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EN BANC

[G.R. No. 126252. August 30, 1999]

PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. JESUS GARCIA y MANABAT, Accused-Appellant.

D E C I S I O N

PUNO, J.:

For review is the conviction of accused-appellant JESUS GARCIA y MANABAT for illegal possession of five (5) kilos of marijuana for which he was initially sentenced to death. The Information¹ against him reads:

That on or about the 28th day of November, 1994, in the City of Baguio, Philippines, and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the above-named accused, did then and there willfully, unlawfully and feloniously have in his possession, custody and control five (5) kilos of compressed marijuana dried leaves, without the authority of law to do so, in violation of the abovecited provision of the law.

CONTRARY TO LAW.

Upon arraignment, accused-appellant pled not guilty.

The prosecutions case hinges on the testimony of Senior Inspector OLIVER ENMODIAS. He recounted that on November 28, 1994, he and SPO3 JOSE PANGANIBAN boarded a passenger jeepney from their office in Camp Dangwa, La Trinidad, Benguet, en route to Baguio City. He took the seat behind the jeepney driver while SPO3 Panganiban sat opposite him. They were in civilian attire. When the jeepney reached km. 4 or 5, accused JESUS GARCIA boarded the jeepney carrying a plastic bag. He occupied the front seat, beside the driver and placed the plastic bag on his lap. After a couple of minutes, the policemen smelled marijuana which seemed to emanate from accuseds bag. To confirm their suspicion, they decided to follow accused when he gets off the jeepney.²cräläwvirtualibräry

The accused alighted at the Baguio City hall and the police officers trailed him. The accused proceeded to Rizal Park and sat by the monument. Half a meter away, the police officers saw the accused retrieve a green travelling bag from the back pocket of his pants. He then transferred five (5) packages wrapped in newspaper from the plastic bag to the green bag. As the newspaper wrapper of one of the packages was partially torn, the police officers saw the content of the package. It appeared to be marijuana.³ Forthwith, the policemen approached the accused and identified themselves. The accused appeared to be nervous and did not immediately respond. The policemen then asked the accused if they could inspect his travelling bag. The accused surrendered his bag and the inspection revealed that it contained five (5) bricks of what appeared to be dried marijuana leaves. The police officers then arrested the accused and seized his bag. The accused was turned over to the CIS office at the Baguio Water District Compound for further investigation. He was appraised of his custodial rights. At about 5 p.m., the arresting officers left for the crime laboratory at Camp Dangwa, Benguet, for chemical analysis of the items seized from the accused. The next day, the policemen executed their joint affidavit of arrest and transferred the accused to the Baguio city jail. Verification by the arresting officers of the records at the Narcotics Command revealed that the accuseds name was in the list of drug dealers.⁴ The result of chemical analysis of the five (5) items seized from the accused confirmed that they were dried marijuana fruiting tops, weighing a total of five (5) kilos.⁵cräläwvirtualibräry

For his part, the accused admitted being at the locus criminis but denied possessing marijuana or carrying any bag on November 28, 1994. He alleged that on said day, at about 8:00 a.m., he left his residence in Angeles City to visit his brother, NICK GARCIA, whom he had not seen for ten (10) years. He arrived in Baguio City at 12:30 p.m. Before proceeding to his brothers house, he took a stroll at the Rizal Park. At about 2:00 p.m., two (2) men accosted him at the park. They did not identify themselves as police officers. They held his hands and ordered him to go with them. Despite his protestations, he was forcibly taken to a waiting car⁶ and brought to a safehouse. There, he was asked about the source of his supply of illicit drugs. When he denied knowledge of the crime imputed to him, he was brought to a dark room where his hands were tied, his feet bound to a chair, his mouth covered by tape and his eyes blindfolded. They started mauling him. Initially, he claimed he was kicked and punched on the chest and thighs. When asked further whether he suffered bruises and broken ribs, he answered in the negative. Thereafter, he explained that there were no visible signs of physical abuse on his body as he was only punched, not kicked. Notwithstanding the maltreatment he suffered, the accused claimed he stood firm on his denial that he was dealing with illicit drugs.⁷cräläwvirtualibräry

