US SUPREME COURT DECISIONS

MARRIOTT V. BRUNE, 50 U. S. 619 (1850)

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U.S. Supreme Court

Marriott v. Brune, 50 U.S. 9 How. 619 619 (1850)

Marriott v. Brune

50 U.S. (9 How.) 619

Syllabus

By the eleventh section of the Act of Congress passed on 30 July, 1846 Stat.Pamphlet, page 46, the duties upon imported sugar are fixed at thirty percent ad valorem.

The true construction of this law is that the duty should be charged only upon that quantity of sugar and molasses which arrives in our ports, and not upon the quantity which appears by the invoice to have been shipped, an allowance being proper for leakage.

The proviso in the eighth section, viz., "that under no circumstance shall the duty be assessed upon an amount less than the invoice value," is not in hostility with the above construction, because the proviso refers only to the price, and not to the quantity.

A protest made after the payment of the duties charged, and after the case had been closed up, will not enable a party to recover back the money from the collector, but if the protest be made in a single case, with a design to include subsequent cases, and the money remains in the hands of the collector without being paid into the Treasury, and it was so understood by all parties, such a protest will entitle the importer to recover the money from the collector.

It was an action of assumpsit brought by F. W. Brune & Sons against William H. Marriott, the collector of the port of Baltimore, to recover back certain duties upon importations of sugar and molasses, which, it was alleged, had been illegally charged, and paid under protest.

The importations were made in various vessels, and at various times, between 2 February, 1847, and 4 November, 1848.

On 3 February, 1847, the Secretary of the Treasury addressed to Mr. Marriott the following letter: chanrobles.com-red

Page 50 U. S. 620

"Treasury Department, February 3, 1847"

"SIR -- For your information and government, in regard to allowances to be made for deficiencies and leakage on imports, where quantities are ascertained by weighing, gauging, or measuring, I transmit a copy of my instructions to the collector of New Orleans, of the 30th ultimo, fixing the principles on which said allowances are to be made."

"I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant,"

"[Signed] R. J. WALKER, Secretary of the Treasury"

"WM. H. MARRIOTT, Esq., Collector of the Customs, Baltimore"

The copy of the instructions referred to in the above letter was as follows:

"Treasury Department, January 30, 1847"

"SIR -- In reference to the subject stated in your letter of the 7th instant, respecting allowances for deficiencies and invoice value, I would remark that the law makes no distinction between articles subject heretofore to specific rates of duty, but now liable to ad valorem duty, in the mode of ascertaining quantities with a view to fix the values on which the duties are to be assessed. Whatever allowance, therefore, would have been made under former laws on articles subject to specific duty, would inure under existing laws on articles of the same description now liable to as valorem rates of duty. Consequently, where the specific duty was heretofore levied on the actual quantity landed, as ascertained from actual weighing, gauging, or measuring, the same course is to be pursued in regard to the same description of articles under existing rates of duty."

"If, therefore, the quantity of any article falls short of the amount given in the invoice, on due ascertainment, as before stated, an abatement of the duties to the extent of the deficiency should be made. If, on the contrary, it be found to exceed the quantity stated in the invoice, the aggregate cost or value must be made to correspond with such increase, and the duties estimated and assessed accordingly."

"The allowances authorized by the 58th and 59th sections of the Act of 2 March, 1799, chap. 128, to which you refer, are still to be allowed. It is therefore to be observed that the allowance made in the 59th section, of two percent for leakage, applies solely to the case of liquors known in commerce as such, and as contradistinguished from liquids of any other description."

"I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant,"

"R. J. WALKER, Secretary of the Treasury"

"DENIS PRIEUR, Collector of the Customs, New Orleans"

chanrobles.com-red

Page 50 U. S. 621

On 24 March, 1847, the Treasury Department issued the following circular, through the medium of the telegraph:

"E. Mag. Telegraph, March 24, 1847, Washington"

"SIR -- By direction of the Secretary of the Treasury, you are requested to make no allowances for deficiencies to invoices until further advised."

"[Signed] Mc. YOUNG, Chief Clerk"

"L. M. CHASTEAU, U.S. Tel."

