US SUPREME COURT DECISIONS

In an action against a railroad corporation by a passenger, for a personal injury caused by a car's being thrown off the track in consequence of a worn-out rail, the admission of evidence that the general condition of that portion of the road which included the place of the accident had long been bad, and that the rails had been in use a great many years, affords the defendant no ground of exception.

The official reports of the superintendent of a railroad to the board of directors are competent evidence, as against the corporation, of the condition of the road.

It a trial by jury in a court of the United States, the judge may express his opinion upon the facts; the expression of such an opinion, when no rule of law is incorrectly stated, and all matters of fact are ultimately submitted to the determination of the jury, cannot be reviewed by writ of error, and the powers of the courts of the United States in this respect are not controlled by state statutes forbidding judges to express any opinion upon the facts.

In an action for a personal injury, the plaintiff is entitled to recover compensation, so far as it is susceptible of an estimate in money, for the loss and chanrobles.com-red

Page 118 U. S. 546

damage caused to him by the defendant's negligence, including not only expenses incurred for medical attendance and a reasonable sum for his pain and suffering, but also a fair recompense for the loss of what he would otherwise have earned in his trade or profession, and has been deprived of the capacity of earning, by the wrongful act of the defendant.

In an action against a railroad corporation by a passenger for personal injuries impairing his capacity to earn his livelihood, standard life and annuity tables are competent evidence for the consideration of the jury, but not absolute guides to control their decision.

This was an action against a railroad corporation for personal injuries received on September 16, 1881, by a passenger (then forty-nine years of age), from the car in which he was seated being thrown off the track in consequence of a worn-out rail and rotten cross-ties, whereby his collarbone, shoulder blade, and several ribs were broken, and his sight, hearing, ease of breathing, and capacity to do business impaired.

At the trial, it appeared that the accident happened between the stations of Edwards and Bolton, and that the heaviest traffic was over that part of the road.

A witness, who had traveled over the road some twenty five times, was asked by the plaintiff the condition of the road between those places. The defendant objected to any evidence of the condition of the road generally, or at any place except at the place of the accident in question. But the court overruled the objection, and permitted the witness to answer that the condition of the road between those places was bad, and the defendant excepted.

The plaintiff offered in evidence two printed reports made by the superintendent of the road to the board of directors, one in 1877, which stated that in the portion of the road where the heaviest traffic was done there were about thirty-five miles of iron that had been run over for more than twenty-five years, and required the closest attention to prevent accidents, and the other, made in 1880, stated that there were twenty-five miles of track made of iron forty-two years in service, and now almost entirely worn out. The defendant objected to the admission of these reports, because they were not sworn to under examination in court; because they had no reference to the place of the accident, but only to the general condition of chanrobles.com-red

Page 118 U. S. 547

the rails; because they could not bind the defendant as admissions, and because the information of the superintendent as to the condition of the road was derived in part from the reports of subordinates. But the court overruled the objections, and admitted the reports in evidence, and the defendant excepted.

The plaintiff testified to the extent of his injuries, as alleged in the declaration, and that they had been improving and he was gradually getting relief, but that he never expected to get entirely well, and further testified as stated in the charge of the court, quoted below. The surgeon who attended him likewise testified to the extent of the injuries, and, among other things, as follows:

"The injuries in such cases are apt to be permanent; sometimes they grow worse, and sometimes they get well. Sometimes they get entirely well; in other cases they do not; cannot tell how it will be in the plaintiff's case."

The plaintiff offered in evidence two tables: the first, entitled, "Expectation Table of Assured Lives," which an agent of the Equitable Life Insurance Company testified was the table used by the American Life Insurance Company, and which showed at forty-nine years old, "Expectation, years 21.6." The second, a table from Reese's Manual, entitled a "Table showing the Value of Annuities on Single Lives according to the Carlisle Table of Mortality," which showed the present value of an annuity of $1 a year for the life of a man aged forty nine to be $10.82. To the admission of each of these tables the defendant objected, because "the plaintiff had not shown a case in which such evidence is admissible, the plaintiff not having been billed permanently or disabled." But the court overruled the objections, and admitted the tables in evidence, and the defendant excepted.

The material parts of the judge's charge to the jury were as follows, the passages excepted to being printed in italics:

"Upon the testimony, I charge you as follows: The principal wetness for the defendant was a man who was the section master, that is, Mr. Smith. If there was a rotten tie there, and he had overlooked it, he would be strongly tempted to conceal it and put the fault on somebody else. The superintendent was the agent of the road, but he testifies he did not examine it.

Page 118 U. S. 548

He saw the accident was caused by a broken rail. He was in a hurry to get off, and he did not examine it closely. His testimony therefore does not amount to much, except to establish the fact that it was caused by a broken rail. What broke the rail he does not know. If it was a bad cross-tie and it was the cause of the accident, why then the negligence of the road would be very great, or the negligence of the employees, because that was a thing anybody could see. Three of the witnesses say that it was a bad cross-tie. You remember, with regard to these things, it is only a matter of opinion of these men. One says that it was a rusty place, as though it had lain on a rotten cross-tie. Another says, right at the place where it was broken there was a rotten cross-tie. Another stated the primary cause was a rotten cross-tie. Mr. Smith stated that he went and worked on it and studied it, and he came to the conclusion that the rotten cross-tie had nothing to do with it, and he arrived at that conclusion from examining the different breaks, and deduced what was probably the result from them, he saying none of the breaks was under the decayed cross-tie. He is contradicted by one of the witnesses, who says that right under the place which was broken was a rotten cross-tie. If the rotten cross-tie was the primary cause, there was a plain open case of negligence. It would be their duty to look after it, and if that caused the broken rail and this man is damaged the company would be liable."

