US SUPREME COURT DECISIONS
HOME INS. CO. V. BALTIMORE WAREHOUSE CO., 93 U. S. 527 (1876)
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Home Ins. Co. v. Baltimore Warehouse Co., 93 U.S. 527 (1876)
Home Insurance Company v. Baltimore Warehouse Company
93 U.S. 527
Syllabus
1. A policy of insurance taken out by warehouse keepers, against loss or damage by fire on "merchandise, their own or held by them in trust, or in which they have an interest or liability, contained in" a designated warehouse covers the merchandise itself, and not merely the interest or claim of the warehouse keepers.
2. If the merchandise be destroyed by fire, the assured may recover its entire value, not exceeding the sum insured, holding the remainder of the amount recovered, after satisfying their own loss, as trustees for the owners.
3. Goods described in a policy as "merchandise held in trust" by warehousemen, are goods entrusted to them for keeping. The phrase, "held in trust," is to be understood in its mercantile sense.
4. A policy was taken out by warehousemen on "merchandise" contained in their warehouses, "their own or held by them in trust, or in which they have an interest or liability." Depositors of the merchandise, who received advances thereon from the warehousemen, took out other policies covering the same goods. Held that the several policies constituted double insurance, and that they bear a loss proportionally.
5. In a case of contributing policies, adjustments of loss made by an expert may be submitted to the jury, not as evidence of the facts stated therein or as obligatory, but for the purpose of assisting the jury in calculating the amount of liability of the insurer upon the several hypotheses of fact mentioned in the adjustment if they find either hypothesis correct.
6. What evidence may be submitted to a jury from which they may find a waiver of preliminary proofs.
7. No part of a letter written as an offer of compromise is admissible in evidence.
This was assumpsit by the defendant in error, commenced June 2, 1873, on a policy of insurance issued to it Dec. 7, 1869, by the plaintiff in error, and containing, among others, the following provisions:
"By this policy of insurance, the Home Insurance Company, in consideration of $100 to them paid by the insured hereinafter
named, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, do insure Baltimore Warehouse Company against loss or damage by fire to the amount of $20,000 on merchandise hazardous or extra-hazardous, their own or held by them in trust, or in which they have an interest or liability, contained in that part of the State Tobacco Warehouse No. 2, used by them, lying between Frederick Street Dock and Long Dock, separated by a street from the south end of the Maryland Sugar Refinery. Other insurance permitted without notice, unless required."
"To cover whilst on the street and pavement around said warehouse. As per application."
"And the Home Insurance Company above named, for the consideration aforesaid, do hereby promise and agree to make good unto the said assured, their executors, administrators, or assigns, all such loss or damage, not exceeding in amount the sum insured, as shall happen by fire to the property as above specified during one year -- to-wit from the seventh day of December, 1869 (at twelve o'clock at noon) until the seventh day of December, 1870 (at twelve o'clock at noon) -- the said loss or damage to be estimated according to the actual cash value of the said property at the time the same shall happen, and to be paid within sixty days after due notice and proof thereof made by the insured, in conformity to the conditions annexed to this policy, unless the property be replaced by similar property of equal value and goodness, or the company have given notice of their intention to rebuild or repair the damaged premises."
Also the following conditions:
"9. Persons sustaining loss or damage by fire shall forthwith give notice thereof in writing to the company or its agent and as soon after as possible they shall deliver as particular an account of their loss and damage as the nature of the case will admit, signed with their own hands. And they shall accompany the same with their oath or affirmation declaring the said account to be true and just, showing also the ownership of the property insured; what other insurance, if any, existed on the same property, and giving a copy of the written portion of the policy of each company; what was the whole cash value of the subject insured; what was their interest therein; in what general manner (at to trade, manufactory, merchandise, or otherwise) the building insured or containing the subject insured, and the several parts thereof, were occupied at the time of the loss, and who were the occupants of such building;
and when and how the fire originated, so far as they know or believe.'"
"13. It is furthermore hereby expressly provided that no suit or action of any kind against said company for the recovery of any claim upon, under, or by virtue of this policy shall be sustainable in any court of law or chancery unless such suit or action shall be commenced within the term of twelve months next after any loss or damage shall occur, and in case any such suit or action shall be commenced against said company after the expiration of twelve months next after such loss or damage shall have occurred, the lapse of time shall be taken and deemed as conclusive evidence against the validity of the claim thereby so attempted to be enforced."
