US SUPREME COURT DECISIONS

Where the separate elements of the combination are all old, and it is only the article resulting from the combination that is protected by the patent, there is no actual infringement by one purchasing the different elements unless and until the article itself is made; but if such purchaser does make that article with the separate elements, he cannot escape liability on the ground that he purchased such elements from others.

Where none of the questions certified is apposite to the facts stated in the certificate, this Court is not bound to, and will not, answer them. The certificate will be dismissed.

The certificate in this case is as follows:

"There arises in this case a question of law upon which this Court desires the instruction of the Supreme Court for its proper decision. "

Page 232 U. S. 421

"It is therefore ordered that the statement and questions here following be certified to the Supreme Court as provided by the Sixth Section of the Act of March 3rd 1891."

"United States patent No. 554,675 was issued February 18, 1896, to Arthur W. Grant for rubber-tired wheel. The patentee immediately assigned the entire interest in said patent to the Rubber Tire Wheel Company. October 11, 1897, the Rubber Tire Wheel Company, being the sole owner, sold and assigned to the complainant, James D. Hurd, an exclusive license and shop-right to put on rubber tires according to said patent in Berkshire County, Massachusetts, in the western part of Vermont, and in seventeen counties in New York State, 'with the exclusive right to ship and sell the same throughout said territory, and not elsewhere,' subject, however, to the rights of the Hartford Rubber Works Company under a certain contract. Mr. Hurd immediately commenced and has ever since continued to operate under said patent in said territory."

"July 18, 1899, the owner of said patent conveyed the exclusive license to make and vend such tires throughout the United States to the Consolidated Rubber Tire Company, subject, however, to Hurd's rights and the Hartford Rubber Works Company contract."

"Much litigation has been had in reference to said patent. The following are the only cases important here, all of which were commenced after the exclusive license was granted to the complainant Hurd, and in none of which was he a party to the action or in control of the action."

"The Circuit Court of Appeals in the Sixth Circuit, in the case of Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. v. Rubber Tire Wheel Co., 116 F.3d 3, held that the patent was invalid."

"The court in the Second Circuit, in the case of the

Page 232 U. S. 422

Consolidated Rubber Tire Co. v. Finley Rubber Tire Co., 116 F.6d 9, held that the patent was valid."

"The court in the Sixth Circuit, in the case of Rubber-Tire Wheel Co. v. Victor Rubber-Tire Co., 123 F. 85, held that the patent was void."

"The court in the Second Circuit, in the case of the Consolidated Rubber Tire Co. v. Firestone Tire & Rubber Co., 147 F.7d 9, affirmed on appeal in 151 F.2d 7, held that the patent was valid and infringed."

"The Circuit Court of the District of Indiana, in the case of the Consolidated Rubber Tire Co. and Rubber Tire Wheel Co., D. B. Sullivan and Kenney & Sullivan v. Kokomo Co., D. C. Sparker, A. Lehman, and G. W. Landan, not reported, dismissed the complaint upon the pleadings, testimony, and exhibits for want of equity, no opinion being written, and the ground for the decision not being set forth in the order, except that the complaint was dismissed 'for want of equity,' the case then being appealed by the complainants to the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals of the Seventh Circuit, and thereupon dismissed thereafter."

"The Circuit Court of Appeals in the Second Circuit, in the case of the Consolidated Rubber Tire Co. v. Diamond Rubber Co., 157 F.6d 8, and on rehearing, 162 F.8d 2, held that the patent was valid and infringed by the defendant."

"The Supreme Court of the United States affirmed this decision in 220 U. S. 220 U.S. 428, and held that the patent was valid and infringed by the defendant."

"None of these cases was for infringement in Hurd's exclusive territory."

