§ 2452. — Authorization of activities.
[Laws in effect as of January 24, 2002]
[Document not affected by Public Laws enacted between
January 24, 2002 and December 19, 2002]
[CITE: 22USC2452]
TITLE 22--FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
CHAPTER 33--MUTUAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAM
Sec. 2452. Authorization of activities
(a) Grants or contracts for educational or cultural exchanges;
participation in international fairs and expositions abroad
The Director of the United States Information Agency is authorized,
when he considers that it would strengthen international cooperative
relations, to provide, by grant, contract, or otherwise, for--
(1) educational exchanges, (i) by financing studies, research,
instruction, and other educational activities--
(A) of or for American citizens and nationals in foreign
countries, and
(B) of or for citizens and nationals of foreign countries in
American schools and institutions of learning located in or
outside the United States;
and (ii) by financing visits and interchanges between the United
States and other countries of students, trainees, teachers,
instructors, and professors;
(2) cultural exchanges, by financing--
(i) visits and interchanges between the United States and
other countries of leaders, experts in fields of specialized
knowledge or skill, and other influential or distinguished
persons;
(ii) tours in countries abroad by creative and performing
artists and athletes from the United States, individually and in
groups, representing any field of the arts, sports, or any other
form of cultural attainment;
(iii) United States representation in international
artistic, dramatic, musical, sports, and other cultural
festivals, competitions, meetings, and like exhibitions and
assemblies;
(iv) participation by groups and individuals from other
countries in nonprofit activities in the United States similar
to those described in subparagraphs (ii) and (iii) of this
paragraph, when the Director of the United States Information
Agency determines that such participation is in the national
interest.\1\
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\1\ So in original. The period probably should be a semicolon.
(3) United States participation in international fairs and
expositions abroad, including trade and industrial fairs and other
public or private demonstrations of United States economic
accomplishments and cultural attainments.
(b) Other exchanges
In furtherance of the purposes of this chapter, the President is
further authorized to provide for--
(1) interchanges between the United States and other countries
of handicrafts, scientific, technical, and scholarly books, books of
literature, periodicals, and Government publications, and the
reproduction and translation of such writings, and the preparation,
distribution, and interchange of other educational and research
materials, including laboratory and technical equipment for
education and research;
(2) establishing and operating in the United States and abroad
centers for cultural and technical interchanges to promote better
relations and understanding between the United States and other
nations through cooperative study, training, and research;
(3) assistance in the establishment, expansion, maintenance, and
operation of schools and institutions of learning abroad, founded,
operated, or sponsored by citizens or nonprofit institutions of the
United States, including such schools and institutions serving as
demonstration centers for methods and practices employed in the
United States;
(4) fostering and supporting American studies in foreign
countries through professorships, lectureships, institutes,
seminars, and courses in such subjects as American history,
government, economics, language and literature, and other subjects
related to American civilization and culture, including financing
the attendance at such studies by persons from other countries;
(5) promoting and supporting medical, scientific, cultural, and
educational research and development;
(6) promoting modern foreign language training and area studies
in United States schools, colleges, and universities by supporting
visits and study in foreign countries by teachers and prospective
teachers in such schools, colleges, and universities for the purpose
of improving their skill in languages and their knowledge of the
culture of the people of those countries, and by financing visits by
teachers from those countries to the United States for the purpose
of participating in foreign language training and area studies in
United States schools, colleges, and universities;
(7) United States representation at international
nongovernmental educational, scientific, and technical meetings;
(8) participation by groups and individuals from other countries
in educational, scientific, and technical meetings held under
American auspices in or outside the United States;
(9) encouraging independent research into the problems of
educational and cultural exchange;
(10) promoting studies, research, instruction, and other
educational activities of citizens and nationals of foreign
countries in American schools, colleges, and universities located in
the United States by making available to citizens and nationals of
less developed friendly foreign countries for exchange for
currencies of their respective countries (other than excess foreign
currencies), at United States embassies, United States dollars in
such amounts as may be necessary to enable such foreign citizens or
nationals who are coming temporarily to the United States as
students, trainees, teachers, instructors, or professors to meet
expenses of the kind described in section 2454(e)(1) of this title;
(11) interchanges and visits between the United States and other
countries of scientists, scholars, leaders, and other experts in the
fields of environmental science and environmental management; and
(12) promoting respect for and guarantees of religious freedom
abroad by interchanges and visits between the United States and
other nations of religious leaders, scholars, and religious and
legal experts in the field of religious freedom.