By an act of the General Assembly of Maryland passed at the January session, 1867, the defendant in error was chartered for the purpose of carrying on the business of warehousemen and forwarders in the city of Baltimore. It was "expressly prohibited from buying or selling any goods, wares, or merchandise, or other property, as dealers or on commission," but was authorized to receive and collect the usual and customary rates of dockage, wharfage, storage, and lighterage on all goods deposited with it, which, together with all charges and expenses incurred for labor or otherwise in the receipt, delivery, or custody of such goods, was made a lien thereon.
The tenth section of the charter was as follows:
"The receipts, warrants, or warehouse certificates issued by this corporation for goods, wares, and merchandise in their possession or under their control shall in all cases be signed by the president or vice-president and secretary of the corporation and attested by the corporate seal, and copies thereof shall be registered in two books kept for that purpose, one of which books shall be kept by each of the officers whose signatures are to be affixed as aforesaid, which books shall be at all times open for the inspection of dealers with said corporation. The said receipts, warrants, or certificates may be transferred by endorsement thereof, and any person to whom the same may be transferred shall be deemed and taken to be the owner of the goods, wares, and merchandise therein specified so far as to give validity to any pledge, lien, or transfer made or created by such person or persons, but no property shall be delivered except on surrender and cancellation of said original receipt, warrant, or certificate. Every such receipt, warrant, or warehouse
certificate shall contain on its face a notice that the property mentioned therein is held by this corporation as bailees only, and is not insured by this corporation."
The charter was, in 1870, amended so as to authorize the corporation "to make advances upon all goods, wares, merchandise, or other property which may be received by or stored with it."
It was admitted at the trial that, on the 18th of July, 1870, State Tobacco Warehouse No. 2 was destroyed by fire; that at the time of the fire, property was stored by the following persons, in accordance with receipts given by the defendant in error to them respectively, of which the subjoined is a specimen:
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That all of said property was destroyed by fire on the 18th of July, 1870, except that embraced in a salvage statement made by a committee appointed by the underwriters, and signed by George B. Coale for the committee.
Previously to and at the time of said fire, the defendant in error held a policy, substantially in the same form as that now in suit, issued by the Associated Firemen's Insurance Company of Baltimore, in the sum of $10,000. The following policies in the names of other parties as assured, covering only specific portions of said property hereinafter mentioned, were in force, viz.:
On the property stored by Elliott Bros., three policies of the following companies, viz., in name of Elliott Bros.:
W. H., Potomac Ins. Co. for . . . . . . . . . . . $14,000
W. H., Peabody Ins. Co. for . . . . . . . . . . . 3,500
W. H., Royal Ins. Co. for . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,400
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$20,900
On the property stored by F W. Beck & Co. policies in their name as assured in:
W. H., The People's Ins. Co. for. . . . . . . . . $6,000
On that of Hough, Clendening, & Co. in their name as assured:
W. H., The Hartford Ins. Co. for. . . . . . . . . $3,500
W. H., The Franklin Ins. Co. for. . . . . . . . . 3,500
W. H., The People's Ins. Co. for. . . . . . . . . 2,500
W. H., The Potomac Ins. Co. for . . . . . . . . . 900
W. H., The Peabody Ins. Co. for . . . . . . . . . 6,000
W. H., The City Ins. Co for . . . . . . . . . . . 7,700
W. H., The Washington Ins. Co for . . . . . . . . 7,300
W. H., The Atlantic (1 $3,500 and 1 for $6,000)= 9,500
W. H., The Consolidated Ins. Co. for. . . . . . . 12,100
W. H., The Home Ins. Co. of Baltimore for . . . . 6,000
W. H., The Citizens' Ins. Co. of Baltimore for. . 1,400
Said last-mentioned policies covered 676 bales of cotton, if the two $6,000 policies of the Peabody and Atlantic were each on 110 separate bales, and 566 bales, if they both were only the same 110 bales, and that said cotton was worth at the time of the fire $78.32 per bale.
