28 C.F.R. PART 55—IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROVISIONS OF THE VOTING RIGHTS ACT REGARDING LANGUAGE MINORITY GROUPS
Title 28 - Judicial Administration
Authority: 5 U.S.C. 301; 28 U.S.C. 509, 510; 42 U.S.C. 1973b, 1973j(d), 1973aa–la, 1973aa–2.
Source: Order No. 655–76, 41 FR 29998, July 20, 1976, unless otherwise noted.
As used in this part— Act means the Voting Rights Act of 1965, 79 Stat. 437, as amended by the Civil Rights Act of 1968, 82 Stat. 73, the Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1970, 84 Stat. 314, the District of Columbia Delegate Act, 84 Stat. 853, the Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1975, 89 Stat. 400, the Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1982, 96 Stat. 131, and the Voting Rights Language Assistance Act of 1992, Public Law 102–344, 106 Stat. 921, 42 U.S.C. 1973 et seq. Section numbers, such as “section 14(c)(3),” refer to sections of the Act. Attorney General means the Attorney General of the United States. Language minorities or language minority group is used, as defined in the Act, to refer to persons who are American Indian, Asian American, Alaskan Natives, or of Spanish heritage. (Sections 14(c)(3) and 203(e)). Political subdivision is used, as defined in the Act, to refer to “any county or parish, except that where registration for voting is not conducted under the supervision of a county or parish, the term shall include any other subdivision of a State which conducts registration for voting.” (Section 14(c)(2)). [Order 1246–87, 53 FR 735, Jan. 12, 1988, as amended by Order No. 1752–93, 58 FR 35372, July 1, 1993] (a) The purpose of this part is to set forth the Attorney General's interpretation of the provisions of the Voting Rights Act which require certain States and political subdivisions to conduct elections in the language of certain “language minority groups” in addition to English. (b) In the Attorney General's view the objective of the Act's provisions is to enable members of applicable language minority groups to participate effectively in the electoral process. This part establishes two basic standards by which the Attorney General will measure compliance: (1) That materials and assistance should be provided in a way designed to allow members of applicable language minority groups to be effectively informed of and participate effectively in voting-connected activities; and (2) That an affected jurisdiction should take all reasonable steps to achieve that goal. (c) The determination of what is required for compliance with section 4(f)(4) and section 203(c) is the responsibility of the affected jurisdiction. These guidelines should not be used as a substitute for analysis and decision by the affected jurisdiction. (d) Jurisdictions covered under section 4(f)(4) of the Act are subject to the preclearance requirements of section 5. See part 51 of this chapter. Such jurisdictions have the burden of establishing to the satisfaction of the Attorney General or to the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia that changes made in their election laws and procedures in order to comply with the requirements of section 4(f)(4) are not discriminatory under the terms of section 5. However, section 5 expressly provides that the failure of the Attorney General to object does not bar any subsequent judicial action to enjoin the enforcement of the changes. (e) Jurisdictions covered solely under section 203(c) of the Act are not subject to the preclearance requirements of section 5, nor is there a Federal apparatus available for preclearance of section 203(c) compliance activities. The Attorney General will not preclear jurisdictions' proposals for compliance with section 203(c). (f) Consideration by the Attorney General of a jurisdiction's compliance with the requirements of section 4(f)(4) occurs in the review pursuant to section 5 of the Act of changes with respect to voting, in the consideration of the need for litigation to enforce the requirements of section 4(f)(4), and in the defense of suits for termination of coverage under section 4(f)(4). Consideration by the Attorney General of a jurisdiction's compliance with the requirements of section 203(c) occurs in the consideration of the need for litigation to enforce the requirements of section 203(c). (g) In enforcing the Act—through the section 5 preclearance review process, through litigation, and through defense of suits for termination of coverage under section 4(f)(4)—the Attorney General will follow the general policies set forth in this part. (h) This part is not intended to preclude affected jurisdictions from taking additional steps to further the policy of the Act. By virtue of the Supremacy Clause of Art. VI of the Constitution, the provisions of the Act override any inconsistent State law. [Order 655–76, 41 FR 29998, July 20, 1976, as amended by Order 1246–87, 53 FR 736, Jan. 12, 1988] The Act's requirements concerning the conduct of elections in languages in addition to English are contained in section 4(f)(4) and section 203(c). These sections state that whenever a jurisdiction subject to their terms “provides any registration or voting notices, forms, instructions, assistance, or other materials or information relating to the electoral process, including ballots, it shall provide them in the language of the applicable language minority group as well as in * * * English. * * *” (a) The minority language provisions of the Voting Rights Act were added by the Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1975. (1) The requirements of section 4(f)(4) take effect upon publication in the (2) The requirements of section 203(c) take effect upon publication in the (b) Jurisdictions determined to be covered under section 4(f)(4) or section 203(c) are listed, together with the language minority group with respect to which coverage was determined, in the appendix to this part. Any additional determinations of coverage under either section 4(f)(4) or section 203(c) will be published in the [Order 655–76, 41 FR 29998, July 20, 1976, as amended by Order 1246–87, 53 FR 736, Jan. 12, 1988] (a) Coverage formula. Section 4(f)(4) applies to any State or political subdivision in which (1) Over five percent of the voting-age citizens were, on November 1, 1972, members of a single language minority group, (2) Registration and election materials were provided only in English on November 1, 1972, and (3) Fewer than 50 percent of the voting-age citizens were registered to vote or voted in the 1972 Presidential election. All three conditions must be satisfied before coverage exists under section 4(f)(4).1 1 Coverage is based on sections 4(b) (third sentence), 4(c), and 4(f)(3). (b) Coverage may be determined with regard to section 4(f)(4) on a statewide or political subdivision basis. (1) Whenever the determination is made that the bilingual requirements of section 4(f)(4) are applicable to an entire State, these requirements apply to each of the State's political subdivisions as well as to the State. In other words, each political subdivision within a covered State is subject to the same requirements as the State. (2) Where an entire State is not covered under section 4(f)(4), individual political subdivisions may be covered. (a) Coverage formula. There are four ways in which a political subdivision can become subject to section 203(c).2 2 The criteria for coverage are contained in section 203(b). (1) Political subdivision approach. A political subdivision is covered if— (i) More than 5 percent of its voting age citizens are members of a single language minority group and are limited-English proficient; and (ii) The illiteracy rate of such language minority citizens in the political subdivision is higher than the national illiteracy rate. (2) State approach. A political subdivision is covered if— (i) It is located in a state in which more than 5 percent of the voting age citizens are members of a single language minority and are limited-English proficient; (ii) The illiteracy rate of such language minority citizens in the state is higher than the national illiteracy rate; and (iii) Five percent or more of the voting age citizens of the political subdivision are members of such language minority group and are limited-English proficient. (3) Numerical approach. A political subdivision is covered if— (i) More than 10,000 of its voting age citizens are members of a single language minority group and are limited-English proficient; and (ii) The illiteracy rate of such language minority citizens in the political subdivision is higher than the national illiteracy rate. (4) Indian reservation approach. A political subdivision is covered if there is located within its borders all or any part of an Indian reservation— (i) In which more than 5 percent of the voting age American Indian or Alaska Native citizens are members of a single language minority group and are limited-English proficient; and (ii) The illiteracy rate of such language minority citizens is higher than the national illiteracy rate. (b) Definitions. For the purpose of determinations of coverage under section 203(c), limited-English proficient means unable to speak or understand English adequately enough to participate in the electoral process; Indian reservation means any area that is an American Indian or Alaska Native area, as defined by the Census Bureau for the purposes of the 1990 decennial census; and illiteracy means the failure to complete the fifth primary grade. (c) Determinations. Determinations of coverage under section 203(c) are made with regard to specific language groups of the language minorities listed in section 203(e). [Order No. 1752–93, 58 FR 35372, July 1, 1993] (a) Section 4(f)(4). A covered State, a political subdivision of a covered State, or a separately covered political subdivision may terminate the application of section 4(f)(4) by obtaining the declaratory judgment described in section 4(a) of the Act. (b) Section 203(c). The requirements of section 203(c) apply until August 6, 2007. A covered jurisdiction may terminate such coverage earlier if it can prove in a declaratory judgment action in a United States district court, that the illiteracy rate of the applicable language minority group is equal to or less than the national illiteracy rate. [Order 655–76, 41 FR 29998, July 20, 1976, as amended by Order 1246–87, 53 FR 736, Jan. 12, 1988; Order No. 1752–93, 58 FR 35373, July 1, 1993] (a) The statutory requirements of section 4(f)(4) and section 203(c) regarding minority language material and assistance are essentially identical. (b) Jurisdictions subject to the requirements of section 4(f)(4)—but not jurisdictions subject only to the requirements of section 203(c)—are also subject to the Act's special provisions, such as section 5 (regarding preclearance of changes in voting laws) and section 6 (regarding Federal examiners).3 3 In addition, a jurisdiction covered under section 203(c) but not under section 4(f)(4) is subject to the Act's special provisions if it was covered under section 4(b) prior to the 1975 Amendments to the Act. (c) Although the coverage formulas applicable to section 4(f)(4) and section 203(c) are different, a political subdivision may be included within both of the coverage formulas. Under these circumstances, a judgment terminating coverage of the jurisdiction under one provision would not have the effect of terminating coverage under the other provision. Where a political subdivision (e.g., a county) is determined to be subject to section 4(f)(4) or section 203(c), all political units that hold elections within that political subdivision (e.g., cities, school districts) are subject to the same requirements as the political subdivision. (a) General. The language provisions of the Act apply to registration for and voting in any type of election, whether it is a primary, general or special election. Section 14(c)(1). This includes elections of officers as well as elections regarding such matters as bond issues, constitutional amendments and referendums. Federal, State and local elections are covered as are elections of special districts, such as school districts and water districts. (b) Elections for statewide office. If an election conducted by a county relates to Federal or State offices or issues as well as county offices or issues, a county subject to the bilingual requirements must insure compliance with those requirements with respect to all aspects of the election, i.e., the minority language material and assistance must deal with the Federal and State offices or issues as well as county offices or issues. (c) Multi-county districts. Regarding elections for an office representing more than one county, e.g., State legislative districts and special districts that include portions of two or more counties, the bilingual requirements