November 1912 - Philippine Supreme Court Decisions/Resolutions
Philippine Supreme Court Jurisprudence
Philippine Supreme Court Jurisprudence > Year 1912 > November 1912 Decisions >
G.R. No. 5675 November 26, 1912 - JOSE CARLOS CHUNG MUY CO’S ADMINISTRATOR v. LIM QUIOC, ET AL
023 Phil 518:
023 Phil 518:
FIRST DIVISION
[G.R. No. 5675. November 26, 1912. ]
JOSE CARLOS CHUNG MUY CO’S ADMINISTRATOR, Petitioner-Appellee, v. LIM QUIOC ET AL., Respondents-Appellants.
Thos D. Aitken for Appellants.
Frank B. Ingersoll for Appellee.
SYLLABUS
1. ESTATES; EXECUTORS AND ADMINISTRATORS; EXTRA COMPENSATION. — In order to entitle the administrator or executor to additional compensation the estate must have been large, the settlement attended with great difficulty, and a high degree of capacity required. In all other cases, only the usual remuneration, as fixed by section 680 of Act No. 190, is allowable.
2. ID.; ID.; ID. — The fact that the incumbent of the office is a lawyer, or other person especially qualified to deal with intricate and difficult matters of law or business, is of itself no reason for increasing the compensation.
3. ID.; ID.; ID.; CLAIMS FOR, SHOULD BE ITEMIZED. — When extra compensation is claimed, it is the better practice to itemize the account and explain fully in what particular the services are extraordinary or unusual, in order that all parties in interest may be well informed in the matter.
2. ID.; ID.; ID. — The fact that the incumbent of the office is a lawyer, or other person especially qualified to deal with intricate and difficult matters of law or business, is of itself no reason for increasing the compensation.
3. ID.; ID.; ID.; CLAIMS FOR, SHOULD BE ITEMIZED. — When extra compensation is claimed, it is the better practice to itemize the account and explain fully in what particular the services are extraordinary or unusual, in order that all parties in interest may be well informed in the matter.
D E C I S I O N
TRENT, J. :
This is an appeal from an order of the Court of First Instance of the city of Manila, dated May 7, 1909, approving with certain modifications the account of the administrator.
Counsel for the appellants insists that the court erred in allowing the administrator the sum of P4,396.22 for his services.
The bill is made up of the following items:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
For the first eleven months, excluding Sundays and holidays P1,144.00
For the next twenty-five months, excluding Sundays and holidays 1,300.00
For the prosecution of a suit for the recovery of money belonging
to the estate 1,000.00
For extraordinary service performed in connection with the interest
of the estate in an oil store 500.00
For unusual services performed in connection with the settlement
of two claims of the estate 250.00
For commissions on the amounts disbursed 202.22
______
Total 4,396.22
The court found as a fact that the administrator actually and necessarily employed during the first eleven months two hundred and eighty-six days of his time, and in the twenty-five months following, three hundred and twenty-five days. In view of the fact that the testimony taken on the hearing of this report has not been brought to this court, these findings of fact cannot be disturbed. There is no objection to the item of P202.22 commission on the amount disbursed.
With reference to the other items, the court said:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"There was allowed the administrator in connection with the prosecution of an action by him for the recovery of money supposed to be due the estate the sum of one thousand pesos.
"I am aware that extraordinary services were performed by the administrator in connection with an interest which the estate had in an oil store, and that the daily compensation allowed by law is not a reasonable compensation for the services performed, and I allow for such services the sum of five hundred pesos.
