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SECOND DIVISION

G.R. No. 93852 January 24, 1992

PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Plaintiff-Appellee, vs. DANDY DE JESUS, Accused-Appellant.

The Solicitor General for plaintiff-appellee.

Public Attorney's Office for accused-appellant.chanrobles virtual law library

REGALADO, J.:

Having been convicted by the Regional Trial Court, Branch 170 in Malabon, Metro Manila, of violating Section 4, Article II, Republic Act No. 6425, otherwise known as the Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972, as amended, accused-appellant seeks the reversal thereof in this appeal.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

The information filed against appellant alleges that on or about September 26, 1989, in the Municipality of Navotas, Metro Manila, he wilfully, unlawfully and feloniously sold, delivered and gave away three (3) tea bags of dried marijuana leaves, a prohibited drug. ¹ Upon being duly arraigned, he pleaded not guilty to the charge.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

At the trial, the prosecution presented Pfc. Efren Arevalo and Pat. Nemesio Ira, both of the Navotas Police Station, as its witnesses. Their testimony proved, and the trial court found, that at around three o'clock in the afternoon of September 26, 1989, they were at the Navotas police headquarters. While they were standing by for possible assignment, a confidential informant arrived and told them that a person was selling marijuana at Interior Gov. Pascual St., San Jose, Navotas. They immediately proceeded to the said area where Pat. Ira positioned himself about ten (10) meters away from the point where the alleged sale took place. Pfc. Arevalo, accompanied by the confidential informant, acted as the poseur buyer. ²chanrobles virtual law library

After having been approached by Pfc. Arevalo and the confidential informant, appellant, who was later identified as Dandy de Jesus, left for a while, after which he returned and handed three (3) tea bags of marijuana to Pfc. Arevalo. Upon seeing Pfc. Arevalo handing something in return to appellant, which actually was the marked money, Pat. Ira approached them and arrested the latter. ³chanrobles virtual law library

The policemen brought appellant to their headquarters and arranged for the dried leaves to be examined by the National Bureau of Investigation. The findings of the Forensic Chemistry Section of the Bureau showed that they are positive for marijuana. ⁴ The three (3) tea bags of dried marijuana leaves were presented and admitted as Exhibit "E" for the prosecution. ⁵ The request for examination and the certification issued by the NBI were marked as prosecution Exhibits "C" and "D", respectively. ⁶ The police officers retrieved the marked money used in the buy-bust operation worth P30.00, which was in two denominations of P10.00 and P20.00, from appellant and these were presented as Exhibits "A" and "B". The buy-bust money, with serial numbers GM54416 and JS985778, respectively, bore the initials of Pfc. Efren Arevalo (EA) as markings (Exhibits "A-1" and "B-2"). ⁷chanrobles virtual law library

The evidence for the defense, on the other hand, expectedly presented an entirety different version. Appellant and a certain Roberto Anas testified that they were neighbors. They were allegedly taking a bath together at around four o'clock in the afternoon of September 26, 1989 within the premises of the latter's aunt at 388 Int. Gov. Pascual, San Jose, Navotas when four (4) policemen arrived. These policemen were identified by them as Arevalo, Ira, Rizalito Francisco and Rolando Mabbun. They talked to appellant and told him that his "Uncle Rolly", also a Navotas policeman, was calling him. Appellant asked them why but, instead of answering, they brought him outside and loaded him into an owner type jeep. 8

Appellant claims that he was then brought to the Navotas police station where he was made to admit that he was selling marijuana. When he refused, Rolando Mabbun hit him with a bamboo stick which caused bruises on his body. The police officers gave appellant a piece of paper which they made him sign. When he asked what the paper was all about, appellant learned that it was a complaint against him for selling marijuana. He was thereafter confined in jail. ⁹chanrobles virtual law library