On the property stored by Hawkins, Williamson, & Co. in their name as assured: chanrobles.com-red
Royal Ins. Co. for. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $10,000
Western Ins. Co. for. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,500
W. H., Connecticut Ins. Co. for . . . . . . . . . 16,000
W. H., Peabody Ins. Co. for . . . . . . . . . . . 5,000
W. H., Hartford Ins. Co. for. . . . . . . . . . . 3,000
W. H., Home Ins. Co. of Baltimore for . . . . . . 5,000
On the property stored by F. L. Brauns & Co. in their name as assured:
People's Ins. Co. for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,888
It was also admitted that the defendant in error had advanced to the owners of said property, on the deposit thereof, the sums hereinafter named, and that it held the said property as security therefor, viz.:
To Hough, Clendening, & Co. . . . . . . . . . . . $48,720
" Hawkins, Williamson, & Co. . . . . . . . . . . 16,800
" McCloud & Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,480
" F. W. Beck & Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,234
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$71,234
It was further admitted, that all of the before-mentioned policies marked "W. H." were made payable on their face to the defendant in error, in these words: "Loss, if any, payable to the Baltimore Warehouse Company," and delivered to and held by it as additional security for advances at the time of the making of said advances.
Among other points on which no agreement between the underwriters and the insured could be reached was the question whether the general policy of the plaintiff in error and that of the Associated Firemen's Insurance Company were liable to contribute with the specific policies for losses on the property covered by the latter.
Cases involving this question were instituted in the state courts. Among others, was one by Hough, Clendening, & Co. to the use of the warehouse company on a specific policy against the People's Insurance Company.
For the purpose of awaiting the decision by the state courts of this question of contribution and also of the question whether the policies of the Peabody and Atlantic companies covered the same lot of one hundred and ten bales of cotton, or two lots each of that number, amounting together to two hundred chanrobles.com-red
and twenty bales, the plaintiff entered into a written agreement with the defendant, extending, to a named day, the period within which suit might be brought on the policy sued on in this case. The final decision of these questions not having been made within the period prescribed in the first agreement, another agreement was made providing for a further extension. Pending this state of facts, the defendant in error presented to the plaintiff in error preliminary proof as to, and received payment for, twenty-four bales of cotton, which were not covered by any of the specific policies nor affected by any of the questions involved in the cases pending in the state court, nor otherwise the subject of dispute. When this payment was made, the plaintiff in error asked to have its policy surrendered. Hooper, the president of the defendant in error, refused to surrender it, saying that he wanted to retain it to cover all losses, whether then seen or not -- all against which it might turn out, from the decision of the cases then pending or from other causes which could not then be anticipated or seen, that the defendant in error was not otherwise protected, adding that some of the companies which had issued specific policies were already contending that the policies issued by the plaintiff in error and the Associated Company were bound to contribute to the losses covered by the specific policies. He also then made claim for the one hundred and ten bales of cotton, if not covered by the policies of the Peabody and Atlantic, on the ground that the policy in suit was intended to cover all losses of every kind which could not be seen or specified. Coale, the agent of the plaintiff in error, denied that it could be held responsible for any other loss than that of the twenty-four bales. No final settlement was made. But after consulting with the home officers of his company, he settled for the twenty-four bales, allowed Hooper to retain its policy, and took a receipt for the special settlement then made. No objection to the want of preliminary proof as to the claims retained was made until a few days before the institution of this suit. The plaintiff in error denied its liability on these claims until the decision of the state court in one of the cases pending in it, after which Coale, its agent, admitted that its liability was thereby established and made various calculations of the amount thereof. chanrobles.com-red
Barney, who was elected president of the defendant in error after the fire and after the settlement between Hooper and Coale, became convinced that the policies of the Peabody and Atlantic companies covered only the same lot of one hundred and ten bales, and settled with these companies on that basis. It was not sought at the trial to bind the plaintiff below by that settlement, but the question whether one hundred and ten bales were uncovered by specific policies or not was left as an open one to the jury for their decision.
At the trial, the above-mentioned facts having been all proved and the defendant in error having proved that Frank P. Clark was a lawyer by profession. that he had occupied himself in making insurance adjustments as a specialty, and that in 1870 he had devoted himself principally to that business, offered as part of his evidence several statements or adjustments made by him as illustrations of the results arrived at upon the different theories of adjustment therein adopted. The plaintiff in error objected to their admission in evidence, but the court overruled the objection and allowed them to go to the jury only for the purpose of assisting them in calculating the amount of liability of the plaintiff, upon the several hypotheses of facts stated in said calculations, with the express instruction that they were admitted only as calculations to aid the jury, and were in no way binding on them. To this ruling the plaintiff in error excepted.