"I am also aware that unusual services were performed in connection with the settlement of two claims of the estate which were after much labor adjusted by the administrator, and I am of opinion that an extra allowance should be made for these services, which I fix at P250."cralaw virtua1aw library
Section 380 of the Code of Civil Procedure reads:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"SEC. 680. How allowed for services. — The executor or administrator shall be allowed necessary expense in the care, management, and settlement of the estate, and for his services, two dollars per day for the time actually and necessarily employed, and a commission of three per cent upon all sums disbursed in the payment of debts, expenses, and distributive shares, if the amount of such disbursements does not exceed one thousand dollars. If the amount exceeds one thousand dollars and does not exceed five thousand dollars, then three per cent upon the first one thousand dollars and one and one-half per cent upon the excess, if the whole amount does not exceed five thousand dollars. If the total disbursements exceed five thousand dollars, then the percentage as above provided, and one per cent on the excess above five thousand dollars. But in any special case, where the estate is large, and the settlement has been attended with great difficulty, and has required a high degree of capacity on the part of the executor or administrator, a greater sum may be allowed. But if objection to the fees allowed be taken, the allowance may be reexamined by the Supreme Court on appeal.
"When the administrator or executor is a lawyer, he shall not be allowed to charge against the estate any professional fees, as such, for services rendered by himself. When the deceased by will makes some other provision for compensation to his executor, that provision shall be a full satisfaction for his services, unless by a written instrument filed in the court he renounces all claim to the compensation provided by the will."cralaw virtua1aw library
It will be noted that this section accurately fixes the compensation of the executor or administrator, except in special cases where (1) the estate is large, (2) where the settlement has been attended with great difficulty, and (3) where a high degree or capacity has been required.
The law scrutinizes with a jealous eye the acts of executors and administrators to see that the accumulations of a life-time are properly distributed. To accomplish these objects, it recognizes the necessity of securing persons of high character and standing in the community. It recognizes the fact that only by fair compensation for the services require can such men be expected to divert their time and attention and labor from their own affairs to the management of estates, the resources of which they must ascertain and administer, possibly with more or less hindrance and unmerited distrust on the part of interested parties. Again, in order to reduce the rate of compensation of executors and administrators as nearly as possible to a fixed standard, and thereby prevent unnecessary lawsuits on questions which have for their only basis a difference of opinion, and thus accelerate the settlement of such estates, it has been found advisable to specify beforehand what that compensation shall be, except in special cases, which, in the complexity of human affairs, are bound to arise. The rate of compensation thus determined with a fair degree of accuracy, a person appointed to the office may determine whether or not he can afford to undertake to discharge its duties. If he does not consider the remuneration sufficient, he is not compelled to accept the trust. Nor is the fact that the incumbent of the office is a lawyer or other person especially qualified to deal with intricate an difficult matters of law or business of itself a reason for increasing the compensation. An executor or administrator is expected to employ in the discharge of his duties ordinary business ability and careful, economical management. His appointment itself is based upon such considerations. The supreme court of Michigan thus states the rule:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"The administrator is required to exercise the ordinary prudence, care, and judgment of men doing the kind of business the deceased was engaged in at the time of his death. It is not the highest degree of skill or care, nor the best management and judgment, that the law requires. This would be requiring too much, as will be readily seen, for that would require capacity and ability which would insure success, and is not possessed by more than one-tenth of the persons who engage in business generally. It is the care, prudence, and judgment which the man of fair average capacity and ability brings to bear in the transaction of his own business that furnishes the standard by which the administrator in the performance of his trust duties must be governed." (Loomis v. Armstrong, 63 Mich., 355, 362; 29 N. W. 870; quoted with approval in Dundas v. Chrisman, 25 Neb., 495.)
The compensation allowed in ordinary cases is not for the mere execution of documents and the keeping of accounts in order that the records may be kept straight. It also includes those services which require discretion and an ordinary degree of business ability in their execution. Those services which arise in the course of administration and which require the aid of special skill are good examples of extraordinary services.
And where compensation for extraordinary services is claimed (although the statute does not expressly provide for it), the better practice certainly is to itemize the account and explain fully in what particular the services are extraordinary or unusual, keeping in mind that the mere designation of the service performed is not sufficient, as its performance may have been rendered easy or difficult by the circumstances of the particular case. With such detailed information the court may know precisely for what services the extra compensation is asked and the heir, creditor, or other person interested in the estate may be informed so as to know what items, if any, they may desire to contest. (Steel v. Holladay, 20 Ore., 462, 465; Sloan v. Duffy, 117 Wis., 480.)
