruling

The Court of Appeals held that petitioner does not have the capacity to file this suit since it is a foreign corporation doing business in the Philippines without the requisite license. The Court of Appeals held that petitioner’spurchases of molasses were in pursuance of its basic business and not just mere isolated and incidental transactions.chanroblesvirtua|awlibary

The Issues

Petitioner raises the following issues:

1.Whether petitioner is doing or transacting business in the Philippines in contemplation of the law and established jurisprudence;cralaw

2.Whether respondent is estopped from invoking the defense that petitioner has no legal capacity to sue in the Philippines;cralaw

3. Whether petitioner is seeking a review of the findings of fact of the Court of Appeals; and

4.Whether the advance payment of $500,000 was released to NMC without the submission of the supporting documents required in thecontract and the “red clause” Letter of Credit from which saidamount was drawn.cЃa12cЃacЃaląw

The Ruling of the Court

We find the petition meritorious.chanroblesvirtua|awlibary

Doing Business in the Philippines and Capacity to Sue

The principal issue in this case is whether petitioner, an unlicensed foreign corporation, has legal capacity to sue before Philippine courts. Under Article 123cЃa13cЃacЃaląw of the Corporation Code, a foreign corporation must first obtaina license and a certificate from the appropriate government agency before it can transact business in the Philippines. Where a foreign corporation does business in the Philippines without the proper license, it cannot maintain any action or proceeding before Philippinecourts as provided underSection 133 of the Corporation Code:

Sec. 133. Doing business without a license. – No foreign corporation transacting business in the Philippines without a license, or its successors or assigns, shall be permitted to maintain or intervene in any action, suit or proceeding in any court or administrative agency of the Philippines; but such corporation may be sued or proceeded against before Philippine courts or administrative tribunals on any valid cause of action recognized under Philippine laws.chanroblesvirtua|awlibary

Thus, the threshold question in this case is whether petitioner was doing business in the Philippines. The Corporation Code provides no definition for the phrase “doing business.” Nevertheless, Section 1 of Republic Act No. 5455 (RA 5455),cЃa14cЃacЃaląw provides that:

x x x the phrase “doing business” shall include soliciting orders, purchases, service contracts, opening offices, whether called ‘liaison’ offices or branches; appointing representatives or distributors who are domiciled in the Philippines or who in any calendar year stay in the Philippines for a period or periods totalling one hundred eighty days or more; participating in the management, supervision or control of any domestic business firm, entity or corporation in the Philippines; and any other act or acts that imply a continuity of commercial dealings or arrangements, and contemplate to that extent the performance of acts or works, or the exercise of some of the functions normally incident to, and in progressive prosecution of, commercial gain or of the purpose and object of the business organization. (Emphasis supplied)

This is also the exact definition provided under Article 44 of the Omnibus Investments Code of 1987.chanroblesvirtua|awlibary

Republic Act No. 7042 (RA 7042), otherwise known as theForeign Investments Act of 1991, which repealed Articles 44-56 of Book II ofthe Omnibus Investments Code of 1987, enumerated not only the acts or activities which constitute “doing business” but also thoseactivities which are not deemed “doing business.” Section 3(d) of RA 7042 states:

[T]he phrase “doing business” shall include “soliciting orders, service contracts, opening offices, whether called ‘liaison’ offices or branches; appointing representatives or distributors domiciled in the Philippines or who in any calendar year stay in the country for a period or periods totalling one hundred eighty (180) days or more; participating in the management, supervision or control of any domestic business, firm, entity or corporation in the Philippines; and any other act or acts that imply a continuity of commercial dealings or arrangements, and contemplate to that extent the performance of acts or works, or the exercise of some of the functions normally incident to, and in progressive prosecution of, commercial gain or of the purpose and object of the business organization: Provided, however, That the phrase ‘doing business’ shall not be deemed to include mere investment as a shareholder by a foreign entity in domestic corporations duly registered to do business, and/or the exercise of rights as such investor; nor having a nominee director or officer to represent its interests in such corporation; nor appointing a representative or distributor domiciled in the Philippines which transacts business in its own name and for its own account.chanroblesvirtua|awlibary

