US SUPREME COURT DECISIONS

1. A legislative confirmation of a special assessment cures irregularities, but not constitutional infirmities. P. 274 U. S. 191.

2. Concurrent findings of two courts below of facts showing a road improvement assessment to be arbitrary and unreasonably discriminatory should be accepted by this Court unless clearly erroneous. P. 274 U. S. 191.

3. An assessment against a railroad based on real property and also its rolling stock and other personal property is unreasonably discriminatory when other assessments for the same improvement are based on real property alone. P. 274 U. S. 192. chanrobles.com-red

Page 274 U. S. 189

4. Testimony that the assessors fixed the benefits to the railroad on a mileage basis regardless of area, and as to other property proceeded solely with regard to area, is of no avail after a legislative adoption of the assessments where the modes in which the assessors arrived at the amounts assessed were not shown on the assessment roll or communicated to the legislature. P. 274 U. S. 192.

5. That loss of local traffic to a railroad usually results when a hard-surface road adapted to use by motor-driven vehicles is constructed practically parallel to its line is of common knowledge. P. 274 U. S. 194.

6. The evidence shows that an increase in traffic and revenue of the railroad, as respects freight moving in carload lots and passengers traveling considerable distances, may reasonably be expected from the proposed road improvement, greater than the loss in local traffic, but that the assessment far exceed such anticipated benefit and is arbitrary and violative of the Due Process Clause. P. 274 U. S. 194.

7. Where an excessive special assessment was enjoined absolutely, but the evidence showed that some benefit would accrue, the court modified the decree so that a new assessment, not exceeding an amount stated, might be imposed by the board of assessors empowered by the state law to revise such assessments. P. 274 U. S. 194.

2 F.2d 340 modified and affirmed.

Appeal from a decree of the circuit court of appeals which affirmed a decree of the district court setting aside, as arbitrary and discriminatory, a special assessment of benefits against the railroad, made to help defray the cost of a road improvement in Arkansas.

MR. JUSTICE VAN DEVANTER delivered the opinion of the Court.

This is a suit to annul an assessment of benefits accruing to a railroad from the improvement of a public road in Franklin County, Arkansas. chanrobles.com-red

Page 274 U. S. 190

The improvement was undertaken by a road district created for the purpose by an act of the state legislature directing that the cost be distributed over the lands, railroads, and other real property within the district in the form of special taxes measured by benefits received. Act 588, Special Road Acts 1919. The benefits were to be assessed by the district's assessors, and any owner aggrieved by their action was to have a right for twenty days to sue in a court of competent jurisdiction to set aside the assessment against his property. Otherwise it was to be "incontestable, either at law or in equity."

The assessors originally assessed the benefits to the railroad at $54,062, and the railroad company in due time brought this suit to annul that assessment on the grounds, among others, that it was plainly arbitrary and unreasonably discriminatory, and therefore in violation of the due process and equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States.

While the suit was pending, the state legislature confirmed the assessments, specifically including that against the railroad, and authorized additional assessments, to be made conformably to the first act, to meet the cost of proposed changes in the width of the roadbed and in other features of the improvement. Act 626, Special Acts 1921. The proposed changes in the plans were made, and additional assessments ensued. In this way, the total assessment against the railroad came to be $75,686. The legislature passed an act confirming and approving the additional assessments, again specifically including that against the railroad. Act 109, Special Acts 1923. In supplementary bills, filed by the court's leave, the plaintiff set forth the additional assessment and the legislative confirmations, and challenged their validity on the same grounds that were advanced against the original assessment. chanrobles.com-red

Page 274 U. S. 191

On the hearing, much evidence was produced, and the district court found that the assessment against the railroad was plainly arbitrary and unreasonably discriminatory, and on that ground entered a decree setting it aside and enjoining the defendants from attempting to collect any tax based thereon. The circuit court of appeals concurred in the finding and affirmed the decree. 2 F.2d 340.

The defendants bring the case here, their contentions being (a) that the legislative confirmation of the assessment is controlling; (b) that the court below erred in finding that the assessment was plainly arbitrary and unreasonably discriminatory, and (c) that, if the assessment was excessive, either in itself, or when compared with the assessments against other property, it should be not wholly set aside, but reduced to the extent of the excess.

There can be no doubt that the legislative confirmation placed the assessment on the same plane as if it were made by the legislature, and thereby cured any mere irregularities on the part of the assessors; but, as the legislature could not put aside or override constitutional limitations, the confirmation did not prevent inquiry into the alleged violation of such limitations.

If, as found by the courts below, the assessment was plainly arbitrary and unreasonably discriminatory, it was in violation of both the due process and the equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment, so we turn to the complaint of that finding. As the courts below concurred in the finding on successive examinations of the evidence, it should be accepted by us unless shown to be clearly erroneous. Washington Securities Co. v. United States, 234 U. S. 76, 234 U. S. 78; Baker v. Schofield, 243 U. S. 114, 243 U. S. 118; United States v. State Investment Co., 264 U. S. 206, 264 U. S. 211; Norton v. Larney, 266 U. S. 511, 266 U. S. 518.