In order to justify the allowance of extra compensation in accordance with the provisions of section 680, supra, the estate must have been large, the settlement attended with great difficulty, and a high degree of capacity required on the part of the administrator. All three of these requirements must have been present. If the administrator is required to use only ordinary business ability, the case does not fall within the rule. It is the duty of executors and administrators to use their best efforts to discover and collect outstanding claims and unless some peculiar circumstances or conditions render their discovery and collection unusually difficult and require a high degree of capacity, the compensation provided of P4 per day for the time employed and the commissions on the amounts disbursed, together with actual expenses, must be considered sufficient remuneration.
One thousand pesos was allowed the administrator for the prosecution of an action for the recovery of money supposed to be due the estate. With reference to this item the administrator says that suit "was brought and prosecuted to a conclusion in the Supreme Court of the Philippine Islands, but was unsuccessful. The total expense of maintaining said suit amounted to the sum of P1,172.30." The court said that the P1,000 was allowed the administrator for the prosecution of that suit, while the administrator says that amount was a part of the expense. If this P1,000 was actually paid out of the funds of the estate by the administrator as a part of the expenses of that suit, the administrator would no doubt have been authorized to charge that amount in his final account, as the court authorized the bringing of the suit. On examining the administrator’s accounts we find that there was paid the clerk of the court and the sheriff P22.36; costs paid the clerk of the Supreme Court P58; the translator P50; another item of costs paid the clerk of the court P41.94; making a total of P172.30. According to the account, no other expenses were paid on account of this suit, and in view of the fact that the court says the P1,000 was allowed the administrator, we must conclude that this amount was allowed him for the work performed by him in connection with this suit. There is nothing in the record to show what services were rendered by the administrator for which he was allowed the P1,000, except, it is stated, that he was allowed this amount in connection with the prosecution of that suit. If this amount were allowed for the time actually employed by him in the prosecution of that suit that time has already been paid for by the per diem allowance. If it were allowed as an attorney’s fee (and the administrator in this case is an attorney at law) this was in conflict with the express provision of section 680, supra, which prohibits such an allowance. When the services of a lawyer are necessary in the settlement of an estate, it is to the interest of the estate that the administrator secure the best talent possible on the most favorable terms. If he be an attorney and allowed to undertake such services, it is to his own interest to perform the services himself and to secure an allowance for his fees. This, in effect, allows the administrator to make contracts with himself, and violates the familiar principle that one acting in a fiduciary capacity must not place himself in such a position that his own interests become antagonistic with those of his principal. If the only service performed by the administrator was the employment of counsel for the purposes of the suit, such a service cannot be considered as above the ability of an ordinary business man. This item, in either case, must be disallowed.
As to the sale of the oil store, the administrator states:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"A great deal of trouble was taken and time consumed by your administrator in investigating this matter."cralaw virtua1aw library
Again he says:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"That in addition to the services above mentioned your administrator performed special and difficult services in realizing upon an interest which the deceased had in an oil store conducted by one Uy Tong Qua on Calle Jaboneros. That there was nothing in the inventory made by previous administrators regarding this oil store and no information regarding it was furnished your administrator by any parties interested."cralaw virtua1aw library
It is difficult to determine, in fact it is impossible to point out, just what two claims the court had in mind when it allowed the administrator P250 for their settlement. Neither does the administrator nor the court state just what two claims were under consideration. The only information before us upon this point is the statement of the court that it was aware that unusual services had been performed in connection with the settlement of two claims in the estate. The court does not specifically state that the P500 allowed the administrator for his work in connection with the soilstore and the P250 allowed for his services in connection with the settlement of the two claims were additional compensation over and above the per diem allowance. But taking into consideration the fact that the administrator was allowed for the first eleven months P4 for every day during that time (exclusive of Sundays and holidays) and for the next twenty-five months was allowed P4 per day and for one-half of that time (exclusive of Sundays and holidays), the logical conclusion is that the items of P500 and P250 were additional allowances; or, in other words, the administrator was allowed P4 per day for every day he was engaged in investigating the interest that the estate had in the oil store and in the settlement of the two claims, and also the extra amounts of P500 and P250. There is nothing in the record to show that a high degree of capacity was required in the settlement of these two matters. On the contrary, it appears from an examination of the affairs of the whole estate was shown in the administrator’s report, that this estate was one of the ordinary kind. The administrator carried on no business for the estate which required skill or capacity to meet competition. In fact he carried on no business at all except to dispose of the property belonging to the estate. We think it is clear that the court also erred in allowing these two items.