On the same day, the following circular was transmitted through the post office:

"Circular to Collectors and other Officers of the Customs"

"Treasury Department, March 24, 1847"

"The attention of the department having been specially called to the subject of allowances for deficiency, drainage, leakage, and breakage, under the existing laws, and particularly in reference to the provisions of the 58th and 59th sections of the Act of 2 March, 1799, it is decided that in all cases where allowances are claimed under said sections, or either of them, the appraisers, or other proper officers, shall first ascertain whether any deficiency, damage, leakage, or breakage has occurred during the voyage of importation, by stress of weather or other accident at sea, and if so, and the actual leakage, deficiency, or breakage cannot be otherwise ascertained, then to make the allowance as the case may be, for draft, tare, leakage, or breakage, to the extent authorized by said sections; but if said damage, deficiency, leakage, or breakage, so occurring as before mentioned, shall be found by said appraisers or other officers to be less than the amount authorized by said sections, then the allowance shall only be for the actual damage, deficiency, leakage, or breakage, and if the amount be ascertained to be actually greater than the amount allowed in said sections, the actual damage, deficiency, leakage, or breakage shall still be allowed, subject to limitations and restrictions imposed by former circulars."

"It must be remembered that draft can be allowed only on articles imported in bulk, and tare on articles imported in casks, barrels, bags, boxes, or other packages, and leakage in the case of liquors; but when there is an allowance for tare, draft, leakage, or breakage, it must be confined to a separate allowance for one of them, and cannot be extended to two or more."

"Under the 58th section, the allowances for draft or tare

Page 50 U. S. 622

are only permitted on 'articles subject to duty by weight'; and under the 59th section, the allowance for leakage and breakage is confined to liquors 'subject to duty by the gallon'; and there are no duties imposed by the act approved 30 July, 1836, either by weight or gallon; it is an extremely liberal construction to allow in any case any operation whatever to those sections, even to the limited extent permitted by these instructions."

"[Signed] R. J. WALKER, Secretary of the Treasury"

On 9 April, 1847, Brune & Sons addressed the following protest to the collector at Baltimore:

"Baltimore, 9 April, 1847"

"GEN. WM. H. MARRIOTT, Collector of the Port of Baltimore"

"Dear Sir -- Having been informed that it is the intention of the Secretary of the Treasury not to make allowance on the payment of duties on such articles as may result here less in quantity, from loss in weight or leakage, than at the time of shipment, for instance, sugar, molasses &c., and on which a duty ad valorem of the invoice is exacted, we hereby protest against the payment of such entire amount of duty, being of opinion that the law at present in force authorizes an allowance for actual loss in weight or gauge, as shown by the difference in the invoice and the returns of the weighers and gaugers of such cargoes after delivery in this port."

"We desire that this protest should extend to all our importations of sugar and molasses since the operation of the present tariff, viz.:"

"Water Witch, from Aricibo, entered 17 November, 1846."

"J. E. Ridgway, from Aricibo, entered 8 February, 1847."

"Juliet, from St. Thomas, entered 15 February, 1847."

"United States, from Ponce, entered 26 February, 1847."

"San Jacinto, from Havana, entered 26 February, 1847."

"Creed, from Cardinas, entered 1 March, 1847."

"At New York, O. Thompson, from Aricibo, entered 3 March, 1847."

"At New York, Sophia, from Ponce, entered 4 March, 1847."

"At New York, Sarah Adams, from Ponce, entered 9 March, 1847."

"At New York, Seboris, from Mayaguez, entered 10 March, 1847."

"Francis Partridge, from Ponce, entered 2 April, 1847; and Oceola, from Mayaguez, entered this day."

"The protest upon our previous importations was not made

Page 50 U. S. 623

at the time of entry, because we were informed that a fair allowance would be made, but regret now to learn that the original instructions of the Secretary of the Treasury have been countermanded. We are credibly informed that allowances have, in cases similar to the above, actually been made in neighboring places, and we think ourselves entitled to equal consideration."