(Pub. L. 87-256, Sec. 102, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 527; Pub. L. 87-565,
pt. IV, Sec. 403, Aug. 1, 1962, 76 Stat. 263; Pub. L. 89-698, title II,
Sec. 203(a), Oct. 29, 1966, 80 Stat. 1071; 1977 Reorg. Plan No. 2,
Sec. 7(a)(2), 42 F.R. 62461, 91 Stat. 1637; Pub. L. 97-241, title III,
Sec. 303(b), Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 291; Pub. L. 98-164, title VII,
Sec. 703(a), Nov. 22, 1983, 97 Stat. 1045; Pub. L. 105-292, title V,
Sec. 503, Oct. 27, 1998, 112 Stat. 2811.)
References in Text
This chapter, referred to in subsec. (b), was in the original ``this
Act'', meaning Pub. L. 87-256, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 527, as amended,
known as the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961. For
complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note
set out under section 2451 of this title and Tables.
Amendments
1998--Subsec. (b)(12). Pub. L. 105-292 added par. (12).
1983--Subsec. (b)(11). Pub. L. 98-164 added par. (11).
1966--Subsec. (b)(10). Pub. L. 89-698 added par. (10).
1962--Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 87-565 inserted ``abroad'' after
``expositions''.
Effective Date of 1962 Amendment
Section 403 of Pub. L. 87-565 provided in part that: ``The amendment
made by this section [amending this section] shall not be applicable
with respect to any fair or exposition within the United States for
which an appropriation has been provided.''
Transfer of Functions
United States Information Agency (other than Broadcasting Board of
Governors and International Broadcasting Bureau) abolished and functions
transferred to Secretary of State, see sections 6531 and 6532 of this
title. ``Director of the United States Information Agency'' substituted
for ``Director of the International Communication Agency'' in subsec.
(a), opening par. and par. (2)(iv), pursuant to section 303(b) of Pub.
L. 97-241, title III, Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 291, set out as a note
under section 1461 of this title. Previously, ``Director of the
International Communication Agency'' substituted for ``President'' in
subsec. (a), opening par. and par. (2)(iv), pursuant to Reorg. Plan No.
2 of 1977, Sec. 7(a)(2), 42 F.R. 62461, 91 Stat. 1637, set out under
section 1461 of this title, effective on or before July 1, 1978, at such
time as specified by President, which transferred functions vested in
President, Secretary of State, Department of State, United States
Information Agency, or Director thereof, under this chapter, to Director
of International Communication Agency, except (A) for such functions as
are vested by subsec. (b)(6), (10) of this section, and sections
2454(a), (e)(1), (2), (f), (g), 2455(a), (b), (c), 2456(a) and 2458 of
this title, (B) for such functions as are vested by sections 2454(b),
2455(d)(2), (f), and 2456(d), (f) of this title, to the extent that such
functions were assigned to Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare
[now Secretary of Education] immediately prior to effective date of
Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1977, and (C) for such functions as are vested by
section 2456(b), (c) of this title to the extent that any such function
therein is vested in President or Secretary of State.
Delegation of Functions
Functions of President under this section delegated to Secretary of
State, Director of United States Information Agency, Secretary of
Commerce, and Secretary of Education, see Ex. Ord. No. 11034, June 25,
1962, 27 F.R. 6071, as amended, set out as a note under section 2454 of
this title.
Performance of Functions
Authorization of performance of functions under subsec. (a)(2) and
(3) of this section by departments or other executive agencies, see Ex.
Ord. No. 11380, Sec. 2, Nov. 8, 1967, 32 F.R. 15627, set out as a note
under section 2454 of this title.
Vietnam Education Foundation
Pub. L. 106-554, Sec. 1(a)(4) [div. B, title II], Dec. 21, 2000, 114
Stat. 2763, 2763A-254, as amended by Pub. L. 107-228, div. A, title II,
Sec. 227, Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1369, provided that:
``SEC. 201. SHORT TITLE.
``This title may be cited as the `Vietnam Education Foundation Act
of 2000'.
``SEC. 202. PURPOSES.
``The purposes of this title are the following:
``(1) To establish an international fellowship program under
which--
``(A) Vietnamese nationals can undertake graduate and post-
graduate level studies in the sciences (natural, physical, and
environmental), mathematics, medicine, and technology (including
information technology) in the United States; and
``(B) United States citizens can teach in the fields
specified in subparagraph (A) in academic institutions in
Vietnam.