To corroborate accuseds testimony, the defense presented MANUEL DE GUZMAN, a resident of Baguio City and a neighbor of accuseds brother Nick Garcia. He came to know the accused in 1994 when accused visited his brother Nick, a few months before accused was arrested in November that same year. He recounted that in the afternoon of November 28, 1994, while he was walking along Rizal Park, he noticed two (2) men holding the accuseds hands and forcing him to a car. He was then about 8-10 meters away. He did not see the accused or any of the two men carrying a bag.⁸cräläwvirtualibräry

In a Decision, dated January 29, 1996, RTC Judge Pastor de Guzman, Jr.⁹ found the accused guilty of illegal possession of prohibited drugs and sentenced him to suffer the maximum penalty of death. The dispositive portion reads:

WHEREFORE, premises considered, the Court finds the accused Jesus Garcia y Manabat guilty of the violation of Section 8, Art. II of R.A. 6425 as amended by R.A. 7659, involving possession of marijuana weighing 5 kilograms, beyond reasonable doubt.

The penalty for the possession of marijuana weighing 5 kilograms as provided under R.A. 6425 as amended by R.A. 7659 is Death. The Court has no recourse but to sentence the accused Jesus Garcia y Manabat to suffer the death penalty. The law is harsh but it must be followed and obeyed, dura lex sed lex.

SO ORDERED.

The decision was promulgated on February 20, 1996.

On February 26, 1996, the accused moved for reconsideration.¹⁰He reiterated his position that the uncorroborated testimony of prosecution witness Inspector Enmodias was insufficient to establish his guilt. He further contended that he should only be punished with reclusion perpetua.

On April 12, 1996, Judge de Guzman, Jr. filed an application for disability retirement. This Court, in its en banc Resolution,¹¹ dated June 18, 1996, approved his application. The effectivity of his retirement was made retroactive to February 16, 1996.

On August 6, 1996, Acting Presiding Judge Eulogio Juan R. Bautista issued an Order¹²granting in part accuseds Motion for Reconsideration. For lack of aggravating circumstance, the accuseds penalty for illegal possession of marijuana was reduced from death to reclusion perpetua.

In the case at bar, appellant impugns his conviction on the following grounds: (a) the decision convicting him of the crime charged was not validly promulgated as the promulgation was made (4) days after the retirement of the judge who penned the decision; (b) the uncorroborated testimony of prosecution witness Senior Inspector Enmodias is insufficient to establish his guilt beyond reasonable doubt.

First, we shall thresh out the procedural matter raised by appellant.

In his Motion for Clarification,¹³ appellant contends that since the decision under review was promulgated on February 20, 1996, four (4) days after the approved retirement of Judge de Guzman, Jr., his decision is void and has no binding effect.¹⁴cräläwvirtualibräry

We reject this contention. Undisputably, a decision promulgated after the retirement of the judge who signed it is null and void. Under the Rules on Criminal Procedure,¹⁵ a decision is valid and binding only if penned and promulgated by the judge during his incumbency. To be precise, a judgment has legal effect only when it is rendered: (a) by a court legally constituted and in the actual exercise of judicial powers, and (b) by a judge legally appointed, duly qualified and actually acting either de jure or de facto.¹⁶ A judge de jure is one who exercises the office of a judge as a matter of right, fully invested with all the powers and functions conceded to him under the law. A judge de facto is one who exercises the office of judge under some color of right. He has the reputation of the officer he assumes to be, yet he has some defect in his right to exercise judicial functions at the particular time.¹⁷cräläwvirtualibräry

