US SUPREME COURT DECISIONS

Rosaries composed of beads of glass, wood, steel, bone, ivory, silver, or mother-of-pearl, each rosary having a chain and cross of metal, were, under the Revised Statutes, dutiable at 50 percent ad valorem under the head of "beads and bead ornaments" in Schedule M of § 2504, 2d ed., p. 473; the duty on manufactures of the articles of which the beads were composed, and on manufactures of the metal of the chain and cross, being less than 50 percent ad valorem, and § 2499 requiring that

"On all articles manufactured from two or more materials, the duty shall be assessed at the highest rates at which any of its component parts may be chargeable,"

and rosaries not being an enumerated article.

This was an action at law to recover back duties alleged to have been illegally exacted. Judgment for defendant. Plaintiff sued out this writ of error. The case is stated in the opinion of the Court.

MR. JUSTICE BLATCHFORD delivered the opinion of the Court.

This is an action at law commenced in a court of the State of New York and removed into the Circuit Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York, brought by the firm of Benziger Brothers against the collector of the port of New York to recover back duties alleged to have been illegally exacted on importations made into the port of New York in 1881 of articles which were entered as "rosaries." The duty exacted was 50 percent ad valorem, under Schedule M, § 2504, Rev.Stat., 2d ed., p. 473, which provides for that rate of duty chanrobles.com-red

Page 122 U. S. 212

on "all beads and bead ornaments." At the trial, the court directed the jury to find a verdict for the defendant. The plaintiffs excepted to this direction, and after such a verdict, and a judgment accordingly, brought this writ of error.

The component materials of the rosaries in question were: 1. Beads, glass; chain and cross, metal. 2. Beads, wood; chain and cross, metal. 3. Beads, chain, and cross all of steel. 4. Beads, bone; chain and cross, metal. 5. Beads, ivory; chain and cross, metal. 6. Beads, chain, and cross all of silver. 7. Beads, mother-of-pearl; chain and cross, metal. It was proved at the trial that the rosaries are composed of beads, a metal chain, and a cross, the beads being fastened on the chain at regular intervals; that a rosary is not complete without a cross; that they are used by Roman Catholics in counting their prayers; that they are carried in the pocket when not so in use, and are never used for ornament; that in all cases the beads are the component material of chief value; that they are dealt in only by dealers in religious and devotional articles pertaining to the Catholic Church, and are not dealt in by those who deal generally in beads and bead ornaments, and are not known to them, and that the expression, "I say the beads" is sometimes applied to the devotional exercises which are performed on rosaries. The witnesses for the plaintiffs testified that the articles in question are known to importers and wholesale dealers as rosaries, and are dealt in under that name, and are not dealt in under the name of beads; that dealers in rosaries also deal in the beads not made up into rosaries, but fastened together on a cotton string, which they sell to parties to be made up into rosaries; that an order for beads would be understood to mean these beads, and not the ones made up into rosaries, and that the people who use rosaries sometimes call them "beads" and sometimes "rosaries." The witness for the defendant testified that they are called beads or rosaries, and are bought and sold under the name of beads; that in point of fact they are made of beads and are called beads and rosaries irrespective of the material of which the beads are composed. On cross-examination, he testified as follows:

"Q. What class of

Page 122 U. S. 213

people call them beads?"

"A. Well, I think people in New York."

"Q. What class of people in New York?"

"A. A great many Catholics call them beads, and a great many call them rosaries."

"Q. Don't the dealers call them rosaries, and so catalogue them?"

"A. Yes, sir."

The plaintiffs claim that the rosaries were not dutiable under the head of "beads and bead ornaments," but were dutiable under various provisions of the Revised Statutes at 35 percent as manufactures of wood, bone, ivory, and shells; at 40 percent as manufactures of glass and silver, and at 45 percent as manufactures of steel.

The principle adopted by the Treasury Department in directing the collector to assess a duty of 50 percent on these rosaries was that, as they were not enumerated as "rosaries" in the tariff act, and were composed of beads with steel, silver, and other metals, the beads being the component material of chief value, although they might not be "bead ornament," they were dutiable at the rate of duty imposed on beads by virtue of the provision of § 2499 of the Revised Statutes, which enacts that

"On all articles manufactured from two or more materials, the duty shall be assessed at the highest rates at which any of its component parts may be chargeable."

This provision does not apply to any enumerated articles, but applies only to nonenumerated articles. The articles in question were known to importers and dealers as "rosaries." As such, they were not an enumerated article, but were dutiable under the above provision of § 2499 at the duty imposed on "beads."

The cases of Lottimer v. Lawrence, 1 Blatchford 613, and Arthur v. Sussfield, 96 U. S. 128, cited by the plaintiffs, have no application to the present case. In the former case, the article in question, thread lace, was enumerated in the tariff by that name. In the second case, the article was spectacles, made of glass and steel. A duty of 45 percent was exacted on the spectacles as being "manufactures of steel or of which steel shall be a component part." It was held by this Court that the article was dutiable at only 40 percent under the head of "pebbles for spectacles and all manufactures of glass, or of chanrobles.com-red

Page 122 U. S. 214

which glass shall be a component material." The ground of the decision was that as there could be no spectacles without pebbles or glass, the duty of 40 percent was imposed on the pebbles or glass as materials to aid the sight, the steel being incidental merely, and that in fact spectacles were designated under the description of "pebbles for spectacles."

Judgment affirmed.