``(2) To further the process of reconciliation between the
United States and Vietnam and the building of a bilateral
relationship serving the interests of both countries.
``SEC. 203. DEFINITIONS.
``In this title:
``(1) Board.--The term `Board' means the Board of Directors of
the Foundation.
``(2) Foundation.--The term `Foundation' means the Vietnam
Education Foundation established in section 204.
``(3) Institution of higher education.--The term `institution of
higher education' has the meaning given the term in section 101(a)
of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1001(a)).
``(4) United states-vietnam debt agreement.--The term `United
States-Vietnam debt agreement' means the Agreement Between the
Government of the United States of America and the Government of the
Socialist Republic of Vietnam Regarding the Consolidation and
Rescheduling of Certain Debts Owed to, Guaranteed by, or Insured by
the United States Government and the Agency for International
Development, dated April 7, 1997.
``SEC. 204. ESTABLISHMENT.
``There is established the Vietnam Education Foundation as an
independent establishment of the executive branch under section 104 of
title 5, United States Code.
``SEC. 205. BOARD OF DIRECTORS.
``(a) In General.--The Foundation shall be subject to the
supervision and direction of the Board of Directors, which shall consist
of 13 members, as follows:
``(1) Two members of the House of Representatives appointed by
the Speaker of the House of Representatives, one of whom shall be
appointed upon the recommendation of the Majority Leader and one of
whom shall be appointed upon the recommendation of the Minority
Leader, and who shall serve as ex officio, nonvoting members.
``(2) Two members of the Senate, appointed by the President pro
tempore, one of whom shall be appointed upon the recommendation of
the Majority Leader and one of whom shall be appointed upon the
recommendation of the Minority Leader, and who shall serve as ex
officio, nonvoting members.
``(3) Secretary of State.
``(4) Secretary of Education.
``(5) Secretary of Treasury.
``(6) Six members to be appointed by the President from among
individuals in the nongovernmental sector who have academic
excellence or experience in the fields of concentration specified in
section 202(1)(A) or a general knowledge of Vietnam, not less than
three of whom shall be drawn from academic life.
``(b) Rotation of Membership.--(1) The term of office of each member
appointed under subsection (a)(6) shall be 3 years, except that of the
members initially appointed under that subsection, two shall serve for
terms of 1 year, two shall serve for terms of 2 years, and two shall
serve for terms of 3 years.
``(2) A member of Congress appointed under subsection (a)(1) or (2)
shall not serve as a member of the Board for more than a total of 6
years.
``(3)(A) Any member appointed to fill a vacancy prior to the
expiration of the term for which his or her predecessor was appointed
shall be appointed for the remainder of such term.
``(B) Upon the expiration of his or her term of office, any member
may continue to serve until a successor is appointed.
``(c) Chair.--The voting members of the Board shall elect one of the
members appointed under subsection (a)(6) to serve as Chair.
``(d) Meetings.--The Board shall meet upon the call of the Chair but
not less frequently than twice each year. A majority of the voting
members of the Board shall constitute a quorum.
``(e) Duties.--The Board shall--
``(1) provide overall supervision and direction of the
Foundation;
``(2) establish criteria for the eligibility of applicants,
including criteria established by section 206(b), and for the
selection of fellowship recipients; and
``(3) select the fellowship recipients.
``(f) Compensation.--
``(1) In general.--Except as provided in paragraphs (2) and (3),
each member of the Board shall serve without compensation.
``(2) Travel expenses.--The members of the Board shall be
allowed travel expenses, including per diem in lieu of subsistence,
at rates authorized for employees of agencies under subchapter I of
chapter 57 of title 5, United States Code, while away from their
homes or regular places of business in the performance of service
for the Board.
``(3) Compensation of presidential appointees.--The members of
the Board appointed under subsection (a)(6) shall be paid at the
daily equivalent of the rate of basic pay payable for positions at
level V of the Executive Schedule under section 5316 of title 5,
United States Code, for each day (including travel time) during
which the member is engaged in the actual performance of duties as a
Board member.
``(g) Treatment of Presidential Appointees as Special Government
Employees.--The members of the Board appointed under subsection (a)(6)
shall be special Government employees, as defined in section 202(a) of
title 18, United States Code.
``(h) Travel Regulations.--Members of the Board shall be subject to
the same travel regulations as apply to officers and employees of the
Department of State.
``SEC. 206. FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM.