are applicable on a county-by-county basis. Thus, minority language material and assistance need not be provided by the government in counties not subject to the bilingual requirements of the Act. The requirements of section 4(f)(4) or section 203(c) apply with respect to the languages of language minority groups. The applicable groups are indicated in the determinations of the Attorney General or the Director of the Census. This subpart relates to the view of the Attorney General concerning the determination by covered jurisdictions of precisely the language to be employed. In enforcing the Act, the Attorney General will consider whether the languages, forms of languages, or dialects chosen by covered jurisdictions for use in the electoral process enable members of applicable language minority groups to participate effectively in the electoral process. It is the responsibility of covered jurisdictions to determine what languages, forms of languages, or dialects will be effective. For those jurisdictions covered under section 203(c), the coverage determination (indicated in the appendix) specifies the particular language for which the jurisdiction was covered and which thus, under section 203(c), is required to be used. [Order 655–76, 41 FR 29998, July 20, 1976, as amended by Order 1246–87, 53 FR 736, Jan. 12, 1988] (a) Language minority groups having more than one language. Some language minority groups, for example, Filipino Americans, have more than one language other than English. A jurisdiction required to provide election materials in the language of such a group need not provide materials in more than one language other than English. The Attorney General will consider whether the language that is used for election materials is the one most widely used by the jurisdiction's voting-age citizens who are members of the language minority group. (b) Languages with more than one written form. Some languages, for example, Japanese, have more than one written form. A jurisdiction required to provide election materials in such a language need not provide more than one version. The Attorney General will consider whether the particular version of the language that is used for election materials is the one most widely used by the jurisdiction's voting-age citizens who are members of the language minority group. (c) Unwritten languages. Many of the languages used by language minority groups, for example, by some American Indians and Alaskan Natives, are unwritten. With respect to any such language, only oral assistance and publicity are required. Even though a written form for a language may exist, a language may be considered unwritten if it is not commonly used in a written form. It is the responsibility of the covered jurisdiction to determine whether a language should be considered written or unwritten. (a) Languages with more than one dialect. Some languages, for example, Chinese, have several dialects. Where a jurisdiction is obligated to provide oral assistance in such a language, the jurisdiction's obligation is to ascertain the dialects that are commonly used by members of the applicable language minority group in the jurisdiction and to provide oral assistance in such dialects. (See §55.20.) (b) Language minority groups having more than one language. In some jurisdictions members of an applicable language minority group speak more than one language other than English. Where a jurisdiction is obligated to provide oral assistance in the language of such a group, the jurisdiction's obligation is to ascertain the languages that are commonly used by members of that group in the jurisdiction and to provide oral assistance in such languages. (See §55.20) [Order 655–76, 41 FR 29998, July 20, 1976, as amended by Order 1246–87, 53 FR 736, Jan. 12, 1988; Order No. 1752–93, 58 FR 35373, July 1, 1993] (a) This subpart sets forth the views of the Attorney General with respect to the requirements of section 4(f)(4) and section 203(c) concerning the provision of minority language materials and assistance and some of the factors that the Attorney General will consider in carrying out his responsibilities to enforce section 4(f)(4) and section 203(c). Through the use of his authority under section 5 and his authority to bring suits to enforce section 4(f)(4) and section 203(c), the Attorney General will seek to prevent or remedy discrimination against members of language minority groups based on the failure to use the applicable minority language in the electoral process. The Attorney General also has the responsibility to defend against suits brought for the termination of coverage under section 4(f)(4) and section 203(c). (b) In discharging these responsibilities the Attorney General will respond to complaints received, conduct on his own initiative inquiries and surveys concerning compliance, and undertake other enforcement activities. (c) It is the responsibility of the jurisdiction to determine what actions by it are required for compliance with the requirements of section 4(f)(4) and section 203(c) and to carry out these actions. The requirements of sections 4(f)(4) and 203(c) apply with regard to the provision of “any registration or voting notices, forms, instructions, assistance, or other materials or information relating to the electoral process, including ballots.” The basic purpose of these requirements is to allow members of applicable language minority groups to be effectively informed of and participate effectively in voting-connected activities. Accordingly, the quoted language should be broadly construed to apply to all stages of the electoral process, from voter registration through activities related to conducting elections, including, for example the issuance, at any time during the year, of notifications, announcements, or other informational materials concerning the opportunity to register, the deadline for voter registration, the time, places and subject matters of elections, and the absentee voting process. Compliance with the requirements of section 4(f)(4) and section 203(c) is best measured by results. A jurisdiction is more likely to achieve compliance with these requirements if it has worked with the cooperation of and to the satisfaction of organizations representing members of the applicable language minority group. In planning its compliance with section 4(f)(4) or section 203(c), a jurisdiction may, where alternative methods of compliance