Since respondent is relying on Section 133 of the Corporation Code to bar petitioner from maintaining an action in Philippine courts, respondent bears the burden of proving that petitioner’s business activities in the Philippines were not just casual or occasional, but so systematic and regular as to manifest continuity and permanence of activity to constitute doing business in the Philippines. In this case, we find that respondent failed to prove that petitioner’s activities in the Philippines constitute doing business as would prevent it from bringing an action.chanroblesvirtua|awlibary

The determination of whether a foreign corporation is doing business in the Philippines must be based on the facts of each case.cЃa15cЃacЃaląw In the case of Antam Consolidated, Inc. v. CA,cЃa16cЃacЃaląw in which a foreign corporation filed an action for collection of sum of money against petitioners therein for damages and loss sustained for the latter’s failure to deliver coconut crude oil, the Court emphasized the importance of the element of continuity of commercial activities to constitute doing business in the Philippines. The Court held:

In the case at bar, the transactions entered into by the respondent with the petitioners are not a series of commercial dealings which signify an intent on the part of the respondent to do business in the Philippines but constitute an isolated one which does not fall under the category of “doing business.” The records show that the only reason why the respondent entered into the second and third transactions with the petitioners was because it wanted to recover the loss it sustained from the failure of the petitioners to deliver the crude coconut oil under the first transaction and in order to give the latter a chance to make good on their obligation. x x x

x x x The three seemingly different transactions were entered into by the parties only in an effort to fulfill the basic agreement and in no way indicate an intent on the part of the respondent to engage in a continuity of transactions with petitioners which will categorize it as a foreign corporation doing business in the Philippines.cЃa17cЃacЃaląw

Similarly, in this case, petitioner and NMC amended their contract three times to give a chance to NMC to deliver to petitioner the molasses, considering that NMC already received the minimum price of the contract. There is no showing that the transactions between petitioner and NMC signify the intent of petitioner to establish a continuous business or extend its operationsin the Philippines.chanroblesvirtua|awlibary

The Implementing Rules and Regulations of RA 7042 provide under Section 1(f), Rule I, that “doing business” does not include the following acts:

1. Mere investment as a shareholder by a foreign entity in domestic corporations duly registered to do business, and/or the exercise of rights as such investor;cralaw

2. Having a nominee director or officer to represent its interests in such corporation;cralaw

3. Appointing a representative or distributor domiciled in the Philippines which transacts business in the representative's or distributor's own name and account;cralaw

4. The publication of a general advertisement through any print or broadcast media;cralaw

5. Maintaining a stock of goods in the Philippines solely for the purpose of having the same processed by another entity in the Philippines;cralaw

6. Consignment by a foreign entity of equipment with a local company to be used in the processing of products for export;cralaw

7. Collecting information in the Philippines; and

8. Performing services auxiliary to an existing isolated contract of sale which are not on a continuing basis, such as installing in the Philippines machinery it has manufactured or exported to the Philippines, servicing the same, training domestic workers to operate it, and similar incidental services.chanroblesvirtua|awlibary

Most of these activities do not bring any direct receipts or profits to the foreign corporation, consistent with the ruling of this Court in National Sugar Trading Corp. v. CAcЃa18cЃacЃaląw that activities within Philippine jurisdiction that do not create earnings or profits to the foreign corporation do not constitute doing business in the Philippines.cЃa19cЃacЃaląw In that case, the Court held that it would be inequitable for the National Sugar Trading Corporation, a state-owned corporation, to evade payment of a legitimate indebtedness owing to the foreign corporation on the plea that the latter should have obtained a license first before perfecting a contract with the Philippine government. The Court emphasized that the foreign corporation did not sell sugar and derive income from the Philippines, but merely purchased sugar from the Philippine government and allegedly paid for it in full.chanroblesvirtua|awlibary

In this case, the contract between petitioner and NMC involved the purchase of molasses by petitioner from NMC. It was NMC, the domestic corporation, which derived income from the transaction and not petitioner. To constitute “doing business,” the activity undertaken in the Philippines should involve profit-making.cЃa20cЃacЃaląw Besides, under Section 3(d) of RA 7042, “soliciting purchases” has been deleted from the enumeration of acts or activities which constitute “doing business.”