``(a) Award of Fellowships.--
``(1) In general.--To carry out the purposes of this title, the
Foundation shall award fellowships to--
``(A) Vietnamese nationals to study at institutions of
higher education in the United States at graduate and post-
graduate levels in the following fields: physical sciences,
natural sciences, mathematics, environmental sciences, medicine,
technology, and computer sciences; and
``(B) United States citizens to teach in Vietnam in
appropriate Vietnamese institutions in the fields of study
described in subparagraph (A).
``(2) Scientific and technical vocabulary in english.--
Fellowships awarded to Vietnamese nationals under paragraph (1) may
include funding to improve English proficiency in a fellowship
recipient's field of study.
``(b) Criteria for Selection.--Fellowships under this title shall be
awarded to persons who meet the minimum criteria established by the
Foundation, including the following:
``(1) Vietnamese nationals.--Fellowship candidates from Vietnam
shall have basic English proficiency and must have the ability to
meet the criteria for admission into graduate or post-graduate
programs in United States institutions of higher learning.
``(2) United states citizen teachers.--American candidates for
teaching fellowships shall be highly competent in their fields and
be experienced and proficient teachers.
``(c) Implementation.--The Foundation may provide, directly or by
contract, for the conduct of nationwide competition for the purpose of
selecting recipients of fellowships awarded under this section.
``(d) Authority To Award Fellowships on a Cost-Sharing Basis.--The
Foundation may require, as a condition of the availability of funds for
the award of a fellowship under this title, that an institution of
higher education make available funds for such fellowship on a cost-
sharing basis.
``(e) Fellowship Conditions.--A person awarded a fellowship under
this title may receive payments authorized under this title only during
such periods as the Foundation finds that the person is maintaining
satisfactory progress and devoting full time to study or teaching, as
appropriate, and is not engaging in gainful employment other than
employment approved by the Foundation pursuant to regulations of the
Board and applicable law.
``(f) Funding.--
``(1) Fiscal year 2001.--
``(A) Authorization of appropriations.--There are authorized
to be appropriated to the Foundation $5,000,000 for fiscal year
2001 to carry out the activities of the Foundation.
``(B) Availability of funds.--Amounts appropriated pursuant
to subparagraph (A) are authorized to remain available until
expended.
``(2) Fiscal year 2002 and subsequent fiscal years.--Effective
October 1, 2001, the Foundation shall utilize funds transferred to
the Foundation under section 207.
``SEC. 207. VIETNAM DEBT REPAYMENT FUND.
``(a) Establishment.--Notwithstanding any other provision of law,
there is established in the Treasury a separate account which shall be
known as the Vietnam Debt Repayment Fund (in this subsection referred to
as the `Fund').
``(b) Deposits.--There shall be deposited as offsetting receipts
into the Fund all payments (including interest payments) made by the
Socialist Republic of Vietnam under the United States-Vietnam debt
agreement.
``(c) Availability of the Funds.--
``(1) Fiscal year limitation.--Beginning with fiscal year 2002,
and each subsequent fiscal year through fiscal year 2018, $5,000,000
of the amounts deposited into the Fund (or accrued interest) each
fiscal year shall be available to the Foundation, without fiscal
year limitation, under paragraph (2).
``(2) Disbursement of funds.--The Secretary of the Treasury, at
least on a quarterly basis, shall transfer to the Foundation amounts
allotted to the Foundation under paragraph (1) for the purpose of
carrying out its activities.
``(3) Transfer of excess funds to miscellaneous receipts.--
Beginning with fiscal year 2002, and each subsequent fiscal year
through fiscal year 2018, the Secretary of the Treasury shall
withdraw from the Fund and deposit in the Treasury of the United
States as miscellaneous receipts all moneys in the Fund in excess of
amounts made available to the Foundation under paragraph (1).
``(d) Annual Report.--The Secretary of the Treasury shall prepare
and submit annually to Congress statements of financial condition of the
Fund, including the beginning balance, receipts, refunds to
appropriations, transfers to the general fund, and the ending balance.
``SEC. 208. FOUNDATION PERSONNEL MATTERS.
``(a) Appointment by Board.--There shall be an Executive Director of
the Foundation who shall be appointed by the Board without regard to the
provisions of title 5, United States Code, or any regulation thereunder,
governing appointment in the competitive service. The Executive Director
shall be the Chief Executive Officer of the Foundation and shall carry
out the functions of the Foundation subject to the supervision and
direction of the Board. The Executive Director shall carry out such
other functions consistent with the provisions of this title as the
Board shall prescribe. The decision to employ or terminate an Executive
Director shall be made by an affirmative vote of at least six of the
nine voting members of the Board.