are available, use less costly methods if they are equivalent to more costly methods in their effectiveness. The term “targeting” is commonly used in discussions of the requirements of section 4(f)(4) and section 203(c). “Targeting” refers to a system in which the minority language materials or assistance required by the Act are provided to fewer than all persons or registered voters. It is the view of the Attorney General that a targeting system will normally fulfill the Act's minority language requirements if it is designed and implemented in such a way that language minority group members who need minority language materials and assistance receive them. [Order No. 655–76, 41 FR 29998, July 20, 1976, as amended by Order No. 1752–93, 58 FR 35373, July 1, 1993] (a) Materials provided by mail. If materials provided by mail (or by some comparable form of distribution) generally to residents or registered voters are not all provided in the applicable minority language, the Attorney General will consider whether an effective targeting system has been developed. For example, a separate mailing of materials in the minority language to persons who are likely to need them or to residents of neighborhoods in which such a need is likely to exist, supplemented by a notice of the availability of minority language materials in the general mailing (in English and in the applicable minority language) and by other publicity regarding the availability of such materials may be sufficient. (b) Public notices. The Attorney General will consider whether public notices and announcements of electoral activities are handled in a manner that provides members of the applicable language minority group an effective opportunity to be informed about electoral activities. (c) Registration. The Attorney General will consider whether the registration system is conducted in such a way that members of the applicable language minority group have an effective opportunity to register. One method of accomplishing this is to provide, in the applicable minority language, all notices, forms and other materials provided to potential registrants and to have only bilingual persons as registrars. Effective results may also be obtained, for example, through the use of deputy registrars who are members of the applicable language minority group and the use of decentralized places of registration, with minority language materials available at places where persons who need them are most likely to come to register. (d) Polling place activities. The Attorney General will consider whether polling place activities are conducted in such a way that members of the applicable language minority group have an effective opportunity to vote. One method of accomplishing this is to provide all notices, instructions, ballots, and other pertinent materials and oral assistance in the applicable minority language. If very few of the registered voters scheduled to vote at a particular polling place need minority language materials or assistance, the Attorney General will consider whether an alternative system enabling those few to cast effective ballots is available. (e) Publicity. The Attorney General will consider whether a covered jurisdiction has taken appropriate steps to publicize the availability of materials and assistance in the minority language. Such steps may include the display of appropriate notices, in the minority language, at voter registration offices, polling places, etc., the making of announcements over minority language radio or television stations, the publication of notices in minority language newspapers, and direct contact with language minority group organizations. [Order No. 655–76, 41 FR 29998, July 20, 1976, as amended by Order No. 733–77, 42 FR 35970, July 13, 1977] (a) Types of materials. It is the obligation of the jurisdiction to decide what materials must be provided in a minority language. A jurisdiction required to provide minority language materials is only required to publish in the language of the applicable language minority group materials distributed to or provided for the use of the electorate generally. Such materials include, for example, ballots, sample ballots, informational materials, and petitions. (b) Accuracy, completeness. It is essential that material provided in the language of a language minority group be clear, complete and accurate. In examining whether a jurisdiction has achieved compliance with this requirement, the Attorney General will consider whether the jurisdiction has consulted with members of the applicable language minority group with respect to the translation of materials. (c) Ballots. The Attorney General will consider whether a jurisdiction provides the English and minority language versions on the same document. Lack of such bilingual preparation of ballots may give rise to the possibility, or to the appearance, that the secrecy of the ballot will be lost if a separate minority language ballot or voting machine is used. (d) Voting machines. Where voting machines that cannot mechanically accommodate a ballot in English and in the applicable minority language are used, the Attorney General will consider whether the jurisdiction provides sample ballots for use in the polling booths. Where such sample ballots are used the Attorney General will consider whether they contain a complete and accurate translation of the English ballots, and whether they contain or are accompanied by instructions in the minority language explaining the operation of the voting machine. The Attorney General will also consider whether the sample ballots are displayed so that they are clearly visible and at the same level as the machine ballot on the inside of the polling booth, whether the sample ballots are identical in layout to the machine ballots, and whether their size and typeface are the same as that appearing on the machine ballots. Where space limitations preclude affixing the translated sample ballots to the inside of polling booths, the Attorney General will consider whether language minority group voters are allowed to take the sample ballots into the voting booths. (a) General. Announcements, publicity, and assistance should be given in oral form to the extent needed to enable members of the applicable language minority group to participate effectively in the electoral process. (b) Assistance. The Attorney General will consider whether a jurisdiction has given