The road district extends across Franklin County from east to west along the Arkansas River, and is five or six chanrobles.com-red

Page 274 U. S. 192

miles wide. The public road which is being improved traverses the district from east to west, is 24 miles long, practically parallels the railroad, and touches the same towns. The improvement consists in reducing curves and grades, widening the roadbed and giving it a rock base and hard surface adapted to use at all seasons by all kinds of vehicles, whether drawn by animals or propelled by motors. The road is intended to be part of a projected hard-surface highway extending from Little Rock to Ft. Smith, as the railroad does. The area of the road district is 67,000 acres, and that of the railroad right of way therein is 565 acres, or eight-tenths of 1 percent of the whole. The benefits assessed to property in the district aggregate $575,421.35, of which $75,686, or 13.2 percent, is assessed to the railroad.

The assessment to the railroad is not based on real property alone, but also on rolling stock and other personalty valued at $52,465, while all other assessments are confined to real property. In this there is an obvious and unreasonable discrimination. Further discrimination is said to be shown by testimony indicating that the assessors fixed the benefits to the railroad on a mileage basis, regardless of area, and, as to other property, proceeded solely with regard to area. But this testimony must be put aside by reason of the legislative adoption of the assessments. The modes in which the assessors arrived at the amounts assessed were not shown on the assessment roll or communicated to the legislature, so the question of discrimination must be determined independently of the theories and processes of the assessors, as if the assessments were made directly by the legislature.

Most of the testimony is addressed to the questions whether and how far the railroad will be benefited by the intended improvement of the parallel public road. Some witnesses are of opinion there will be no benefit, and a chanrobles.com-red

Page 274 U. S. 193

few that there will be great benefit. These are extreme views, and are weakened, rather than supported, by further statements of the same witnesses. Other testimony in substantial volume, coming from witnesses informed by observation and experience, is to the effect that, while an increase in particular traffic with accompanying revenue reasonably may be expected, it will be less than would be realized if the highway extended away from the railroad and reached localities theretofore without such a road; that, unlike such a lateral feeder, the parallel road reaching the same towns as the railroad will, through its ready use by motor-driven vehicles, withdraw from the railroad much of the less than carload freight between these towns, and much of the passenger traffic between them; that such has been the actual result in similar situations along this and other railroads in Arkansas and other states, specific instances being described, and that the loss to this railroad in the instances described has ranged from 50 to 90 percent of such local traffic, and compelled a cessation of part of the service to which it was incident. The successful competition of motor trucks in these situations is explained on the grounds that they do not bear the cost of constructing and maintaining the roadway, and are able to receive and deliver freight at the street door and to relieve their patrons from drayage charges. The view that the improved road will be of mixed benefit and detriment to the railroad is not confined to the plaintiff's witnesses, but shared by informed witnesses called by the defendants. One of these, a member of the state highway commission and familiar with the particular situation and the development in the locality, testifies:

"Q. What in your opinion is the effect of building this highway upon the revenue of the Missouri Pacific Railway? Will it be a detriment to it, or will it not be a benefit?"

"A. Well, from some standpoints, a benefit,

Page 274 U. S. 194

and from others perhaps a detriment, but, as a whole, perhaps a benefit."

From all the testimony, we think there is ample ground for believing that the improved road will lead to an increase in the traffic and revenue of the railroad, as respects freight moving in carload lots and passengers traveling considerable distances, but that the benefit from this will be cut down by a substantial loss in local freight and passenger traffic attracted to motor-driven vehicles moving over the improved road. That such a loss in local traffic usually ensues when hard-surface roads adapted to use by motor-driven vehicles are constructed practically parallel to railroads is not only shown by the testimony, but is common knowledge. It received distinct recognition in the President's message of December 8, 1922, to Congress.

We think it also appears from the testimony that the increase in revenue reasonably to be expected will be greater than the loss, but that the excess will not be such as to justify an assessment of benefits of $75,686, or more than a small fraction of that sum. Indeed, on the present showing, we should regard an assessment in excess of $15,000 as passing the outside limit of reasonable judgment and plainly arbitrary.

Our conclusion is that the assessment against the railroad is unreasonably discriminatory insofar as it is based on personal property, and in this respect violates the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, and that it is otherwise so excessive as to be a manifestly arbitrary exaction and in violation of the due process of law clause of the same amendment. In these respects, the finding and holding below are well grounded.

It follows that the present assessment is invalid, and an injunction should be granted against its enforcement. The district court so decreed. But as, on the present showing, it appears that an assessment of some benefits -- chanrobles.com-red

Page 274 U. S. 195

in an amount certainly below $15,000 -- would be justified, the way should be left open for making a new or revised assessment. The defendants ask, if the present assessment be held excessive, that it be reduced in this suit to a proper sum. But to this we do not assent. The state statute commits the assessing of benefits to a special nonjudicial board of assessors, and authorizes that board, when requested by the commissioners of the district, to revise their assessments by "increasing or diminishing the assessment against particular pieces of property as justice requires." Act 588, § 11, Special Road Acts 1919. The better course is to leave the making of a substituted or revised assessment to that board. The decree will be modified by including a provision that it is without prejudice to a lawful revision of the assessment conformably to the state statute and not exceeding $15,000 in amount.

Decree modified, and affirmed as modified.