In the case at bar, the decision under review was validly promulgated. Although the effectivity of Judge de Guzman, Jr.s disability retirement was made retroactive to February 16, 1996, it cannot be denied that at the time his subject decision was promulgated on February 20, 1996, he was still the incumbent judge of the RTC, Branch LX of Baguio City, and has in fact continued to hold said office and act as judge thereof until his application for retirement was approved in June 1996. Thus, as of February 20, 1996 when the decision convicting appellant was promulgated, Judge de Guzman, Jr. was actually discharging his duties as a de facto judge. In fact, as of that time, he has yet to file his application for disability retirement. To be sure, as early as 1918, we laid down the principle that where the term of the judge has terminated and he has ceased to act as judge, his subsequent acts in attempting to dispose of business he left unfinished before the expiration of his term are void.¹⁸ However, in the present case, as Judge de Guzman, Jr. was a de facto judge in the actual exercise of his office at the time the decision under review was promulgated on February 20, 1996, said decision is legal and has a valid and binding effect on appellant.¹⁹cräläwvirtualibräry

On the merits, we likewise affirm appellants conviction.

In his Memorandum²⁰before the trial court, appellant insisted that the prosecution was unable to discharge its onus of establishing his guilt beyond reasonable doubt. He maintained that the uncorroborated testimony of the prosecutions main witness, Senior Inspector Enmodias, is incredible and unreliable. Firstly, appellant pointed out that if the police officers indeed smell and the marijuana he was allegedly carrying while they were all on board the jeepney, they should have immediately arrested him instead of waiting for him to alight and stroll at the Rizal Park. Secondly, appellant faulted the procedure adopted by the arresting officers who, after the arrest, took him to the CIS Office at the Baguio Water District Compound for investigation instead of bringing him to the nearest police station, as mandated under Section 5, Rule 113 of the Rules on Criminal Procedure. Finally, appellant theorized that the prosecutions omission or failure to present the other arresting officer, SPO3 Panganiban, to corroborate the testimony of its witness Senior Inspector Enmodias was fatal to the prosecutions case as the lone testimony of Enmodias failed to prove his guilt beyond reasonable doubt.

These contentions of appellant fail to persuade. The prosecution was able to prove appellants guilt beyond reasonable doubt. There is nothing irregular in the manner appellant was apprehended by the police authorities. On the contrary, we find that, without compromising their sworn duty to enforce the law, the police officers exercised reasonable prudence and caution in desisting to apprehend appellant inside the jeepney when they initially suspected he was in possession of marijuana. They sought to verify further their suspicion and decided to trail appellant when the latter alighted from the jeepney. It was only after they saw that one of the packages with the torn wrapper contained what looked like marijuana fruiting tops did they accost appellant and make the arrest. At that precise time, they had obtained personal knowledge of circumstances indicating that appellant had illicit drugs in his possession. They had reasonable ground upon which to base a lawful arrest without a warrant.

Neither do we find anything irregular with the turn over of appellant to the CIS Office. At the trial, it was sufficiently clarified that this has been the practice of the arresting officers as their office had previously arranged with the CIS for assistance with respect to investigations of suspected criminals, the CIS office being more specialized in the area of investigation.²¹ Neither can the police officers be held liable for arbitrarily detaining appellant at the CIS office. Article 125 of the Revised Penal Code, as amended, penalizes a public officer who shall detain another for some legal ground and fail to deliver him to the proper authorities for 36 hours for crimes punishable by afflictive or capital penalties. In the present case, the record bears that appellant was arrested for possession of five (5) kilos of marijuana on November 28, 1994 at 2 p.m., a crime punishable with reclusion perpetua to death. He was detained for further investigation and delivered by the arresting officers to the court in the afternoon of the next day. Clearly, the detention of appellant for purposes of investigation did not exceed the duration allowed by law, i.e., 36 hours from the time of his arrest.