For the foregoing reasons, the order appealed from is modified by disallowing the administrator the P1,000 for his services in connection with the prosecution of the civil suit; the additional amounts of P500, allowed for his services in connection with the oil store; and of P250, allowed in connection with the settlement of the two claims. In all other respects, the order is affirmed without costs.
Arellano, C.J., Torres, Mapa, Carson, and Moreland, JJ., concur.
Counsel for the appellants insists that the court erred in allowing the administrator the sum of P4,396.22 for his services.
The bill is made up of the following items:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
For the first eleven months, excluding Sundays and holidays P1,144.00
For the next twenty-five months, excluding Sundays and holidays 1,300.00
For the prosecution of a suit for the recovery of money belonging
to the estate 1,000.00
For extraordinary service performed in connection with the interest
of the estate in an oil store 500.00
For unusual services performed in connection with the settlement
of two claims of the estate 250.00
For commissions on the amounts disbursed 202.22
______
Total 4,396.22
The court found as a fact that the administrator actually and necessarily employed during the first eleven months two hundred and eighty-six days of his time, and in the twenty-five months following, three hundred and twenty-five days. In view of the fact that the testimony taken on the hearing of this report has not been brought to this court, these findings of fact cannot be disturbed. There is no objection to the item of P202.22 commission on the amount disbursed.
With reference to the other items, the court said:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"There was allowed the administrator in connection with the prosecution of an action by him for the recovery of money supposed to be due the estate the sum of one thousand pesos.
"I am aware that extraordinary services were performed by the administrator in connection with an interest which the estate had in an oil store, and that the daily compensation allowed by law is not a reasonable compensation for the services performed, and I allow for such services the sum of five hundred pesos.
"I am also aware that unusual services were performed in connection with the settlement of two claims of the estate which were after much labor adjusted by the administrator, and I am of opinion that an extra allowance should be made for these services, which I fix at P250."cralaw virtua1aw library
Section 380 of the Code of Civil Procedure reads:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"SEC. 680. How allowed for services. — The executor or administrator shall be allowed necessary expense in the care, management, and settlement of the estate, and for his services, two dollars per day for the time actually and necessarily employed, and a commission of three per cent upon all sums disbursed in the payment of debts, expenses, and distributive shares, if the amount of such disbursements does not exceed one thousand dollars. If the amount exceeds one thousand dollars and does not exceed five thousand dollars, then three per cent upon the first one thousand dollars and one and one-half per cent upon the excess, if the whole amount does not exceed five thousand dollars. If the total disbursements exceed five thousand dollars, then the percentage as above provided, and one per cent on the excess above five thousand dollars. But in any special case, where the estate is large, and the settlement has been attended with great difficulty, and has required a high degree of capacity on the part of the executor or administrator, a greater sum may be allowed. But if objection to the fees allowed be taken, the allowance may be reexamined by the Supreme Court on appeal.
"When the administrator or executor is a lawyer, he shall not be allowed to charge against the estate any professional fees, as such, for services rendered by himself. When the deceased by will makes some other provision for compensation to his executor, that provision shall be a full satisfaction for his services, unless by a written instrument filed in the court he renounces all claim to the compensation provided by the will."cralaw virtua1aw library
It will be noted that this section accurately fixes the compensation of the executor or administrator, except in special cases where (1) the estate is large, (2) where the settlement has been attended with great difficulty, and (3) where a high degree or capacity has been required.
