US SUPREME COURT DECISIONS
COOLEY V. O'CONNOR, 79 U. S. 391 (1870)
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Cooley v. O'Connor, 79 U.S. 12 Wall. 391 391 (1870)
Cooley v. O'Connor
79 U.S. 391
Syllabus
1. A certificate signed by only two of the direct tax commissioners appointed under the Act of Congress of June 7, 1862, that land charged with the tax had been sold to the United States, is admissible in evidence in an action brought to try title to the land.
2. It is error to rule such a certificate void.
3. In trespass to real property brought to try the title, a freehold or a mere possessory right in the defendant may be given in evidence under the general issue.
4. The act of Congress contemplates a certificate of sale, though the United States becomes the purchaser.
5. Whether the advertisement of sale was such as the law required is a mixed question of law and fact, and it must be submitted to the jury.
On the 5th August, 1861, Congress passed an act to provide increased revenue from imports to pay the interest on the public debt &c., apportioning the taxes authorized among the several states.
South Carolina being in insurrection at the time, and not paying her quota under the act, Congress on the 7th of June, 1862, passed another act, which provided by its first section that:
"When in any state, or in any portion of any state, by reason of insurrection or rebellion, the civil authority of the government of the United States is obstructed so that the provisions of the Act of August 5, 1861, for assessing, levying, and collecting the direct taxes therein mentioned cannot be peaceably executed, the said direct taxes, by said act apportioned among
the several states and territories respectively, shall be apportioned and charged in each state wherein the civil authority is thus obstructed, upon all the lands and lots of ground therein respectively situated except such as are exempt by any law of the state or United States, as the said lands were enumerated and valued under the last assessment and valuation thereof, made under the authority of said state or territory previous to the first day of January, 1861,"
&c. [Footnote 1]
The act then directed the appointment of three commissioners, for each of the states in insurrection, to execute its provisions, and it required this board to advertise for sale the parcels or lots the taxes upon which were not paid within sixty days after the amount of the tax had been fixed in a newspaper in the town, parish, district, or county where the property was situated, and also by posting notices in at least three public places in the town, parish, district, or county. In this advertisement or notice of sale they were required by its 14th section to state "the amount or quota of said direct tax assessed against each tract or parcel of land . . . together with a description of the tract to be sold." The act required them further, in case the tax charged by the first section upon the lands and apportioned to each lot was not paid, to sell at public sale those lots on which the tax remained unpaid after giving the already mentioned notice. It then provided that purchasers at such sales, after paying the purchase money, should be entitled to receive from the commissioners their certificate of sale, and it enacted that the
"certificate shall be received in all courts and places as prima facie evidence of the regularity and validity of said sale, and of the title of the said purchaser or purchasers under the same."
On the 3d of March, 1865, [Footnote 2] Congress passed another act declaring:
"That a majority of a board of tax commissioners shall have full authority to transact all business and to perform all duties required by law to be performed by such board, and no proceeding
of any board of tax commissioners shall be void or invalid in consequence of the absence of any one of said commissioners."
Under the Act of the 7th June, 1862, three commissioners were appointed for South Carolina who, after having made assessments, exposed the delinquent property to public sale, and on the 13th day of March, 1863, all of them having been present on that day, sold the lot now in dispute to the United States. A certificate of such sale was afterwards made out, signed by two of the commissioners, dated March 13, 1865 (the act of the 3d of March, 1865, just above set out, being now in force), and given to the purchasers. It set forth that at a sale made under the act of Congress above noted, held pursuant to notice at Beaufort, in the State of South Carolina, on the 13th of March, 1863, the tract or parcel of land, the title to which was now in controversy, was sold to the United States for the sum of $125, the receipt of which it acknowledged. The defendants were mere tenants of the United States.
Whether this tax sale was valid and effective to divest the ownership of Mrs. O'Connor, and to vest the property in the United States was the single subject of contest in the court below.
The declaration in the act was the ordinary one in trespass quare clausum fregit, with an endorsement that "the action was brought to try title as well as for damages." The locus in quo was described as
"in the Town of Beaufort and country aforesaid, containing eighty feet front, more or less, and in depth running from north to south, down to low water mark, three hundred feet, more or less; butting and bounded north on Bay Street, south on the river, and east on the lands of the plaintiff; west on lands of the plaintiff."
Plea, "Not guilty." The defense set up was that the defendants entered and held the property as tenants of the United States, and that the United States had become owners by virtue of the tax sale already mentioned.
