5 C.F.R. § 2637.204 One-year restriction on a former senior employee's transactions with former agency on a particular matter, regardless of prior involvement.
Title 5 - Administrative Personnel
(a) Basic prohibition of 18 U.S.C. 207(c). For a period of one year after terminating employment by the United States, no former Senior Employee (other than a special Government employee who serves for fewer than sixty days in a calendar year) shall knowingly act as an agent or attorney for, or otherwise represent, anyone in any formal or informal appearance before, or with the intent to influence, make any written or oral communication on behalf of anyone to (1) his or her former department or agency, or any of its officers or employees, (2) in connection with any particular Government matter, whether or not involving a specific party, which is pending before such department or agency, or in which it has a direct and substantial interest. (b) Transactions exempted from the basic prohibition of 18 U.S.C. 207(c). The prohibition set forth above shall not apply to an appearance, a communication, or representation by a former Senior Employee, who is: (1) An elected official of a State or local government, acting on behalf of such government, or (2) Whose principal occupation or employment is with (i) an agency or instrumentality of a State or local government, (ii) an accredited, degree-granting institution of higher education, as defined in section 1201(a) of the Higher Education Act of 1965, or (iii) a hospital or medical research organization, exempted and defined under section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, and the appearance, communication, or representation is on behalf of such government, institution, hospital or organization. Example 1: A former Senior Employee of the Federal Highway Administration is appointed to the position of Secretary of Transportation for the State of Kansas. He would not be prohibited from transacting business with his former agency concerning new matters on behalf of the State. He would, however, be restricted as to 207(a) and 207(b) matters. Example 2: A former Senior Employee of the Department of Housing and Urban Development establishes a consulting firm and is engaged by the City of Los Angeles to aid it in procuring a particular grant. He may not represent Los Angeles before his former Department because his “principal occupation or employment” is not with such city. Example 3: A former Senior Employee of the Department of Education founds a vocational school for the training of legal paraprofessionals and associated staff. He desires to communicate with officials at his former Department for the purpose of establishing a program of assistance to such institutions. He may not do so, since the vocational school is not an “accredited, degree granting institution of higher education.” (c) No prior involvement required. The prohibition contained in this section applies without regard to whether the former Senior Employee had participated in, or had responsibility for, the particular matter and includes matters which first arise after the employee leaves Government service. The section aims at the possible use of personal influence based upon past Governmental affiliations to facilitate the transaction of business. (d) Specific parties unnecessary. The particular matter in which the former Senior Employee proposes to act before his or her former agency need not be one “involving specific parties,” and thus is not limited to disputed proceedings or contracts in which a party has already been identified. However, the restriction does not encompass every kind of matter, but only a particular one similar to those cited in the statutory language, i.e., any judicial or other proceeding, application, request for a ruling or determination, contract, claim, controversy, investigation, charge, accusation, or arrest. Rulemaking is specifically included. Thus such matters as the proposed adoption of a regulation or interpretive ruling, or an agency's determination to undertake a particular project or to open such a project to competitive bidding are covered. Not included are broad technical areas and policy issues and conceptual work done before a program has become particularized into one or more specific projects. The particular matter must be pending before the agency or be one in which the agency has a “direct and substantial interest.” Note: Each post employment activity in the examples in this section is assumed to take place within one year of termination of Government employment. Example 1: A Senior Employee of the Department of Health and Human Services leaves Government employment for private practice, and shortly thereafter telephones a former associate urging that the Department (a) adopt a new procedure to put a ceiling on hospital costs; (b) not adopt a particular rule proposed for drug testing; and (c) oppose a bill pending in Congress relating to such drug testing. He is prohibited from attempting to influence his former co-worker on any of these matters. The first, not yet pending, is of interest to the Department; the second is pending in the Department; and the third is pending elsewhere, and is of interest to the Department. Note that the former Senior Employee may, however, communicate the same views to Congress, other agencies, the public or the press. Example 2: A recently retired Senior Employee of the Department of Defense believes that the Department's general emphasis on manned aircraft is not in the national interest. After his departure, he may continue to argue the point to the Department. (e) Element of controversy or influence required. The prohibition on acting as a representative or attempting to influence applies to situations in which there is an appreciable element of actual or potential dispute or an application or submission to obtain Government rulings, benefits or approvals, and not to a situation merely involving, for example: the transmission or filing of a document that does not involve an application for Government benefit, approval or ruling; a request for information; purely social or informational communications; or those required by law or regulations (in situations other than adversary proceedings). Each agency should, after consulting with the Director or the Attorney General, as appropriate, give guidance on the kinds of applications, filings and other matters which are not prohibited by section 207(c). Example 1: A former Senior Employee of the Internal Revenue Service prepares and mails a client's tax return. This is not a prohibited act. Should any controversy arise in connection with the tax return, the former employee may not represent the client, but may be called upon to state how the return was prepared. Example 2: A former Senior Employee of the Securities and Exchange Commission prepared and transmitted for filing to the Commission a client's annual report on form 10–K. This is not a violation, because the 10–K is a disclosure report, not intended to obtain a Government benefit or ruling. Example 3: A former Senior Employee of the Securities and Exchange Commission becomes executive vice-president of a major industrial corporation, registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Pursuant to Commission regulations, the officers of the corporation are required to sign certain filings on behalf of the corporation, which are transmitted to the Commission. The employee may review, concur