"We have the honor to be, dear Sir, your most obedient servants,"

"[Signed] F. W. BRUNE & SONS"

On 28 June, 1847, Brune & Sons addressed the following letter to the Secretary of the Treasury:

"Baltimore, June 28, 1847"

"SIR -- We are informed by the collector of the customs of this port, that he will refund us, on our importations of molasses, the differences of duty calculated at thirty percent ad valorem on invoice amount, and what the same would be, taking the net gauge of the casks here as the basis; in other words, allowing for the loss of molasses on the voyage. The collector says that he will make this return on importations made from 1 May last. Now we have been protesting against the full duty, which has been exacted from us since a length of time, and we would respectfully inquire whether in your opinion we are not entitled to a similar return on all our importations since 1 December last, when the present tariff went into operation. If such is your decision, will you direct instructions to that effect to be given to the collector?"

"We would further respectfully ask whether you do not think the duty upon sugar especially Muscovado, which from its nature is subject to a considerable loss on the voyage should be estimated in the same manner as that on molasses -- namely calculating thirty cents ad valorem on the cost of the weight landed here, not on the weight shipped, thus making an allowance for an unavoidable drainage, or rather only charging duty on the pounds of sugar actually brought into the country and into consumption."

"Hoping you will favor us with an answer to our foregoing inquiries, we remain &c."

To which letter the following reply was received:

"Treasury Department, August 9, 1847"

"GENTLEMEN: In reply to your letter of the 6th instant, covering a copy of your former letter of 28 June last,

Page 50 U. S. 624

asking to have the principles of the circular of 27 May last applied in the case of importations of molasses made prior to the date of said circular, I beg respectfully to refer you to the enclosed copy of the decision of the department on a similar application from Moses Taylor and others, importers of molasses at the port of New York, dated the 16th ultimo."

"I would add that the department has not deemed it expedient to apply the principles of the circular of 27 May last to the importations of sugar."

"Very respectfully,"

"McC. YOUNG"

"Acting Secretary of the Treasury"

"Messrs. F. W. BRUNE & SONS, Baltimore"

The letter to Moses Taylor and others, referred to in the above letter, was as follows:

"Letter from the Secretary of the Treasury to Moses Taylor and others,"

"importers of molasses, New York"

"Treasury Department, July 16, 1847"

"GENTLEMEN: The department duly received the letter signed by yourselves and other importers of molasses, at the port of New York, dated the 2d ultimo, asking to have the principles established by the circular instructions of the 27 May last, for estimating the loss or deficiency in the article of molasses occasioned by fermentation, stress of weather, or accident during the voyage of importation, applied to all importations of molasses made prior to the date of said instructions, running back to the day the present tariff went into operation."

"In reply, I would respectfully state that the department does not feel authorized, under the circumstances of the case, to give a retrospective effect to the regulations referred to, as desired in your application."

"Very respectfully,"

"R. J. WALKER"

"Secretary of the Treasury"

On the 5 June, 1848, the following circular was issued by the Treasury Department:

"June 5, 1848"

"Your attention is called to circular instructions of the department, 24 March, 1847, on subject of allowance for deficiency &c. It is represented, that at some of the ports, notwithstanding those instructions, allowance is made for tare and draft beyond actual deficiency. This must in no case be permitted, nor can any allowance be made in any case, whether

Page 50 U. S. 625

under the name of tare, or draft, or otherwise, beyond the actual deficiency which has occurred during the voyage of importation by stress of weather or accident at sea."

"As regards allowance for lost or missing packages, or separate articles, included in the manifest, but not found in vessel at unlading in United States, you will be governed by regulation in circular of 31 December, 1847, p. 1; but in cases where no such package has been lost or missing, no allowance or abatement of duties can be made for any alleged deficiency in any of [the] packages imported, such allowance or abatement being exclusively confined to actual deficiency of any article which may be discovered in packages when opened, as prescribed in last proviso to 21st section of Act of 30 August, 1842, it being observed, as enjoined in circular of 18 December, 1847, that such allowance can then only be made in cases where [it] satisfactorily appears to appraisers that the package had not been before opened after shipment for United States, and where the package has not passed out of custody of officers of customs."

The general protest made on 9 April, 1847, by Messrs. Brune & Sons, has been already set forth. Afterwards they made a special protest in each of six several importations, but there were thirteen other importations made after 9 April, 1847, respecting which they relied upon the efficacy of the general protest of that day.

After the decision of the court in Cary v. Curtis, 3 How. 236, Congress passed an Act on 26 February, 1845, which, among other things, provides:

"Nor shall any action be maintained against any collector, to recover the amount of duties so paid under protest, unless the said protest be made in writing, and signed by the claimant, at and before the payment of such duties, setting forth distinctly and specifically the grounds of objection to the payment thereof."