The law scrutinizes with a jealous eye the acts of executors and administrators to see that the accumulations of a life-time are properly distributed. To accomplish these objects, it recognizes the necessity of securing persons of high character and standing in the community. It recognizes the fact that only by fair compensation for the services require can such men be expected to divert their time and attention and labor from their own affairs to the management of estates, the resources of which they must ascertain and administer, possibly with more or less hindrance and unmerited distrust on the part of interested parties. Again, in order to reduce the rate of compensation of executors and administrators as nearly as possible to a fixed standard, and thereby prevent unnecessary lawsuits on questions which have for their only basis a difference of opinion, and thus accelerate the settlement of such estates, it has been found advisable to specify beforehand what that compensation shall be, except in special cases, which, in the complexity of human affairs, are bound to arise. The rate of compensation thus determined with a fair degree of accuracy, a person appointed to the office may determine whether or not he can afford to undertake to discharge its duties. If he does not consider the remuneration sufficient, he is not compelled to accept the trust. Nor is the fact that the incumbent of the office is a lawyer or other person especially qualified to deal with intricate an difficult matters of law or business of itself a reason for increasing the compensation. An executor or administrator is expected to employ in the discharge of his duties ordinary business ability and careful, economical management. His appointment itself is based upon such considerations. The supreme court of Michigan thus states the rule:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"The administrator is required to exercise the ordinary prudence, care, and judgment of men doing the kind of business the deceased was engaged in at the time of his death. It is not the highest degree of skill or care, nor the best management and judgment, that the law requires. This would be requiring too much, as will be readily seen, for that would require capacity and ability which would insure success, and is not possessed by more than one-tenth of the persons who engage in business generally. It is the care, prudence, and judgment which the man of fair average capacity and ability brings to bear in the transaction of his own business that furnishes the standard by which the administrator in the performance of his trust duties must be governed." (Loomis v. Armstrong, 63 Mich., 355, 362; 29 N. W. 870; quoted with approval in Dundas v. Chrisman, 25 Neb., 495.)
The compensation allowed in ordinary cases is not for the mere execution of documents and the keeping of accounts in order that the records may be kept straight. It also includes those services which require discretion and an ordinary degree of business ability in their execution. Those services which arise in the course of administration and which require the aid of special skill are good examples of extraordinary services.
And where compensation for extraordinary services is claimed (although the statute does not expressly provide for it), the better practice certainly is to itemize the account and explain fully in what particular the services are extraordinary or unusual, keeping in mind that the mere designation of the service performed is not sufficient, as its performance may have been rendered easy or difficult by the circumstances of the particular case. With such detailed information the court may know precisely for what services the extra compensation is asked and the heir, creditor, or other person interested in the estate may be informed so as to know what items, if any, they may desire to contest. (Steel v. Holladay, 20 Ore., 462, 465; Sloan v. Duffy, 117 Wis., 480.)
In order to justify the allowance of extra compensation in accordance with the provisions of section 680, supra, the estate must have been large, the settlement attended with great difficulty, and a high degree of capacity required on the part of the administrator. All three of these requirements must have been present. If the administrator is required to use only ordinary business ability, the case does not fall within the rule. It is the duty of executors and administrators to use their best efforts to discover and collect outstanding claims and unless some peculiar circumstances or conditions render their discovery and collection unusually difficult and require a high degree of capacity, the compensation provided of P4 per day for the time employed and the commissions on the amounts disbursed, together with actual expenses, must be considered sufficient remuneration.