The plaintiff in error afterwards offered in evidence a letter, which was admitted to be part of a negotiation for a compromise, offering to read only a portion of it, if the whole was objected to. The defendant in error objected to the reading of any part of it. The objection was sustained, and the plaintiff in error excepted.
The plaintiff below thereupon submitted several prayers to the court for instruction to the jury, which said prayers were refused, except the fifth, which was as follows:
5th, if the jury shall find, from the evidence, that Hooper, the president of the plaintiff, at the time of receiving from the defendant the moneys receipted for on the said policy for the losses mentioned therein, was requested by Coale, the defendant's agent, to surrender the said policy, but refused to chanrobles.com-red
do so, and notified Coale that he retained the said policy in order to assert, against the defendant thereafter, any claims thereunder not then known to him, but which might thereafter appear; and that said Coale accordingly left said policy in the hands of Hooper, and wrote and signed the receipt written thereupon, and altered the usual receipt of the company to conform thereto in the manner testified to by said Coale, and sent to the defendant a copy of said receipt as altered, with the memorandum thereon proven by said Coale;
And if the jury shall further find, that said Coale did not, nor did the defendant, make any objection to the retention of said policy by said Hooper, for the purpose aforesaid, but, on the contrary, assented thereto, and that said Coale simply denied and protested that the defendant was not liable, and would not and did not recognize or concede its liability under the terms of said policy for any other losses than those paid and receipted for as aforesaid;
And shall further find, that the agreements for the waiver of the thirteenth condition of said policy, which have been given in evidence, were executed by the defendant, for the purpose of giving to the plaintiff a continuing right to assert by suit its claims reserved by Hooper, as aforesaid, pending litigation in the state courts, involving the legal principles on which the respective rights of the parties under said policy might depend, and that no suggestion or intimation of any defense to said claims on the ground of defect or failure of preliminary proof or notice under the ninth condition of insurance, was made by defendant or its said agent, until a short time before the institution of this suit, and after ineffectual efforts between the parties to settle the claims of the plaintiff under said policy upon their merits, then --
The jury are entitled, from such facts, with the other facts in the case, to find that the defendant waived the compliance by the plaintiff as to such reserved claims, with the fifteenth paragraph of the ninth of the conditions of insurance attached to the policy.
And if the jury find such waiver as aforesaid, then the failure to offer such preliminary proof is no bar to the plaintiff's right to recover in this suit. chanrobles.com-red
The defendant below, at the same time, presented the following seven prayers, and prayed the court to give to the jury the several instructions therein asked for:
"1. The policies obtained by Hough, Clendening, & Co. upon their cotton, and made payable to the Baltimore Warehouse Company, being for a different assured, were upon a different interest from that covered by the policy now in suit, and the latter is not bound to contribute to any losses for which the former are liable."
"2. If the jury find that, in the course of dealing between the Baltimore Warehouse Company and its depositors, the latter, before receiving advances upon goods stored, were required to insure the same to an amount not less than the sum advanced, and that for the purpose of securing the said warehouse company the policies in such cases were made payable to the warehouse company, and were delivered to them at the time of procuring such advances, and shall further find that the two policies of $6,000 each, issued on the twenty-fourth day of May, 1870, by the Atlantic and Peabody Insurance Companies, were obtained by Hough, Clendening, & Co., with knowledge on the part of said companies that they were intended to secure the warehouse company for advances, and that Hough, Clendening, & Co. then took them to the said warehouse company, and that the latter received them without notice to the said warehouse company of the circumstances under which they were obtained; and that, upon the faith thereof, the said warehouse company, their officers believing that each policy insured the full quantity mentioned in the same, and that the two together covered two hundred and twenty bales, thereupon advanced to Hough, Clendening, & Co. a sum of money larger than would have been advanced but for the existence of both said policies, and the belief that they were independent of one another -- then the said Atlantic and Peabody companies were respectively bound as between them and the said warehouse company by the representations contained in the respective policies, and could not limit their responsibility to a joint responsibility for one hundred and ten bales of cotton; but were each liable, as separate insurers, to the amount of one hundred and ten bales. "
"3. If the jury shall find from the evidence that from the time of the fire of July 18, 1870, until after the 25th of June, 1872, no claim or demand was made by the plaintiff on the defendant for any loss by reason of said fire, except for the twenty-four bales of cotton mentioned in the written proofs and settlement offered in evidence, and for an alleged liability of the defendant, under the policy declared on, for contribution with the special policies set forth in the agreement filed in this case, then there is no evidence before the jury from which they can infer a waiver of preliminary proof on the part of the defendant in regard to any other claim under the policy declared on, except the claim for contribution with the said special policies."