See this act, and the second section of the act of 1839, which it was designed to alter and explain, 5 Stat. 349.

One of the questions before the court was whether under this act the general protest made on 9 April, 1847, would cover importations made after that day.

On 4 November, 1848, Brune & Sons brought their action against Marriott in the circuit court. At April term, 1849, the cause came on for trial, when the following statement of facts was agreed upon by the counsel. It is not necessary to copy the tabular statements referred to, because the explanation of them is deemed sufficiently intelligible. chanrobles.com-red

Page 50 U. S. 626

"Statement of Facts"

"It is admitted that the schedule A, herewith filed, to be taken as part of this statement, in its first, second, and third columns, correctly exhibits the importations of sugar and molasses by the plaintiffs into the port of Baltimore, between 8 February and 8 November, A.D. 1847, both inclusive, and likewise the names of the vessels by which, and the places from which, such importations were made, and the dates of the entries of such importations; that column four exhibits the kind of goods so imported, and how they were contained; that column five exhibits the quantity in pounds of the sugar, and in gallons of the molasses, shipped in the West Indies, as stated in the invoices which accompanied such importations; that column seven exhibits the dutiable value in foreign currency including all costs and charges of the goods mentioned in the said invoices; which in column eight is changed into American currency, and upon this value duties were computed and exacted by the defendant of the plaintiffs, and paid by them in order to get possession of their said goods, and that the amounts of duties so exacted and paid are stated in column nine."

"It is further admitted, that all the goods imported by the plaintiffs, as aforesaid, after their arrival and entry at the custom house, were by the direction of the defendant submitted to the examination of weighers and gaugers, officers belonging to the custom house, and who made returns of the weight and gauge respectively of the goods submitted to them, which returns are correctly exhibited in column six."

"It is further admitted, that if column eight correctly exhibits the value at the place of shipment of the quantity of goods mentioned in the invoices, including costs and charges, and exhibited in column five as having been shipped, then column ten exhibits the proportionate value at the place of shipment of the diminished quantity of goods, as ascertained by said officers to have arrived in Baltimore, and exhibited in column six, including their proportionate share of costs and charges; that column eleven exhibits the amount of duty, at thirty percent ad valorem, on the goods as valued in column ten; that column twelve exhibits the excess of duties alleged by the plaintiffs to have been overpaid by them, and the aggregate of the sums in this column constitutes the claim, without interest, which they seek to recover in this action."

"The plaintiffs also claim interest on the alleged overpayments appearing in column twelve, from the time of such payments

Page 50 U. S. 627

respectively, and which interest is to be hereafter correctly ascertained."

"It is agreed that column ten of schedule B exhibits the value in American currency of the deficiency of the goods upon arrival, as compared with the invoices, agreeably to the ascertainment of the actual quantity of goods arrived, by the gauger and weigher respectively, no account being taken of costs and charges, except in the case of molasses, the proportion of commission being allowed on that article."

"It is also agreed, that column eleven in said schedule exhibits the amount of thirty percent on the value of such deficiency so exhibited."

"It is further admitted, that the above-mentioned deficiency between the quantity of goods which arrived, according to the returns of the government officers, and that appearing in the invoices, occurred on, and was produced by, the voyage of importation. And it is also admitted that allowances for damage to sugar and molasses injured by a peril of the sea on the voyage of importation are calculated in the mode contended for by the plaintiffs as the true mode of ascertaining their alleged overpayments."

"It is further admitted, that upon 9 April, 1847, the plaintiffs addressed and delivered to the defendant the general notice or protest in writing signed by them, and herewith filed, marked C, and likewise, at the time of the entries of the cargoes of the Uzardo, Samuel G. Mitchel, Isabella, G. W. Russell W. J. Watson, and Aristes, respectively addressed and delivered to the defendant a special notice or protest in writing, signed by them, and copies of which protests are herewith filed, marked D."