On February 6, 1990, the mother of appellant filed administrative charges against the policemen with the National Police Commission, which complaint was supposedly supported by statements of Roberto Anas and of appellant. These statements were presented as Exhibits "1" and "2" for the defense. ¹⁰The trial court, however, observed that although the incident in question took place on September 26, 1989, the statements were made more than four (4) months later, and that there was no proof that said statements were actually filed with the National Police Commission. ¹¹chanrobles virtual law library

In a decision penned by Judge Marina L. Buzon on April 23, 1990, the trial court found appellant guilty beyond reasonable doubt of the charge against him and sentenced him to suffer the penalty of life imprisonment and to pay a fine of P20,000.00 and the costs. ¹² He has now come before us and, in his assignment of errors, he contends that the court a quo erred (1) in giving credence to the testimonies of the prosecution witnesses and in disregarding the theory of the defense; and (2) in finding appellant guilty of violation of Section 4, Article II, Republic Act No. 6425, as amended. ¹³chanrobles virtual law library

It is evident, therefore, that the resolution of this case hinges on the issue of credibility. On this score, it is a well-settled rule in our jurisdiction that the findings of the trial court regarding the issue of credibility of witnesses and their testimonies are entitled to great respect and are accorded the highest consideration by appellate courts. ¹⁴Deviation from the rule is allowed only when the circumstances of the case show that the trial court has overlooked facts which will substantially alter the results of its adjudication. Corollary to this, it has likewise been consistently ruled that credibility is a matter that is peculiarly within the province of the trial judge, who had first-hand opportunity to watch and observe the demeanor and behavior of witnesses, both for the prosecution and the defense, at the time of their testimony. ¹⁵chanrobles virtual law library

Further, we have ruled that credence shall be given to the narration of the incident by the prosecution witnesses especially when they are police officers who are presumed to have performed their duties in a regular manner, there being evidence to the contrary. ¹⁶ In fact, the court below noted the admission of appellant that his uncle, Rolly Domingo, is a policeman of Navotas; hence it is unlikely that the prosecution witnesses would falsely charge, a relative of their co-policeman with a serious offense. ¹⁷chanrobles virtual law library

Appellant contends that the trial court overlooked the fact that he knows well that the two prosecution witnesses are police officers. Appellant claims that to arrive at the conclusion that he would enter into a transaction to sell marijuana to Arevalo, whom he knows to be a policeman, is incredible and improbable. ¹⁸chanrobles virtual law library

We are not impressed with this argument. Aside from its lack of corroboration, it is a matter that can be so easily contrived, for all that the malefactor has to do is to affect such supposed knowledge of the identity of the peace officer and seek refuge in that self-serving contention. Furthermore, as we have heretofore stressed, the liability of appellant lies not on the existing familiarity between the buyer and the seller but on their agreement and the acts constituting the sale and delivery of the marijuana leaves. ¹⁹chanrobles virtual law library

Even assuming arguendo that appellant knows the poseur buyer to be a police officer, the fact that he still returned with three (3) tea bags of marijuana leaves after having been offered a certain amount by the police officer shows his willingness to enter into a transaction with him. And that willingness, in turn, showed that he opted to take the risk of being brought into the folds of the law. As ruled in People vs. Odicta, ²⁰ in real life, pushers, especially small-quantity or retail pushers, sell their prohibited wares to customers, be they strangers or not, who have the price of the drug.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

Turning to another aspect, appellant further insists that the procedure followed by the police officers in apprehending him is insidious, much more reprehensible than the crime sought to be curtailed, for the public allegedly knows how many injustices have been committed in the name of buy-bust operations. ²¹chanrobles virtual law library

Contrary to the submission of appellant, we cannot see how the procedure adopted by the police officers in this case can nullify the results obtained from said buy-bust operation or defeat the application of the presumption of regularity in the performance of official duties as earlier stated. The situation in the case at bar is one where a person commits a crime in the presence of a peace officer, hence the latter may validly arrest the offender even without first obtaining a warrant of arrest. ²²chanrobles virtual law library