"But it is insisted by the company that the broken rail came from some secret defect. If you believe that to be true, and that secret defect could not have been ascertained by proper diligence -- for every means must be used to detect it, especially in case of iron that is very old -- if every means had been used to detect it, then the road is not liable. If you put an old man to do a young man's work, you ought to be sure that the old man is sound; you ought to test him. And so if you put an old rail forty years old, that has been run over by train after train for forty years, and put that to do the work of a piece of iron. I believe there is no testimony about the average age, but it is a question of universal notoriety that, as Mr. Smith said in his testimony, old rails are much more apt to break than new.

Page 118 U. S. 549

If this rail had been here a long time, it was their duty to take extraordinary care. Now what would that be? Not merely to look at it; you can do that with the very best kind of rails. They would have a man pass over there, as he says, two or three times a week, and look over everything. He does that with the very best kind of rails. When these rails get old and are liable to break, much closer care ought to be taken. I would not be prepared to say what they ought to do in a case like this. If a rail be forty years old, perhaps they ought to send a man around every day to hammer it. I do not say that this would be their duty. I suggest that to you for your consideration, because this is extraordinary to use a forty years' old rail. There is no evidence that they did anything more with that than they did with, any other rail. In this state, the jury are judges of what the duty would be. I do not know what is the law of Mississippi, but as it is to be tried by Georgia law, the jury are the judges."

"As to damages: 1st. There is the actual pecuniary damage -- that is, the damage which can be computed with certainty, as, for instance, a doctor's bill; that can be computed with certainty, and that has been proven in this case to be $290. Also the loss of time can be computed. It did not appear whether this man lost anything or not by the loss of time -- whether he lost his salary. The company would not be bound to pay him, perhaps, for his salary if he did not perform his duty. There might be actual damage for the loss of time if there has been any sustained, but you cannot imagine expenses unless they are proven. In this case, so far as the salary is concerned, the presumption would be that he had lost his salary. That might be computed, but there is no evidence about it. What the truth is about that we do not know, but, he having lost his time, the presumption is he lost his pay, and that would be another element of damage which you could ascertain with certainty."

"2d. Then there is another kind of damage for which there may be compensation, and that is for the pain and suffering. In all these cases of serious injury, money cannot pay for the pain and suffering. It only approaches to it, but he is

Page 118 U. S. 550

entitled to some compensation for the pain and suffering. Now that is left to the enlightened consciences of the jury."

"There is another element of damage, as claimed in this case, which is less certain -- to-wit, a kind of speculative damage, in which it is ascertained what a man would make at the time of the accident and what he was capable of making afterward. To find out what he was capable of making, you must find out what he did make, and then how much his capacity to do his former duties was injured, and, having ascertained that, find out how old he is; then find out how much he is damaged every year, and then find out from the table which you will have out before you how much $1 of annuity to the end of his expectation is worth, and multiply them together."

"As I said, all this is not very certain. You cannot ascertain it to a certainty for several reasons. No man can tell how long a man is going to live, but you can come close to it; you can tell about how many out of ten thousand are going to die per year. You must only average it. A man who makes a good deal of money one day may get to be a drunkard, or his whole business may break down, as is often the case. His mode of life may change."

"Find out what that man is capable of making. His testimony is he had a salary of $3,000, and lie had a trade, to-wit, an adjuster. That was his profession. He said he made $700 to $1,100 as an adjuster. Now you take this $3,000 and what he could have made otherwise, what he has shown he did make otherwise, and find out what he did make in one year. Find out from the proof how much he has lost. There is his own testimony, and it is to be taken like the testimony of every other party at interest; his own testimony is he could not carry on his old business. It required an amount of exercise and travel which would be perfectly impossible for him to take, and he had to go back into a business by the month, where he could have an office and where he would be at expense. Under his contract, there would be no expense; they paid his expenses. As an adjuster, he had his expenses paid and $10 a day. Now in the new business he still keeps up a small business of adjuster. He gets $175 a month. "

Page 118 U. S. 551

"I say to you that the kind of damage we are now discussing cannot be sure, certain. He may be damaged more or less now, next year he may be better. This is only one mode of arriving at it. You must take the whole thing together. He"

may get well. The doctors tell you the chances are that things of this sort are permanent. He may get well or he may not. Try to do what is right and just between the parties. You cannot be accurate as to this kind of damage, you can only approximate.

"Now if under all these rules, you find the defendant is liable, then find the amount of his liability. In arriving at the amount of liability, as I said before, there are two things you must find -- first, how much is the actual pecuniary damage he has sustained, the loss of the time and doctor's bill; second, his pain and suffering for the future; and, third, you will find out what he has been injured by the year. The company is bound to give him an annuity of the amount he has been damaged by the year, for a period equal to the expectation of the plaintiff's life. It would not do to say this: his expectation is thirty years, and he has lost $1,000 a year, therefore we will give him $30,000, for the annuity will be payable one part this year and another part next year, and each of the thirty parts payable each of the thirty years. You must have a sum such that when he dies it will all be used up at the end of thirty years. [The judge then directed the plaintiff's counsel to 'mark the table that has got the calculation,' and after the annuity table had been marked opposite forty-nine years of age, proceeded:] Add that to the present worth of annuity if you find he was damaged. Find, gentlemen, a verdict first for the pecuniary damage; next, the pain, if he has suffered any; next, the loss per year; multiply by the amount you find in that table, and add the three together, and your verdict would be just a general verdict for the amount found."

The jury returned a verdict for the plaintiff in the sum of $16,000, and the defendant brought the case to this Court by writ of error. chanrobles.com-red

Page 118 U. S. 553