"4. By the ninth condition of the policy upon which this suit is brought, it was made necessary for the insured, after the fire, forthwith to give notice of their loss to the defendant, and as soon as possible thereafter to deliver as particular an account of their loss and damage as the nature of the case admitted of, and to accompany the same with proof as therein provided; and no acts or declarations of the agent, Coale, subsequent to the 10th of October, 1870, are admissible to show waiver by the defendant of said condition."
"5. In determining the question whether there has been a waiver of preliminary proof, the jury cannot consider declarations of the defendant's agent, Coale, made to parties other than the officers or agents of defendant, denying the defendant's liability to the plaintiff for any loss whatever beyond that of the twenty-four bales of cotton which were included in the settlement offered in evidence."
"6. There is no evidence in this case of any waiver, on the part of the defendant or of its agent, in such manner as to bind them, of notice of loss and preliminary proof as to the one hundred and ten bales of cotton alleged to have been left without specified insurance by reason of the Atlantic and Peabody policies of $6,000 being upon the same one hundred and ten bales."
"7. That if the jury shall find from the evidence and under the instructions of the court that, at the time of the fire of July 18, 1870, there were one hundred and ten bales of cotton
deposited by Hough, Clendening, & Co. in the warehouse of the plaintiff, which were not covered by any of the special policies taken out by said Hough, Clendening, & Co., and made payable to plaintiff, and that the plaintiff had notified the said Hough, Clendening, & Co. that they themselves must insure all cotton deposited by them, and if the jury shall find that there was on the part of the defendant a waiver of preliminary proof in regard to the loss on said one hundred and ten bales, and that the plaintiff is entitled to recover on account of said loss -- then the amount the said plaintiff is entitled to recover on account of said one hundred and ten bales should be two-thirds of plaintiff's own loss by reason of the damage of said bales by said fire; and in order to ascertain the plaintiff's own loss on said one hundred and ten bales, the salvage thereon received by the plaintiff, and the amount due on all the said special policies, should be deducted from the total amount advanced by the plaintiff to the said Hough, Clendening, & Co."
The court rejected all of said prayers of the defendant excepting the fifth, and instructed the jury as follows:
"If the jury shall find from the evidence in this case that at the time of the fire of July 18, 1870, there were one hundred and ten bales of cotton in the warehouse of plaintiff, deposited by Hough, Clendening, & Co., which were not covered by any of the special policies taken out by said depositors, and that on said one hundred and ten bales the plaintiff had made advances, which were unpaid at the time of the fire, and shall further find for the plaintiff as to the waiver of preliminary proof, under the fifth prayer of the plaintiff, which is granted by the court -- then the plaintiff is entitled to recover in this action for the two-thirds of all loss or damage to said one hundred and ten bales, to the extent of its advances as aforesaid."
"And if the jury shall find from the evidence that there was other cotton deposited by depositors in plaintiff's warehouse, and which was covered by special policies of insurance given in evidence in this case, and upon which plaintiff had made advances, then the said plaintiff is entitled to recover also for the two-thirds of all loss or damage to said cotton, to the extent of its advances on the same, less the amount which the jury may find to be due from said special policies made payable to
the said plaintiff, each of said special policies contributing to the loss on the cotton insured by it with the general policies held by the plaintiff."
The defendant thereupon excepted to the rejection by the court of its first, second, third, fourth, sixth, and seventh prayers, and to the granting of the fifth prayer of the plaintiff, and to the instruction given to the jury in accordance therewith, and also to the court's instructions, and severally to each proposition in said instruction contained.
The jury found a verdict for the plaintiff below for $16,585.73, and judgment was rendered thereon, whereupon the defendant below brought the case here, and assigns for error:
1st, the admission of the statements or adjustments of the witness Clark.
2d, the refusal to admit the letter from Barney to Coale.
3d, the admission of the record of the suit of Hough, Clendening, & Co. v. People's Ins. Co.
4th, the granting of plaintiff's fifth prayer.
5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, the rejection of the defendant's second, third, fourth, sixth, and seventh prayers.
11th and 12th, the first and second paragraph of the charge to the jury, as given. chanrobles.com-red