It is clear from the testimony of the prosecution witnesses that their superior officers were not around when the confidential informant arrived. The urgency of the situation and the immediate reaction of the police officers being to take the alleged pusher into the custody of the law, they did not wait anymore for their superiors to arrive but they decided to take appropriate action by themselves.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

Moreover, as established by Pfc. Efren Arevalo, in his testimony, they had already been given the buy-bust money in advance in anticipation of circumstances such as those in the case at bar. Thus:

xxx xxx xxx

Q Did I get you right all the members of the Narcotics Unit of the Navotas Police Station will be given money for buy-bust operation even if there is no existing operation?chanrobles virtual law library

A (Interrupted)

Fiscal: No basis.

Court: The answer was it was given to him a few days earlier. Witness may answer.chanrobles virtual law library

Witness: Because the money were (sic) already given to us because sometimes he is not around, sir.

xxx xxx xxx

Court (Witness)chanrobles virtual law library

Q Are you saying you did not seek any clearance from you superior officer before you conducted the buy bust operation?chanrobles virtual law library

A We have (sic) it blottered before we left.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

Q You did not try to contact Mabbun or the Station Commander to give you authority to conduct the buy bust operation?chanrobles virtual law library

A We did not contact anymore Mabbun because it was already in the official blotter, your honor.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

Q How about the Station Commander?chanrobles virtual law library

A We did not inform our station Commander anymore.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

Q Are you not required to inform at least the superior officer before conducting any form of operation?chanrobles virtual law library

A Not anymore. We just proceeded to our mission because it was already in the official blotter, your honor. ²³

xxx xxx xxx

Appellant likewise challenges the failure of the prosecution to present the confidential informant as a witness. His main contention in this regard was that said failure was tantamount to suppression of evidence and that evidence suppressed is deemed adverse, if produced. ²⁴ We disagree.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

This Court has repeatedly ruled that the prosecution may decide on who should be presented as witnesses. ²⁵ Moreover, the adverse presumption from suppression of evidence is not applicable when (1) the suppression is not wilful; (2) the evidence suppressed or withheld is merely corroborative or cumulative; (3) the evidence is at the disposal of both parties; and (4) the suppression is an exercise of a privilege. ²⁶chanrobles virtual law library

In this case, the failure of the prosecution to present the confidential informant was not wilfully unjustified. As the Solicitor General puts it, police informants work incognito; to parade them in court would destroy their usefulness. ²⁷Therefore, his identity may remain confidential. There are strong practical reasons for such continued secrecy, including the continued health and safety of the informer and the encouragement of others to report wrongdoings to the police authorities. ²⁸chanrobles virtual law library

Also, the testimony of the confidential informant was merely corroborative. The prosecution deemed it unnecessary to present his testimony because there was sufficient evidence to establish its case. Appellant was caught in flagrante delicto by the police officers and his conviction does not depend on the informer's testimony.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

Consonant with the foregoing, the Court has consistently ruled that if a lesser number of witnesses is sufficient to prove the facts relied on, no unfavorable presumption will arise against the party for not placing the witness on the stand. ²⁹ As a mater of fact, the court may stop the introduction of further testimony upon any particular point when the evidence upon it was already so full that more witnesses to the same point cannot be reasonably expected to be additionally persuasive. ³⁰chanrobles virtual law library

Finally, the defense of appellant constitutes a combination of an alibi and denial, definitely the weakest defense. Trite as it may appear to be, we repeat all over that to serve as a basis for acquittal, the defense of alibi must be established by clear and convincing evidence. The requisites of time and place must be strictly met. It must affirmatively appear not only that the accused was at some other place at the time of the perpetration of the offense but also that the circumstances are such as logically to generate the conclusion that it was physically impossible for him to be present at the scene of the crime at the time of its commission. ³¹chanrobles virtual law library