or request changes in, and sign any such filing required to be transmitted to the Commission. (f) Agency activity or interest in matter. The restriction applies to the former employee's contacts with his or her former agency in connection with a matter before or of “direct and substantial interest” to the agency. Example 1: A former Senior Employee of the Securities and Exchange Commission is asked to represent Z Company in a new matter before the Commission, one in which the former employee had no prior involvement. He may not do so. Example 2: The matter in the foregoing example is referred to the Department of Justice for prosecution, and the former employee is asked for the first time to represent Z Company in the criminal proceeding. The matter is likely to be of direct and substantial interest to the Commission. If so, the former employee may not communicate with the Commission in the matter. However, the former Senior Employee may communicate with the Commission in order to determine whether it asserts a direct and substantial interest in the criminal proceeding. In the event of a negative answer to the question, the former Senior Employee may communicate with the Commission. Example 3: In connection with an entirely new matter a former Senior Employee of the Securities and Exchange Commission undertakes the representation of Z Company in private litigation brought by Q Company, (e.g., a private action arising under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934). Before the suit was commenced, there was no actual expression of interest by the Commission in the matter. As the litigation develops, an important question of statutory interpretation is raised, and the Commission files a brief as amicus curiae (friend of the court). The former Senior Employee may respond to the brief and need not withdraw from representation of Z Company, but he may not otherwise communicate with the Commission in the matter. If the Commission were to commence a proceeding or investigation again, Z Company on the basis of the same facts involved in the private litigation, the former employee could continue his representation in the private litigation, but could not represent Z Company in the Commission's proceeding until after the expiration of one year from the termination of his employment with the Commission. [Note: Where an agency becomes a party to a proceeding subsequent to its commencement, the question whether a former Senior Employee may continue representation should ordinarily be decided by the court on a motion for disqualification in the particular circumstances.] Example 4: In connection with a new matter, a former Senior Employee of the Federal Food and Drug Administration, since retired to private law practice, is asked to consult and assist in the preparation of briefs to be filed with the Administration on a new particular matter. He may do so, but he should not sign briefs or other communications or take any other action that might constitute an appearance. (g) Application or proposals for funding of research. In connection with any application or proposal for Government funding of research, the restrictions of this section do not prevent a former Senior Employee from assuming responsibility for the direction or conduct of such research and from providing scientific or technological information to the Senior Employee's former agency regarding such research. The former Senior Employee may not, however, submit the application on behalf of the applicant or argue for its approval or funding by the agency. Example 1: A former Senior Employee of the National Institute of Health (NIH), employed by a non-exempt research institute, prepares an application to NIH for a research contract. The application is submitted to NIH by the institute and lists the Senior Employee as principal investigator. The Senior Employee does not violate 18 U.S.C. 207(c) by preparing the application or by being listed as principal investigator, since these are not representational activities. He may also sign an assurance to NIH, as part of the application, that he will be responsible for the scientific and technical direction and conduct of the project if an award is made. He may also communicate with NIH to provide scientific or technical information on the application, including presentation to NIH personnel at the research site, so long as he does not argue for approval or funding of the application. (h) Personal matters. Unlike the provisions of subsections 207(a) and (b) the restrictions of this section apply when the former Senior Employee seeks to represent himself or herself. However, they do not apply to appearances or communications concerning matters of a personal and individual nature, such as personal income taxes, pension benefits, or the application of any provision of these regulations to an undertaking proposed by a Senior Employee. (See 18 U.S.C. 207(i).) A former Senior Employee may also appear pro se (on his or her own behalf) in any litigation or administrative proceeding, involving the individual's former agency. The former employee may not contact his or her former agency in order to secure an item of business, except for (1) discussions in contemplation of being employed by the agency as a consultant or otherwise; or (2) a proposal to furnish scientific or technological information to the Government. Example 1: Any former Government Employee may contact his or her former agency to seek information or determinations as to matters in question under these regulations or under 18 U.S.C. 207, such as whether a particular matter is considered to have been under the employee's official responsibility, whether a matter is one in which the agency asserts a direct and substantial interest, or whether a current matter is considered to be the same as that in which the employee had been involved. (i) Statements based on special knowledge. The restrictions of the section do not prevent a former Senior Employee from making or providing a statement, which is based on the former Senior Employee's own special knowledge in the particular area that is the subject matter of the statement, provided that no compensation is thereby received, other than that regularly provided by law or regulation for witnesses. (See 18 U.S.C. 207(i).) Example 1: A former Senior Employee may make any statement of his own views to his former agency on any subject matter in which he has no substantial pecuniary interests, acting on his own behalf. Example 2: A former Senior Employee is called by his successor at the agency for the purpose of eliciting some information on a matter in which he had been involved in an official capacity. His response is not prohibited. Example 3: A former Senior Employee may recommend an individual to her former agency for employment, based on her own personal knowledge of the individual's qualifications and character. (j) Measurement of one-year restriction period. The statutory one-year period is measured from the date when the individual's responsibility as a Senior Employee in a particular agency ends, not from the termination of Government service, unless the two occur simultaneously. (See §2637.202(e).)
Title 5: Administrative Personnel
PART 2637—REGULATIONS CONCERNING POST EMPLOYMENT CONFLICT OF INTEREST
Subpart B—Substantive Provisions
§ 2637.204 One-year restriction on a former senior employee's transactions with former agency on a particular matter, regardless of prior involvement.