sufficient attention to the needs of language minority group members who cannot effectively read either English or the applicable minority language and to the needs of members of language minority groups whose languages are unwritten. (c) Helpers. With respect to the conduct of elections, the jurisdiction will need to determine the number of helpers (i.e., persons to provide oral assistance in the minority language) that must be provided. In evaluating the provision of assistance, the Attorney General will consider such facts as the number of a precinct's registered voters who are members of the applicable language minority group, the number of such persons who are not proficient in English, and the ability of a voter to be assisted by a person of his or her own choice. The basic standard is one of effectiveness. [Order No. 655–76, 41 FR 29998, July 20, 1976, as amended by Order No. 1752–93, 58 FR 35373, July 1, 1993] The Attorney General's implementation of the Act's provisions concerning language minority groups would be facilitated if each covered jurisdiction would maintain such records and data as will document its actions under those provisions, including, for example, records on such matters as alternatives considered prior to taking such actions, and the reasons for choosing the actions finally taken. For many jurisdictions, changes in voting laws and practices will be necessary in order to comply with section 4(f)(4) or section 203(c). If a jurisdiction is subject to the preclearance requirements of section 5 (see §55.8(b)), such changes must either be submitted to the Attorney General or be made the subject of a declaratory judgment action in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia. Procedures for the administration of section 5 are set forth in part 51 of this chapter. (a) The Attorney General is authorized to bring civil actions for appropriate relief against violations of the Act's provisions, including section 4 and section 203. See sections 12(d) and 204. (b) Also, certain violations may be subject to criminal sanctions. See sections 11(a)–(c) and 205. These guidelines may be modified from time to time on the basis of experience under the Act and comments received from interested parties. The Attorney General therefore invites public comments and suggestions on these guidelines. Any party who wishes to make such suggestions or comments may do so by sending them to: Assistant Attorney General, Civil Rights Division, Department of Justice, Washington, DC 20530. [Order No. 1752–93, 58 FR 35373, July 1, 1993; 58 FR 36516, July 7, 1993]
Title 28: Judicial Administration
PART 55—IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROVISIONS OF THE VOTING RIGHTS ACT REGARDING LANGUAGE MINORITY GROUPS
Section Contents
§ 55.1 Definitions.
§ 55.2 Purpose; standards for measuring compliance.
§ 55.3 Statutory requirements.
§ 55.4 Effective date; list of covered jurisdictions.
§ 55.5 Coverage under section 4(f)(4).
§ 55.6 Coverage under section 203(c).
§ 55.7 Termination of coverage.
§ 55.8 Relationship between section 4(f)(4) and section 203(c).
§ 55.9 Coverage of political units within a county.
§ 55.10 Types of elections covered.
§ 55.11 General.
§ 55.12 Language used for written material.
§ 55.13 Language used for oral assistance and publicity.
§ 55.14 General.
§ 55.15 Affected activities.
§ 55.16 Standards and proof of compliance.
§ 55.17 Targeting.
§ 55.18 Provision of minority language materials and assistance.
§ 55.19 Written materials.
§ 55.20 Oral assistance and publicity.
§ 55.21 Record keeping.
§ 55.22 Requirements of section 5 of the Act.
§ 55.23 Enforcement by the Attorney General.
§ 55.24 Procedure.
Appendix to Part 55—Jurisdictions Covered Under
Subpart A—General Provisions
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§ 55.1 Definitions.
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§ 55.2 Purpose; standards for measuring compliance.
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§ 55.3 Statutory requirements.
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Subpart B—Nature of Coverage
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§ 55.4 Effective date; list of covered jurisdictions.
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§ 55.5 Coverage under section 4(f)(4).
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§ 55.6 Coverage under section 203(c).
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§ 55.7 Termination of coverage.
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§ 55.8 Relationship between section 4(f)(4) and section 203(c).
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§ 55.9 Coverage of political units within a county.
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§ 55.10 Types of elections covered.
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Subpart C—Determining the Exact Language
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§ 55.11 General.
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§ 55.12 Language used for written material.
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§ 55.13 Language used for oral assistance and publicity.
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Subpart D—Minority Language Materials and Assistance
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§ 55.14 General.
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§ 55.15 Affected activities.
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§ 55.16 Standards and proof of compliance.
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§ 55.17 Targeting.
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§ 55.18 Provision of minority language materials and assistance.
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§ 55.19 Written materials.
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§ 55.20 Oral assistance and publicity.
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§ 55.21 Record keeping.
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Subpart E—Preclearance
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§ 55.22 Requirements of section 5 of the Act.
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Subpart F—Sanctions
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§ 55.23 Enforcement by the Attorney General.
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Subpart G—Comment on This Part
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§ 55.24 Procedure.