The testimony of appellant, even if corroborated by another witness, is intrinsically effete and implausible. The presumption of innocence in his favor was overcome by the evidence presented by the prosecution. Moreover, the defense of alibi cannot prevail over this positive identification by the prosecution witnesses as the perpetrator of the crime. ³² In the case at bar, the prosecution witnesses specifically and categorically pointed to appellant as the one who committed the offense charged. ³³chanrobles virtual law library

This case is another regrettable episodic event in the continuing campaign against the illicit trade in drugs. Appellant, it is true, is but a mere cog in the wheel for the supply of drugs, from the initial producer to the ultimate consumer. His comparatively limited role, however, is not as inconsequential as it may appear. Undeniably, the pusher personally and directly reaches out to each individual end-user who, without the criminal agency of the former, would otherwise not have been enticed into the dangers of drug use which usually culminate in the tragedy of drug addiction. For serving as that nefarious conduit, the pusher deserves the heavy hand of retributive justice.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

ACCORDINGLY, the assailed judgment of the court a quo is hereby AFFIRMED.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

SO ORDERED.

Melencio-Herrera, Paras, Padilla and Nocon, JJ., concur.

Endnotes:

1 Original Record, 1.chanrobles virtual law library

2 TSN, January 23, 1990, 3-8; January 30, 1990, 2-5.chanrobles virtual law library

3 Ibid., id., ibid., Id.,

4 Ibid., February 6, 1990, 1-2.chanrobles virtual law library

5 Original Record, 30.chanrobles virtual law library

6 Ibid., 27-28.chanrobles virtual law library

7 Ibid., 26.chanrobles virtual law library

8 TSN, February 20, 2-13; February 27, 1990, 2-3.chanrobles virtual law library

9 Ibid., id., 4.chanrobles virtual law library

10 Original Record, 36, 37.chanrobles virtual law library

11 Rollo, 16.chanrobles virtual law library

12 Ibid., 14-16.chanrobles virtual law library

13 Brief for the Accused-Appellant, 1; Rollo, 24.chanrobles virtual law library

14 People vs. Carido, 167 SCRA 462 (1988); People vs. Tejada, 170 SCRA 497 (1989).chanrobles virtual law library

15 People vs. Turla, 167 SCRA 278 (1988).chanrobles virtual law library

16 People vs. Napat-a, 179 SCRA 403 (1989).chanrobles virtual law library

17 Rollo, 15.chanrobles virtual law library

18 Brief for the Accused-Appellant, 8; Rollo, 33.chanrobles virtual law library

19 People vs. Tejada, supra; People vs. Rodriguez, 172 SCRA 742 (1989).chanrobles virtual law library

20 G.R. No. 93708, May 15, 1991.chanrobles virtual law library

21 Brief for the Accused-Appellant, 7; Rollo, 32.chanrobles virtual law library

22 Sec. 3, Rule 113, Rules of Court.chanrobles virtual law library

23 TSN, February 6, 1990, 6, 11.chanrobles virtual law library

24 Brief for the Accused-Appellant, 9; Rollo, 34.chanrobles virtual law library

25 People vs. Orita, 184 SCRA 105 (1990); People vs. Alerta, Jr., G.R. No. 85250, July 1, 1991.chanrobles virtual law library

26 6 Moran, Comments on the Rules of Court, 41 (1980 ed.).chanrobles virtual law library

27 Brief for the Appellee, 7; Rollo, 57.chanrobles virtual law library

28 People vs. Odicta, supra.chanrobles virtual law library

29 Modesto vs. Leyva, 6 Phil. 186 (1906); People vs. Caragao, 30 SCRA 993 (1969).chanrobles virtual law library

30 Sec. 6, Rule 133, Rules of Court.chanrobles virtual law library

31 People vs. Abaya, 170 SCRA 691 (1989); People vs. Ruedas, 194 SCRA 553 (1991).chanrobles virtual law library

32 People vs. Almenario, et al., 172 SCRA 268 (1989); People vs. Glinogo, 172 SCRA 893 (1989).chanrobles virtual law library

33 TSN, January 23, 1990, 4; January 30, 1990, 3.