On the trial, the plaintiff introduced evidence tending to show that for many years before the rebellion, she had owned chanrobles.com-red
the lot described in the declaration, and owned it when the rebellion broke out; that in November, 1861, in consequence of the federal fleet having arrived off Beaufort and of her being informed of an order from the commander of the rebel forces, she, with nearly all the other inhabitants of Beaufort, except colored persons, left the place; that after leaving Beaufort, she resided in Columbia until it was burnt in 1865; that she never saw any advertisement nor received any notice, nor in any way became aware that any tax had ever been placed on her property by the government of the United States until the close of the rebellion in 1865, when she discovered that her house and lot had been sold and were in the possession of strangers.
The United States gave evidence tending to prove that when the three commissioners appointed for South Carolina entered upon their duties at Beaufort, they searched for records of the titles to lands there through the town and parish, and also for the records of the assessment and valuation of the lots as the same were enumerated and valued under the last assessment and valuation thereof made under the State of South Carolina previous to the 1st of January, 1861; that they could not find either the records (of titles) or the records of the state assessment and valuation, the same having been either destroyed, concealed, or lost; that the Town and Parish of Beaufort were at the time occupied by United States soldiers and a few colored people; that none or but few of the owners of the lands were present, having left the town prior to the entrance of the United States troops. But that they did find an old assessment roll of the Town of Beaufort and Parish of St. Helena, and the comptroller general's report of the state for the years 1857 or 1858. The old assessment rolls and the comptroller general's report for the state, in default of better evidence, were used as evidence in making up the judgment of the commissioners, although they were very indefinite, giving the names of the taxpayers and describing the property or land simply as so many "acres," without locating the same, and the lots in the Town of Beaufort were described only as "town chanrobles.com-red
lots," without any other description. The commissioners then proceeded to obtain all the evidence in their power as to the assessment and valuation of the lots of land both in the Town of Beaufort and in the Parish of St. Helena, and to value and assess the same in their own judgment upon such evidence. They found an old plat of the Town of Beaufort of the date of 1799, by which it appeared that the town had been laid off into lots and blocks. But they found that many of the streets described were not opened, and also that additions had been made to some parts of the town, and that these parts were not on the plat. The commissioners finally all resolved that said plat should be used as a basis of description for their assessment rolls, and ordered a survey of the additions to the town to be made, and thus made a new plat of the Town of Beaufort. In the plat thus made by the commissioners, the blocks throughout the town were designated by numbers and the lots in each block by letters of the alphabet.
The commissioners then proceeded to value the property, using said plat as a basis for description, according to their best judgment and the best evidence they could obtain.
The defendants gave evidence tending to show that the commissioners had made such advertisement and given such notice, so far as mode, time, and number of advertisement were concerned, as the act of Congress required. But it appeared that in these the description of the lot in controversy was thus made:
"The following is a description of said lands forfeited as aforesaid, together with the amount of the quota of said tax and penalty charged upon each of said tracts or lots of land respectively:"
TOWN LOTS AND LANDS IN THE PARISH OF ST. HELENA
Lots Blocks Quota of Tax Penalty Amount
. . . . . . . .
E 61 $56.00 $28.00 $84.00
. . . . . . . .
The tax sale certificate already mentioned on page 393, having been offered by the defendants in evidence, the plaintiffs chanrobles.com-red
objected to it on the ground that it had not been specially pleaded. The court, however, overruled the objection, and admitted the certificate. Being thus in proof, the court ruled it defective and void, because signed but by two commissioners.
The court also instructed the jury, as a matter of pure law and expressly taking the consideration of the matter from them, that the advertisement was "not such a notice as the law required." Having read the 14th section to the jury, and referring to the advertisement, the court proceeded:
"It does not give notice, either directly or by implication; that is, inevitable notice, so as to make the owner aware that his particular property had been assessed, and was up for sale. If it had said that the whole Town of Beaufort was up for sale, and by blocks and squares, a person was advertised that his house was in that block or square, somewhere described by a particular figure and letter, then it would be his duty to make inquiry. But neither directly or indirectly, by necessary implication, is this notice such as the law requires."
The court added:
"A notice published within military lines, is as it were a notice only in a fortified camp. That notice, in point of fact, could not be well supposed to reach the citizen."
The jury found for the plaintiff, and judgment being given accordingly, the United States brought the case here. chanrobles.com-red