"It is further submitted, whether the protest of 9 April, 1847, can be applied to the excess of duties claimed to have been paid unjustly upon the cargoes of any vessels on whose cargoes the deficiencies were ascertained and finally adjusted before the date of said protests, and whether it can be applied to the cargoes of those vessels whose deficiencies were not finally adjusted by the impost clerk, and whose duties were not finally charged to the collector in his accounts until after said protest, although said deficiencies were ascertain in fact by the gauger and weigher respectively, and whether such general protest can be applied to any subsequent importations and payments of the plaintiffs in regard to which there was no especial protest."

"And it is admitted, that the deficiencies upon all the cargoes arriving before the Sarah Adams had been ascertained by

Page 50 U. S. 628

the gauger and weigher respectively, and returned by them to the defendant, and had been finally adjusted by the impost clerk, and that the duties on such cargoes had been charged to the defendant in his accounts with the Treasury before 9 April, 1847; but it is admitted that although the gauger and weigher had returned to the defendant the deficiencies on the cargoes of the Sarah Adams, Sebois, and Magnolia, yet that the impost clerk, whose duty it is to compare such returns with the invoices, did not act thereon and ascertain and adjust the true amount of duties due on such cargoes, and report thereon to the defendant, until after the said 9 April, 1847."

"And it is further admitted that the gauger and weigher did not make their returns of the deficiency in the cargo of the Frances Partridge until 10 April, 1847."

"It is also admitted, that the custom of the importing merchants of Baltimore in the sale of sugar and molasses is as follows, viz.: sugar is sold per pound, that is, at a given price per hundred pounds, and molasses per gallon, upon the quantity returned by the weigher and gauger as having been imported, without any reference in either case as to the price whether a deficiency in quantity has been suffered on the voyage of importation or not, and also that in no case is the cask in which the sugar or molasses is contained sold separately by said importing merchants."

"And it is also admitted, that in all importations of sugar from Porto Rico no charge for casks appears in the invoices, but that in importations of molasses from that island, and of sugar and molasses from Cuba, a separate charge is made for the cask."

"It is agreed, that any acts of Congress, and the instructions of the Secretary of the Treasury, and his correspondence with the plaintiffs, may be referred to by either party for whatever purpose they may be legally available."

"Upon the foregoing statement of facts, the questions to be submitted to the court are --"

"First. Whether the amount of duties, or any part thereof, exacted by the defendant and paid by the plaintiffs was illegally exacted, by reason of being charged upon the entire amount and value of the goods appearing in the invoices to have been shipped, without any allowance for the deficiency in weight or gauge from the voyage of importation, as shown by the returns of the government officers, and,"

"Secondly. Whether the plaintiffs can recover back in this suit the duties so exacted, [or] any part thereof."

"If upon these questions the opinion of the court should be

Page 50 U. S. 629

in favor of the plaintiffs, then the court shall give judgment for the plaintiffs, with costs, but if on these questions the opinion of the court should be in favor of the defendant, then judgment shall be entered for the defendant, with costs. And it is further agreed that if the judgment in this case should be in favor of the plaintiffs, the amount, including interest, for which the judgment shall be entered up may be hereafter calculated, in conformity with the principles which the court shall decide to govern the case, with liberty to either party to appeal from the judgment of the court, and with the further agreement, as part of this statement, that the court shall be at liberty to draw such inferences from the facts above stated as a jury might or would draw therefrom, and that either party shall hereafter have power to add to this statement any fact admitted by the other party to exist, which may be deemed essential by the court for the proper decision of the above questions."

"BROWN & BRUNE, for plaintiffs"

"W. L. MARSHAL, for Defendant"

Upon this statement of facts, the opinion of the circuit court, as delivered by MR. CHIEF JUSTICE TANEY, was that the allowance for drainage and leakage ought to be made, and that the reduction ought to be made according to the dutiable value of the portion lost. With respect to the sufficiency of the protest, the court held that the protest of 9 April, 1847, could not apply to payments previously made, and the plaintiff was not entitled to recover them, but that it covered all cargoes where the duties had not before been finally assessed and adjusted by the collector.

The court thereupon entered judgment for the plaintiffs, on the case stated, for the damages laid in the declaration, and costs, to be released on payment of $5,274.29, with interest from 19 May, 1849, until paid, and costs of suit.

From this judgment Mr. Marriott sued out a writ of error, and brought the case up to this Court. chanrobles.com-red

Page 50 U. S. 631



























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