Coming now to appellants defense, we find that his simplistic version of what transpired that fateful day utterly failed to rebut the overwhelming evidence presented by the prosecution. His testimony is not worthy of credence. Firstly, appellant insists he did not bring any travelling bag or personal items with him.²² However, we find it baffling that one would visit a relative in a distant province and fail to bring clothes and other personal belongings for the duration of his stay. Secondly, while appellant repeatedly emphasized that he went to Baguio City to visit his brother whom he had not seen for ten years,²³his corroborating witness, de Guzman, adamantly insisted that the first time he met appellant was only months before the arrest.²⁴ Thirdly, we find it altogether disturbing that appellant, without compunction, acknowledged in open court that he lied when he initially claimed he was kicked by the police officers while under their custody. After testifying that he was kicked and punched on the chest and thighs, appellant unwittingly declared that he suffered no broken ribs or internal injury as a result of the alleged mauling. Realizing the improbability of his claim of maltreatment, he promptly altered his previous testimony. He sought to explain the lack of visible signs of physical abuse on his body by clarifying that he was only punched, not kicked, by the police authorities.²⁵ Lastly, it runs counter to common experience that an innocent person, wrongly accused of a crime and subjected to alleged physical abuse by the authorities would keep mum about his plight. Yet, appellant, through all the sufferings he supposedly underwent, would have us believe that he has not confided to anyone, not even to his brother, his version of the incident, not to mention the maltreatment he supposedly endured in the hands of the police authorities.²⁶ In sum, appellants defense lacks the ring of truth.

Neither did the testimony of appellants corroborating witness aid the defense as it is equally flawed. De Guzman testified that he saw appellant being held by two men and being forced into a car, yet he never revealed what he saw to appellants brother Nick. No explanation was offered for this omission. Although de Guzman thought that the two men harbored ill intentions in abducting appellant, he never reported the incident to the police nor told Nick, appellants brother, about what he witnessed. In fact, it was when Nick told him that appellant was in jail that de Guzman allegedly mentioned to Nick what he saw days earlier.²⁷cräläwvirtualibräry

Treated separately, the incongruent details in the defense theory may appear innocuous at first blush. However, the inconsistencies eventually add up, striking at the very core of appellants defense -- the real purpose of his presence at the crime scene. The contradictions become disturbing as they remain unsatisfactorily explained by the defense and unrebutted on record.

In sum, we find the testimony of Senior Inspector Enmodias credible to sustain a judgment of conviction. We reiterate the familiar rule that the testimony of a single witness, if positive and credible, is enough to convict an accused. For indeed, criminals are convicted not on the number of witnesses presented against them, but on the credibility of the testimony of even one witness.²⁸ It bears stress that it is the quality, not the quantity, of testimony that counts.²⁹ To be sure, a corroborative testimony is not necessary where the details of the crime have been testified to with sufficient clarity.³⁰ As there was nothing to indicate in this case that police officer Enmodias was inspired by ill-motive to testify mendaciously against appellant, the trial court had every reason to accord full faith and credit to his testimony.³¹cräläwvirtualibräry

On a final note: The death sentence originally imposed on appellant was correctly modified by the trial court and reduced to reclusion perpetua as there was no aggravating circumstance present in the commission of the crime. However, both the Decision and Order of the trial court omitted to impose the penalty of fine.³²cräläwvirtualibräry

IN VIEW WHEREOF, the Order, dated August 6, 1996, affirming the conviction of appellant JESUS GARCIA y MANABAT for violation of Section 8, Article II of R.A. 6425, as amended by R.A. 7659, but reducing his penalty to reclusion perpetua is AFFIRMED, subject to the modification that additional penalty of fine in the amount of ten million (P10,000,000.00) pesos is likewise imposed on him. Costs against appellant.

SO ORDERED.

Davide, Jr., C.J., Bellosillo, Melo, Vitug, Kapunan, Mendoza, Panganiban, Quisumbing, Purisima, Pardo, Buena, Gonzaga-Reyes, and Ynares-Santiago, JJ., concur.

Endnotes:

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¹ Rollo, p. 5.

² March 1, 1995 TSN, pp. 4-6, 12-13.

³ Ibid., pp. 6-7, 14-17, 19.