``(b) Professional Staff.--The Executive Director shall hire
Foundation staff on the basis of professional and nonpartisan
qualifications.
``(c) Experts and Consultants.--The Executive Director may procure
temporary and intermittent services of experts and consultants as are
necessary to the extent authorized by section 3109 of title 5, United
States Code[,] to carry out the purposes of the Foundation.
``(d) Compensation.--The Board may fix the compensation of the
Executive Director and other personnel without regard to the provisions
of chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 of title 5, United States
Code, relating to classification of positions and General Schedule pay
rates, except that the rate of pay for the Executive Director and other
personnel may not exceed the rate payable for level IV of the Executive
Schedule under section 5315 of such title.
``SEC. 209. ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS.
``(a) In General.--In order to carry out this title, the Foundation
may--
``(1) prescribe such regulations as it considers necessary
governing the manner in which its functions shall be carried out;
``(2) receive money and other property donated, bequeathed, or
devised, without condition or restriction other than it be used for
the purposes of the Foundation, and to use, sell, or otherwise
dispose of such property for the purpose of carrying out its
functions;
``(3) accept and use the services of voluntary and
noncompensated personnel;
``(4) enter into contracts or other arrangements, or make
grants, to carry out the provisions of this title, and enter into
such contracts or other arrangements, or make such grants, with the
concurrence of a majority of the members of the Board, without
performance or other bonds and without regard to section 3709 of the
Revised Statutes (41 U.S.C. 5);
``(5) rent office space in the metropolitan Washington, D.C.,
area; and
``(6) make other necessary expenditures.
``(b) Annual Report.--The Board shall submit to the President and to
the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on
International Relations of the House of Representatives an annual report
of the operations of the Foundation under this title, including the
financial condition of the Foundation.
``SEC. 210. TERMINATION.
``(a) In General.--The Foundation may not award any new fellowship,
or extend any existing fellowship, after September 30, 2016.
``(b) Abolishment.--Effective 120 days after the expiration of the
last fellowship in effect under this title, the Foundation is
abolished.''
Conduct of Certain Educational and Cultural Exchange Programs
Pub. L. 104-319, title I, Sec. 102, Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3865,
as amended by Pub. L. 106-113, div. B, Sec. 1000(a)(7) [div. A, title
IV, Sec. 402], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A-445, provided that:
``(a) In General.--In carrying out programs of educational and
cultural exchange in countries whose people do not fully enjoy freedom
and democracy, the Secretary of State, with the assistance of the Under
Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy, shall provide, where
appropriate, opportunities for significant participation in such
programs to nationals of such countries who are--
``(1) human rights or democracy leaders of such countries; or
``(2) committed to advancing human rights and democratic values
in such countries.
``(b) Grantee Organizations.--To the extent practicable, grantee
organizations selected to operate programs described in subsection (a)
shall be selected through an open competitive process. Among the factors
that should be considered in the selection of such a grantee are the
willingness and ability of the organization to--
``(1) recruit a broad range of participants, including those
described in paragraphs (1) and (2) of subsection (a); and
``(2) ensure that the governments of the countries described in
subsection (a) do not have inappropriate influence in the selection
process.''
Limitation on Participation in International Expositions or Fairs
Pub. L. 103-236, title II, Sec. 230, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 424,
which provided that United States Information Agency could not obligate
or expend funds for a United States Government funded pavilion or major
exhibit at any international exposition or world's fair in excess of
amounts expressly authorized and appropriated for such purpose, was
repealed by Pub. L. 106-113, div. B, Sec. 1000(a)(7) [div. A, title II,
Sec. 204(e)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A-421. See section
2452b of this title.
International Exchange, Scholarship, and Training Programs
Pub. L. 104-319, title I, Sec. 103, Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3865,
as amended by Pub. L. 105-277, div. G, subdiv. B, title XXIV, Sec. 2415,
Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681-834; Pub. L. 106-113, div. B,
Sec. 1000(a)(7) [div. A, title IV, Sec. 401], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat.
1536, 1501A-445; Pub. L. 107-228, div. A, title II, Sec. 222, Sept. 30,
2002, 116 Stat. 1367, authorized establishment of educational and
cultural exchange programs between United States and people of Tibet and
authorized scholarships for Tibetans and Burmese.