"In view of the ruling of the Supreme Court in Kessler v. Eldred, 206 U. S. 285, the Court of Appeals in the Second Circuit inserted the following clause in the final decree in the case of the Consolidated Rubber Tire Co. v. Diamond Rubber Co. of New York, 162 F.8d 5: "

Page 232 U. S. 423

" Nothing in this injunction shall prevent or is intended to prevent or enjoin this defendant from handling, using, and selling rubber tires and rims covered by the Grant patent, manufactured by the Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, having a right to manufacture, use, and sell such tires under a judicial decree in the federal courts of the sixth circuit, or manufactured by the Kokomo Rubber Company, having a right to manufacture, use, and sell such tires under a judicial decree in the District of Indiana, Seventh Circuit; or manufactured by the Victor Rubber Tire Company, under a judicial decree in a litigation in the federal courts in the Sixth Circuit, wherein in such litigations it has been judicially determined that the said Grant patent is invalid and void."

"After the decision of the Supreme Court sustaining the Grant patent, Hurd commenced this suit, joining with him the legal owner and licensee of the patent, against defendants residing and doing business within Hurd's exclusive territory. Defendants purchased the infringing tires from the Diamond Rubber Company of New York, which was the defendant in the former litigation, and at the City of New York, and such tires were delivered to defendants at the City of New York, and then taken to Albany, complainant Hurd's territory, and the rubber, metal channel, and retaining wires were there assembled and attached to the wheel rim by defendants, and not by the Kokomo Company or the Diamond Rubber Company of New York."

"Defendants now claim that the infringing tires used by them in their business were made by the Kokomo Rubber Company and sold to them by the Diamond Rubber Company of and at New York City, said Kokomo Company being the defendant in the action in the District of Indiana, where the complaint was dismissed for want of equity."

"Defendants claim that, under the ruling of the Supreme

Page 232 U. S. 424

Court in the case of Kessler v. Eldred, 206 U. S. 285, the Kokomo Company have the right to manufacture the infringing tires, and that the tires so made are free from the monopoly of the patent, and the users of the tires made by the Kokomo Company are immune from prosecution, and such tries may be used and sold by anyone."

"On the other hand, it is claimed by complainants that the doctrine of the case of Kessler v. Eldred does not apply here, for the reason that the patent has since been held valid by the Supreme Court, and that the complainant Hurd had possession of his limited territory under his exclusive license before any of the suits in question were commenced, and was not a party to those actions, and had no control over any of those actions, and is not privy to the parties in those actions, and is therefore not bound by the decisions in those actions; also that the decision in Kessler v. Eldred was upon the ground that a decree that an article in question is, or is not, an infringement of the patent, is res judicata as to similar articles only, and does not apply to a case where the patent was held void by the lower court, and afterward held valid by the Supreme Court, and also that no specific ground for the decision in the case against the Kokomo Company having been stated by the court, the reasons for that decision cannot now be inferred, and such decision cannot be binding upon any person not a party to that action."

"Questions Certified"

"The court entertaining a doubt as to which is the correct interpretation to be put upon the opinion in Kessler v. Eldred, upon the facts set forth above, desires the instruction of the Supreme Court for the proper decision of this appeal, and to that end it certifies to the Supreme Court under § 6 of the Court of Appeals Act, for its instruction, the following questions:"

"1st. Has the Kokomo Company the right to manufacture

Page 232 U. S. 425

the infringing tires free from the monopoly of the patent?"

"2nd. Are purchasers and users of infringing tires made by the Kokomo Company immune from prosecution by the owners of the patent?"

"3rd. Are the defendants immune from prosecution by the complainant Hurd for using and selling the infringing tires made by the Kokomo Company, and sold and delivered to them by the Diamond Rubber Company of New York at the City of New York, in the exclusive territory conveyed to Hurd prior to the commencement of the action against the Kokomo Company?"

"4th. If the Kokomo Company is immune in making the infringing rubber, which is only one element of the combination of the patent, are its customers who purchase the rubber of the Kokomo Company and the metal rims and retaining wires of other parties, and sell them to be assembled upon wheel rims, making the completed structure of the patent, also immune from prosecution?"