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Appendix to Part 55—Jurisdictions Covered Under
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[Applicable language minority group(s)]------------------------------------------------------------------------ Coverage under sec. Coverage under sec. Jurisdiction 4(f)(4) \1\ 203(c) \2\------------------------------------------------------------------------Alaska: Alaskan Natives .................... (statewide). Aleutians East Borough.. .................... Alaskan Natives (Eskimo). Aleutians West Census .................... Alaskan Natives Area. (Aleut). Bethel Census Area...... .................... American Indian (Athapascan, Tanaina), Alaskan Natives (Eskimo). Bristol Bay Borough..... .................... Alaskan Natives (Eskimo). Dillingham Census Area.. .................... Alaskan Natives (Eskimo). Kenai Peninsula Borough. .................... Alaskan Natives (Eskimo). Kodiak Island Borough... .................... Alaskan Natives (Aleut, Eskimo). Lake and Peninsula .................... American Indian Borough. (Athapascan), Alaskan Natives (Aleut, Eskimo). Nome Census Area........ .................... Alaskan Natives (Eskimo). North Slope Borough..... .................... Alaskan Natives (Eskimo). Northwest Arctic Borough .................... Alaskan Natives (Eskimo). Skagway-Yakutat-Angoon .................... American Indian Census Area. (Tlinglit). Southeast Fairbanks .................... American Indian Census Area. (Athapascan). Valdez-Cordova Census .................... American Indian Area. (Athapascan). Wade Hampton Census Area .................... Alaskan Natives (Eskimo). Yukon-Koyukuk Census .................... American Indian Area. (Athapascan, Kuchin), Alaskan Natives (Eskimo).Arizona: Spanish heritage .................... (statewide). Apache County........... American Indian..... American Indian (Apache, Navajo, Zuni). Coconino County......... American Indian..... American Indian (Havasupai, Hopi, Navajo). Gila County............. .................... American Indian (Apache). Graham County........... .................... American Indian (Apache). Greenlee County......... .................... Spanish heritage. Maricopa County......... .................... American Indian (Pima, Yavapai), Spanish heritage. Navajo County........... American Indian..... American Indian (Apache, Hopi, Navajo). Pima County............. .................... American Indian (Pima), Spanish heritage. Pinal County............ American Indian..... American Indian (Apache, Pima). Santa Cruz County....... .................... Spanish heritage. Yuma County............. .................... American Indian (Delta River Yuma, Yuma), Spanish heritage.California: .................... Alameda County.......... .................... Asian American (Chinese), Spanish heritage. Colusa County........... .................... American Indian (Wintun). Fresno County........... .................... Spanish heritage. Imperial County......... .................... Spanish heritage. Inyo County............. .................... American Indian (Spanish). Kern County............. .................... Spanish heritage. Kings County............ Spanish heritage.... Spanish heritage. Lake County............. .................... American Indian (Spanish). Los Angeles County...... .................... Asian American (Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Vietnamese), Spanish heritage. Merced County........... Spanish heritage.... .................... Monterey County......... .................... Spanish heritage. Orange County........... .................... Asian American (Vietnamese), Spanish heritage. Riverside County........ .................... Spanish heritage. San Benito County....... .................... Spanish heritage San Bernardino County... .................... Spanish heritage. San Diego County........ .................... Spanish heritage. San Francisco County.... .................... Asian American (Chinese). Santa Clara County...... .................... Spanish heritage. Tulare County........... .................... Spanish heritage. Ventura County.......... .................... Spanish heritage. Yuba County............. Spanish heritage.... ....................Colorado: Alamosa County.......... .................... Spanish heritage. Archuleta County........ .................... Spanish heritage. Bent County............. .................... Spanish heritage. Conejos County.......... .................... Spanish heritage. Costilla County......... .................... Spanish heritage. La Plata County......... .................... American Indian (Ute). Las Animas County....... .................... Spanish heritage. Montezuma County........ .................... American Indian (Ute). Otero County............ .................... Spanish heritage. Rio Grande County....... .................... Spanish heritage. Saguache County......... .................... Spanish heritage.Connecticut: Fairfield County: .................... Spanish heritage. Bridgeport Town. Hartford County: Hartford Town......... .................... Spanish heritage. New Britain Town...... .................... Spanish heritage. Windham County: Windham .................... Spanish heritage. Town.Florida: Broward County.......... .................... American Indian (Mikasuki, Muskogee), Spanish heritage. Collier County.......... Spanish heritage.... American Indian (Mikasuki). Dade County............. .................... American Indian (Mikasuki), Spanish heritage. Glades County........... .................... American Indian (Muskogee). Hardee County........... Spanish heritage.... Spanish heritage. Hendry County........... Spanish heritage.... American Indian (Mikasuki, Muskogee). Hillsborough County..... Spanish heritage.... Spanish heritage. Orange County........... .................... Spanish heritage. Monroe County........... Spanish heritage.... ....................Hawaii: Honolulu County......... .................... Asian American (Filipino, Japanese). Kauai County............ .................... Asian American (Filipino). Maui County............. .................... Asian American (Filipino).Idaho: Bannock County.......... .................... American Indian (Shoshoni). Bingham County.......... .................... American Indian (Shoshoni). Owyhee County........... .................... American Indian (Shoshoni). Power County............ .................... American Indian (Shoshoni).Illinois: Cook County....... .................... Spanish heritage.Iowa: Tama County........... .................... American Indian (Fox).Louisiana: Avoyelles Parish. .................... American Indian (French).Massachusetts: Essex County: Lawrence .................... Spanish heritage. City. Hampden County: Holyoke City.......... .................... Spanish heritage. Springfield City...... .................... Spanish heritage. Suffolk County: Boston City........... .................... Spanish heritage. Chelsea City.......... .................... Spanish heritage.Michigan: Allegan County: Clyde Spanish heritage.... Spanish heritage. Township. Oceana County: Colfax .................... Spanish heritage. Township. Saginaw County: Buena Vista Township.. Spanish heritage.... .................... Zilwaukee Township.... .................... Spanish heritage.Mississippi: Jones County............ .................... American Indian (Choctaw). Kemper County........... .................... American Indian (Choctaw). Leake County............ .................... American Indian (Choctaw). Neshoba County.......... .................... American Indian (Choctaw). Newton County........... .................... American Indian (Choctaw). Winston County.......... .................... American Indian (Choctaw).Nevada: Elko County............. .................... American Indian (Shoshoni). Humboldt County......... .................... American Indian (Paiute).New Jersey: Essex County............ .................... Spanish heritage. Hudson County........... .................... Spanish heritage. Middlesex County........ .................... Spanish heritage. Passaic County.......... .................... Spanish heritage. Union County............ .................... Spanish heritage.New Mexico: Bernalillo County....... .................... American Indian (Keres, Navajo, Tiwa), Spanish heritage. Chaves County........... .................... Spanish heritage. Cibola County........... .................... American Indian (Keres, Navajo, Zuni), Spanish heritage. Colfax County........... .................... Spanish heritage. Dona Anna County........ .................... Spanish heritage. Eddy County............. .................... Spanish heritage. Grant County............ .................... Spanish heritage. Guadalupe County........ .................... Spanish heritage. Harding County.......... .................... Spanish heritage. Hidalgo County.......... .................... Spanish heritage. Lea County.............. .................... Spanish heritage. Luna County............. .................... Spanish heritage. McKinley County......... .................... American Indian (Navajo, Zuni). Mora County............. .................... Spanish heritage. Quay County............. .................... Spanish heritage. Rio Arriba County....... .................... American Indian (Jicarilla, Navajo), Spanish heritage. Roosevelt County........ .................... Spanish heritage. San Juan County......... .................... American Indian (Navajo). San Miguel County....... .................... Spanish heritage. Sandoval County......... .................... American Indian (Jicarilla, Keres, Navajo, Towa). Santa Fe County......... .................... Spanish heritage. Socorro County.......... .................... American Indian (Navajo), Spanish heritage. Taos County............. .................... American Indian (Tiwa), Spanish heritage. Torrance County......... .................... Spanish heritage. Union County............ .................... Spanish heritage. Valencia County......... .................... American Indian (Keres, Tiwa), Spanish heritage.New York: Bronx County............ Spanish heritage.... Spanish heritage. Franklin County......... .................... American Indian (Mohawk). Kings County............ Spanish heritage.... Asian American (Chinese), Spanish heritage. New York County......... .................... Asian American (Chinese), Spanish heritage. Queens County........... .................... Asian American (Chinese), Spanish heritage. Suffolk County.......... .................... Spanish heritage. Westchester County...... .................... Spanish heritage.North Carolina: Jackson American Indian..... .................... County.North Dakota: Benson County........... .................... American Indian (Dakota). Eddy County............. .................... American Indian (Dakota). Ramsey County........... .................... American Indian (Dakota).Oklahoma: Adair County...... .................... American Indian (Cherokee).Oregon: Malheur County...... .................... American Indian (Paiute).Pennsylvania: Philadelphia .................... Spanish heritage. County.Rhode Island: Providence County: .................... Spanish heritage. Central Falls City.South Dakota: Dewey County............ .................... American Indian (Dakota). Gregory County.......... .................... American Indian (Dakota). Lyman County............ .................... American Indian (Dakota). Mellette County......... .................... American Indian (Dakota). Shannon County.......... American Indian..... .................... Todd County............. American Indian..... American Indian (Dakota). Tripp County............ .................... American Indian (Dakota). Ziebach County.......... .................... American Indian (Dakota).Texas....................... Spanish heritage .................... (statewide). Andrews County.......... .................... Spanish heritage. Atascosa County......... .................... Spanish heritage. Bailey County........... .................... Spanish heritage. Bee County.............. .................... Spanish heritage. Bexar County............ .................... Spanish heritage. Brewster County......... .................... Spanish heritage. Brooks County........... .................... Spanish heritage. Caldwell County......... .................... Spanish heritage. Calhoun County.......... .................... Spanish heritage. Cameron County.......... .................... Spanish heritage. Castro County........... .................... Spanish heritage. Cochran County.......... .................... Spanish heritage. Comal County............ .................... Spanish heritage. Concho County........... .................... Spanish heritage. Crockett County......... .................... Spanish heritage. Crosby County........... .................... Spanish heritage. Culberson County........ .................... Spanish heritage. Dallas County........... .................... Spanish heritage. Dawson County........... .................... Spanish heritage. Deaf Smith County....... .................... Spanish heritage. Dewitt County........... .................... Spanish heritage. Dickens County.......... .................... Spanish heritage. Dimmit County........... .................... Spanish heritage. Duval County............ .................... Spanish heritage. Ector County............ .................... Spanish heritage. Edwards County.......... .................... Spanish heritage. El Paso County.......... .................... American Indian (Spanish), Spanish heritage. Floyd County............ .................... Spanish heritage. Frio County............. .................... Spanish heritage. Gaines County........... .................... Spanish heritage. Garza County............ .................... Spanish heritage. Glasscock County........ .................... Spanish heritage. Goliad County........... .................... Spanish heritage. Gonzales County......... .................... Spanish heritage. Guadalupe County........ .................... Spanish heritage. Hale County............. .................... Spanish heritage. Harris County........... .................... Spanish heritage. Hays County............. .................... Spanish heritage. Hidalgo County.......... .................... Spanish heritage. Hockley County.......... .................... Spanish heritage. Howard County........... .................... Spanish heritage. Hudspeth County......... .................... Spanish heritage. Irion County............ .................... Spanish heritage. Jeff Davis County....... .................... Spanish heritage. Jim Hogg County......... .................... Spanish heritage. Jim Wells County........ .................... Spanish heritage. Karnes County........... .................... Spanish heritage. Kenedy County........... .................... Spanish heritage. Kent County............. .................... Spanish heritage. Kinney County........... .................... Spanish heritage. Kleberg County.......... .................... Spanish heritage. La Salle County......... .................... Spanish heritage. Lamb County............. .................... Spanish heritage. Live Oak County......... .................... Spanish heritage. Lubbock County.......... .................... Spanish heritage. Lynn County............. .................... Spanish heritage. Martin County........... .................... Spanish heritage. Maverick County......... .................... Spanish heritage. McCulloch County........ .................... Spanish heritage. McMullen County......... .................... Spanish heritage. Medina County........... .................... Spanish heritage. Menard County........... .................... Spanish heritage. Midland County.......... .................... Spanish heritage. Mitchell County......... .................... Spanish heritage. Moore County............ .................... Spanish heritage. Nolan County............ .................... Spanish heritage. Nueces County........... .................... Spanish heritage. Parmer County........... .................... Spanish heritage. Pecos County............ .................... Spanish heritage. Polk County............. .................... American Indian (Alabama). Presidio County......... .................... Spanish heritage. Reagan County........... .................... Spanish heritage. Reeves County........... .................... Spanish heritage. Refugio County.......... .................... Spanish heritage. Runnels County.......... .................... Spanish heritage. San Patricio County..... .................... Spanish heritage. Schleicher County....... .................... Spanish heritage. Scurry County........... .................... Spanish heritage. Starr County............ .................... Spanish heritage. Sutton County........... .................... Spanish heritage. Swisher County.......... .................... Spanish heritage. Tarrant County.......... .................... Spanish heritage. Terrell County.......... .................... Spanish heritage. Terry County............ .................... Spanish heritage. Tom Green County........ .................... Spanish heritage. Travis County........... .................... Spanish heritage. Upton County............ .................... Spanish heritage. Uvalde County........... .................... Spanish heritage. Val Verde County........ .................... Spanish heritage. Victoria County......... .................... Spanish heritage. Ward County............. .................... Spanish heritage. Webb County............. .................... Spanish heritage. Wharton County.......... .................... Spanish heritage. Willacy County.......... .................... Spanish heritage. Wilson County........... .................... Spanish heritage. Winkler County.......... .................... Spanish heritage. Yoakum County........... .................... Spanish heritage. Zapata County........... .................... Spanish heritage. Zavala County........... .................... Spanish heritage.Utah: San Juan County....... .................... American Indian (Navajo, Ute).Wisconsin: Clark County: Curtiss .................... Spanish heritage. Village.------------------------------------------------------------------------\1\ Coverage determinations were published at 40 FR 43746 (Sept. 23, 1975), 40 FR 49422 (Oct. 22, 1975), 41 FR 784 (Jan. 5, 1976) (corrected at 41 FR 1503 (Jan. 8, 1976)), and 41 FR 34329 (Aug. 13, 1976). Covered counties in Colorado, New Mexico, and Oklahoma have bailed out pursuant to section 4(a). See § 55.7(a) of this part.\2\ Coverage determinations were published at 57 FR 43213 (Sept. 18, 1992).