Pub. L. 103-236, title II, Sec. 235, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 425,
authorized establishment and maintenance of American studies collections
at appropriate foreign university libraries to further the study of the
United States.
Pub. L. 103-236, title II, Sec. 236, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 425,
authorized establishment of educational and cultural exchange programs
between United States and Tibet.
Pub. L. 103-236, title II, Sec. 237, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 426,
established a scholarship program for East Timorese students qualified
to study in United States.
Pub. L. 103-236, title II, Sec. 238, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 426,
related to establishment and expansion of Cambodian scholarship and
exchange programs.
Pub. L. 103-236, title II, Sec. 239, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 426,
related to expansion of exchange program allocations to Africa.
Pub. L. 103-236, title II, Sec. 240, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 426,
as amended by Pub. L. 105-244, title I, Sec. 102(a)(7)(A), Oct. 7, 1998,
112 Stat. 1619, established a program to promote academic exchanges in
disciplines relevant to environment and sustainable development.
Pub. L. 103-236, title II, Sec. 241, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 427,
authorized scholarships to qualified students from South Pacific
nations.
Pub. L. 103-236, title II, Sec. 242, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 427,
provided for international exchange programs involving disability
related matters.
Pub. L. 102-511, title VIII, Sec. 807, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat.
3353, authorized exchange and training programs between United States
and independent states of former Soviet Union.
Pub. L. 102-138, title II, Sec. 210, Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 694,
authorized grants to Claude and Mildred Pepper Scholarship Program of
the Washington Workshops Foundation to enable foreign visiting students
to observe workings and operations of democratic form of government of
United States.
Pub. L. 102-138, title II, Sec. 214, Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 696,
established Israeli Arab Scholarship Fund within United States
Information Agency to finance attendance of Israeli Arabs at United
States institutions of higher education.
Pub. L. 102-138, title II, Sec. 225, Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 699,
authorized establishment of an endowment fund to support an exchange
program among secondary school students from United States and former
Warsaw Pact countries, prior to repeal, eff. 6 months after Oct. 24,
1992, by Pub. L. 102-511, title VIII, Sec. 807(c), Oct. 24, 1992, 106
Stat. 3354.
Pub. L. 102-138, title II, Sec. 226, Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 699,
authorized scholarships for foreign and United States students and
scholars awarded by Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of United
States Information Agency to facilitate study, research, and teaching
within United States.
Pub. L. 102-138, title II, Sec. 227, Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 700,
as amended by Pub. L. 102-511, title VIII, Sec. 801, Oct. 24, 1992, 106
Stat. 3352; Pub. L. 105-277, div. G, subdiv. B, title XXIV, Sec. 2413,
Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681-832, established Muskie Fellowship Program
to award scholarships to graduate students from independent states of
the former Soviet Union, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia for study within
United States.
Pub. L. 102-138, title II, Sec. 228, Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 702,
as amended by Pub. L. 103-236, title II, Sec. 233, Apr. 30, 1994, 108
Stat. 424; Pub. L. 105-277, div. G, subdiv. B, title XXII,
Sec. 2219(a)(7), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681-817, authorized
assistance to United States graduate and postdoctoral students
researching Near and Middle East.
Pub. L. 102-138, title II, Sec. 229, Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 702,
authorized scholarships for Vietnamese residents qualified to study in
United States.
Study and Report on Ways To Reduce the Drain From Developing Countries
of Professional Persons and Skilled Specialists
Pub. L. 89-698, title III, Sec. 301, Oct. 29, 1966, 80 Stat. 1072,
authorized Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare to conduct an
investigation to determine number of individuals from developing
countries who enter United States annually to further their education
and fail to return to their homeland and to report to President and to
Congress findings and conclusions together with recommendations for any
legislation deemed necessary to encourage these individuals to return
and use their education and training in service of their homeland.
Executive Order No. 10716
Ex. Ord. No. 10716, June 18, 1957, 22 F.R. 4345, as amended by Ex.
Ord. No. 10912, Jan. 19, 1961, 26 F.R. 509, which related to
administration of programs under this chapter, was superseded by Ex.
Ord. No. 11034, June 25, 1962, 27 F.R. 6071, set out as a note under
section 2454 of this title.
Section Referred to in Other Sections
This section is referred to in sections 2452b, 2453, 2454, 2455,
2456, 2458, 2458a, 2460, 4712 of this title.