One thousand pesos was allowed the administrator for the prosecution of an action for the recovery of money supposed to be due the estate. With reference to this item the administrator says that suit "was brought and prosecuted to a conclusion in the Supreme Court of the Philippine Islands, but was unsuccessful. The total expense of maintaining said suit amounted to the sum of P1,172.30." The court said that the P1,000 was allowed the administrator for the prosecution of that suit, while the administrator says that amount was a part of the expense. If this P1,000 was actually paid out of the funds of the estate by the administrator as a part of the expenses of that suit, the administrator would no doubt have been authorized to charge that amount in his final account, as the court authorized the bringing of the suit. On examining the administrator’s accounts we find that there was paid the clerk of the court and the sheriff P22.36; costs paid the clerk of the Supreme Court P58; the translator P50; another item of costs paid the clerk of the court P41.94; making a total of P172.30. According to the account, no other expenses were paid on account of this suit, and in view of the fact that the court says the P1,000 was allowed the administrator, we must conclude that this amount was allowed him for the work performed by him in connection with this suit. There is nothing in the record to show what services were rendered by the administrator for which he was allowed the P1,000, except, it is stated, that he was allowed this amount in connection with the prosecution of that suit. If this amount were allowed for the time actually employed by him in the prosecution of that suit that time has already been paid for by the per diem allowance. If it were allowed as an attorney’s fee (and the administrator in this case is an attorney at law) this was in conflict with the express provision of section 680, supra, which prohibits such an allowance. When the services of a lawyer are necessary in the settlement of an estate, it is to the interest of the estate that the administrator secure the best talent possible on the most favorable terms. If he be an attorney and allowed to undertake such services, it is to his own interest to perform the services himself and to secure an allowance for his fees. This, in effect, allows the administrator to make contracts with himself, and violates the familiar principle that one acting in a fiduciary capacity must not place himself in such a position that his own interests become antagonistic with those of his principal. If the only service performed by the administrator was the employment of counsel for the purposes of the suit, such a service cannot be considered as above the ability of an ordinary business man. This item, in either case, must be disallowed.
As to the sale of the oil store, the administrator states:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"A great deal of trouble was taken and time consumed by your administrator in investigating this matter."cralaw virtua1aw library
Again he says:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"That in addition to the services above mentioned your administrator performed special and difficult services in realizing upon an interest which the deceased had in an oil store conducted by one Uy Tong Qua on Calle Jaboneros. That there was nothing in the inventory made by previous administrators regarding this oil store and no information regarding it was furnished your administrator by any parties interested."cralaw virtua1aw library
It is difficult to determine, in fact it is impossible to point out, just what two claims the court had in mind when it allowed the administrator P250 for their settlement. Neither does the administrator nor the court state just what two claims were under consideration. The only information before us upon this point is the statement of the court that it was aware that unusual services had been performed in connection with the settlement of two claims in the estate. The court does not specifically state that the P500 allowed the administrator for his work in connection with the soilstore and the P250 allowed for his services in connection with the settlement of the two claims were additional compensation over and above the per diem allowance. But taking into consideration the fact that the administrator was allowed for the first eleven months P4 for every day during that time (exclusive of Sundays and holidays) and for the next twenty-five months was allowed P4 per day and for one-half of that time (exclusive of Sundays and holidays), the logical conclusion is that the items of P500 and P250 were additional allowances; or, in other words, the administrator was allowed P4 per day for every day he was engaged in investigating the interest that the estate had in the oil store and in the settlement of the two claims, and also the extra amounts of P500 and P250. There is nothing in the record to show that a high degree of capacity was required in the settlement of these two matters. On the contrary, it appears from an examination of the affairs of the whole estate was shown in the administrator’s report, that this estate was one of the ordinary kind. The administrator carried on no business for the estate which required skill or capacity to meet competition. In fact he carried on no business at all except to dispose of the property belonging to the estate. We think it is clear that the court also erred in allowing these two items.
For the foregoing reasons, the order appealed from is modified by disallowing the administrator the P1,000 for his services in connection with the prosecution of the civil suit; the additional amounts of P500, allowed for his services in connection with the oil store; and of P250, allowed in connection with the settlement of the two claims. In all other respects, the order is affirmed without costs.
Arellano, C.J., Torres, Mapa, Carson, and Moreland, JJ., concur.