Other factors which support the finding that petitioner is not doing business in the Philippines are: (1) petitioner does not have an officein the Philippines; (2) petitioner imports products from the Philippines through its non-exclusive local broker, whose authority to act on behalf of petitioner is limited to soliciting purchases of products from suppliers engaged in the sugar trade in the Philippines; and (3) the local broker is an independent contractor and not an agent of petitioner.cЃa21cЃacЃaląw

As explained by the Court in B. Van Zuiden Bros., Ltd. v. GTVL Marketing Industries, Inc.:cЃa22cЃacЃaląw

An exporter in one country may export its products to many foreign importing countries without performing in the importing countries specific commercial acts that would constitute doing business in the importing countries. The mere act of exporting from one’s own country, without doing any specific commercial act within the territory of the importing country, cannot be deemed as doing business in the importing country. The importing country does not require jurisdiction over the foreign exporter who has not yet performed any specific commercial act within the territory of the importing country. Without jurisdiction over the foreign exporter, the importing country cannot compel the foreign exporter to secure a license to do business in the importing country.chanroblesvirtua|awlibary

Otherwise, Philippine exporters, by the mere act alone of exporting their products, could be considered by the importing countries to be doing business in those countries. This will require Philippine exporters to secure a business license in every foreign country where they usually export their products, even if they do not perform any specific commercial act within the territory of such importing countries. Such a legal concept will have deleterious effect not only on Philippine exports, but also on global trade.chanroblesvirtua|awlibary

To be doing or “transacting business in the Philippines” for purposes of Section 133 of the Corporation Code, the foreign corporation must actually transact business in the Philippines, that is, perform specific business transactions within the Philippine territory on a continuing basis in its own name and for its own account. Actual transaction of business within the Philippine territory is an essential requisite for the Philippines toto acquire jurisdiction over a foreign corporation and thus require the foreign corporation to secure a Philippine business license. If a foreign corporation does not transact such kind of business in the Philippines, even if it exports its products to the Philippines, the Philippines has no jurisdiction to require such foreign corporation to secure a Philippine business license.cЃa23cЃacЃaląw (Emphasis supplied)

In the present case, petitioner is a foreign company merely importing molasses from a Philipine exporter. A foreign company that merely imports goods from a Philippine exporter, without opening an office or appointing anagent in the Philippines, is not doing business in the Philippines.chanroblesvirtua|awlibary

Review of Findings of Fact

The Supreme Court may review the findings of fact of the Court of Appeals which are in conflict with the findings of the trial court.cЃa24cЃacЃaląw We find that the Court of Appeals’ finding that petitioner was doing business is notsupported by evidence.chanroblesvirtua|awlibary

Furthermore, a review of the records shows that the trial court was correct in holding thatthe advance payment of $500,000 was released to NMC in accordance with the conditions provided underthe “red clause” Letter of Credit from which saidamount was drawn. The Head of the International Operations Department of the Bank of Philippine Islands testified that the bank would not have paid the beneficiary if the required documents were not complete. It is a requisite in a documentary credit transaction that the documents should conform to the terms and conditions of the letter of credit; otherwise, the bank will not pay. The Head of the International Operations Department of the Bank of Philippine Islands also testified that they received reimbursement from the issuing bank for the $500,000 withdrawn by NMC.cЃa25cЃacЃaląw Thus, respondent had no legitimate reason to refuse payment under the performance and surety bonds when NMC failed to perform its part under its contract with petitioner.chanroblesvirtua|awlibary

WHEREFORE , we GRANT the petition. We REVERSE the Decision dated26 May 2005 of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. CV No. 48447. We REINSTATE the Decision dated23 November 1994 of the trial court.chanroblesvirtua|awlibary

SO ORDERED.chanroblesvirtua|awlibary

ANTONIO T. CARPIO

Associate Justice

WE CONCUR:

BRION, DEL CASTILLO, ABAD, and PEREZ, JJ.

ATTESTATION

I attest that the conclusions in the above Decision had been reached in consultation before the case was assigned to the writer of the opinion of the Court’s Division.chanroblesvirtua|awlibary

ANTONIO T. CARPIO

Associate Justice

Chairperson

CERTIFICATION

Pursuant to Section 13, Article VIII of the Constitution, it is hereby certified that the conclusions in the above Decision were reached in consultation before the case was assigned to the writer of the opinion of the Court’s Division.

REYNATO S. PUNO

Chief Justice