⁴ Ibid., pp. 6-8, 10-12, 20-23.

⁵ Testimony of forensic officer Police Senior Inspector Alma Margarita Villasenor, February 2, 1995 TSN, pp. 3-10; Chemistry Report No. D-064-94, Original Records, p. 31.

⁶ April 25, 1995 TSN, pp. 2-6.

⁷ Ibid., pp. 7-9.

⁸ June 20, 1995 TSN, pp. 2-11.

⁹ Presiding Judge, Branch LX, Baguio City; Rollo, pp. 17-22.

¹⁰ Original Records, pp. 178-182.

¹¹ A.M. No. 8868-Ret.- Re: Application for disability retirement of Judge Pastor V. de Guzman, Jr. Acting on the application for disability retirement filed by Judge Pastor V. De Guzman, Jr., Regional Trial Court, Branch 60, Baguio City, under R.A. No. 910, as amended by R.A. No. 5095 and P.D. No. 1438, effective February 16, 1996 and it appearing that applicant is: (a) over 69 years of age with more than 41 years of government service and (b) suffering from Parkinsons disease, Stage IV, Hypertension, Stage II, Organic Brain Syndrome, Mild to Moderate, a condition which falls within the classification of permanent total disability per memorandum of Dr. Ramon S. Armedilla, Medical Officer IV, dated April 2, 1996, concurred in by Dr. Cecilia C. Villegas, Director III and Dr. Rosa J. Mendoza, Director I, this Courts Clinic, the Court resolved to APPROVE the aforesaid application for disability retirement of Judge Pastor V. de Guzman, Jr., under the above-cited law, effective February 16, 1996, but payment of the benefits shall be subject to the availability of funds and the usual clearance requirements.

¹² Original Records, pp. 198-200.

¹³ Rollo, pp. 38-39.

¹⁴ In response to the Order of this Court for the filing of his Brief in this case, appellant manifested that he adopts the contents of his Memorandum and Motion for Reconsideration before the trial court as his Brief; See Adoption of Pleadings in Lieu of Filing Appellants Brief; Rollo, pp. 42-43.

¹⁵ Rule 120, Section 6.

¹⁶ Lino Luna v. Rodriguez and De los Angeles, 37 Phil. 186 (1917).

¹⁷ Ibid.

¹⁸ Garchitorena v. Crescini, 37 Phil. 675 (1918).

¹⁹ It is noteworthy that a different outcome would have resulted had Judge de Guzman, Jr. applied for optional retirement instead of disability retirement. In cases of optional retirement, SC Circular No. 16, dated December 2, 1986, specifically provides that the application for optional retirement should be filed at least two (2) months prior to its specified effective date (guideline #2) and when the specified date of retirement is reached without the applicant receiving any notice of approval or denial of his application, he shall automatically cease working and discharging his functions unless directed otherwise (guideline #4); See also People v. Labao, 220 SCRA 100 (1993).

²⁰ Original Records, pp. 161-168; This was adopted by appellant as part of his Brief.

²¹ March 1, 1995 TSN, pp. 20 & 25.

²² April 20, 1995 TSN, p. 12.

²³ Ibid., p. 11.

²⁴ June 20, 1995 TSN, pp. 5-6.

²⁵ May 3, 1995 TSN, pp. 5-7.

²⁶ April 20, 1995 TSN, p. 11.

²⁷ June 20, 1995 TSN, pp. 6-11.

²⁸ People v. Matubis, 288 SCRA 210 (1998); People v. Correa, 285 SCRA 679 (1998).

²⁹ Bautista v. Court of Appeals, 288 SCRA 171 (1998).

³⁰ People vs. Correa, supra.

³¹ People v. Arellano, 282 SCRA 500 (1997).

³² Section 8 of R.A. 6425, as amended by R.A. 7659, provides the penalty of reclusion perpetua to death and a fine ranging from five hundred thousand pesos to ten million pesos for illegal possession of prohibited drugs.