§ 43. — Animal enterprise terrorism.
[Laws in effect as of January 24, 2002]
[Document not affected by Public Laws enacted between
January 24, 2002 and December 19, 2002]
[CITE: 18USC43]
TITLE 18--CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
PART I--CRIMES
CHAPTER 3--ANIMALS, BIRDS, FISH, AND PLANTS
Sec. 43. Animal enterprise terrorism
(a) Offense.--Whoever--
(1) travels in interstate or foreign commerce, or uses or causes
to be used the mail or any facility in interstate or foreign
commerce for the purpose of causing physical disruption to the
functioning of an animal enterprise; and
(2) intentionally damages or causes the loss of any property
(including animals or records) used by the animal enterprise, or
conspires to do so,
shall be punished as provided for in subsection (b).
(b) Penalties.--
(1) Economic damage.--Any person who, in the course of a
violation of subsection (a), causes economic damage not exceeding
$10,000 to an animal enterprise shall be fined under this title or
imprisoned not more than 6 months, or both.
(2) Major economic damage.--Any person who, in the course of a
violation of subsection (a), causes economic damage exceeding
$10,000 to an animal enterprise shall be fined under this title or
imprisoned not more than 3 years, or both.
(3) Serious bodily injury.--Any person who, in the course of a
violation of subsection (a), causes serious bodily injury to another
individual shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more
than 20 years, or both.
(4) Death.--Any person who, in the course of a violation of
subsection (a), causes the death of an individual shall be fined
under this title and imprisoned for life or for any term of years.
(c) Restitution.--An order of restitution under section 3663 or
3663A of this title with respect to a violation of this section may also
include restitution--
(1) for the reasonable cost of repeating any experimentation
that was interrupted or invalidated as a result of the offense;
(2) the loss of food production or farm income reasonably
attributable to the offense; and
(3) for any other economic damage resulting from the offense.
(d) Definitions.--As used in this section--
(1) the term ``animal enterprise'' means--
(A) a commercial or academic enterprise that uses animals
for food or fiber production, agriculture, research, or testing;
(B) a zoo, aquarium, circus, rodeo, or lawful competitive
animal event; or
(C) any fair or similar event intended to advance
agricultural arts and sciences;
(2) the term ``physical disruption'' does not include any lawful
disruption that results from lawful public, governmental, or animal
enterprise employee reaction to the disclosure of information about
an animal enterprise;
(3) the term ``economic damage'' means the replacement costs of
lost or damaged property or records, the costs of repeating an
interrupted or invalidated experiment, or the loss of profits; and
(4) the term ``serious bodily injury'' has the meaning given
that term in section 1365 of this title.
(e) Non-Preemption.--Nothing in this section preempts any State law.
(Added Pub. L. 102-346, Sec. 2(a), Aug. 26, 1992, 106 Stat. 928; amended
Pub. L. 104-294, title VI, Sec. 601(r)(3), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat.
3502; Pub. L. 107-188, title III, Sec. 336, June 12, 2002, 116 Stat.
681.)
Prior Provisions
A prior section 43, acts June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 687; Sept.
2, 1960, Pub. L. 86-702, Sec. 2, 74 Stat. 754; Dec. 5, 1969, Pub. L. 91-
135, Sec. 7(a), 83 Stat. 279, related to transportation of wildlife
taken in violation of State, national, or foreign law, the receipt of
such wildlife, and the making of false records in relation thereto,
prior to repeal by Pub. L. 97-79, Sec. 9(b)(2), Nov. 16, 1981, 95 Stat.
1079. See section 3372(a) of Title 16, Conservation.
Amendments
2002--Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107-188, Sec. 336(a), amended heading and
text of subsec. (a) generally, deleting par. (2) reference to
intentionally stealing and to requirement that economic damage exceed
$10,000, and in concluding provisons substituting reference to
punishment under subsec. (b) for reference to fine or imprisonment of
not more than one year.
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107-188, Sec. 336(b), amended subsec. (b)
generally, substituting ``Penalties'' for ``Aggravated Offense'' in
heading and list of penalites for property damage, personal injury and
death for reference to serious bodily injury and death in text.
Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 107-188, Sec. 336(c), added par. (3).
1996--Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 104-294 inserted ``or 3663A'' after
``section 3663'' in introductory provisions.
Short Title
Section 1 of Pub. L. 102-346 provided that: ``This Act [enacting
this section and provisions set out below] may be cited as the `Animal
Enterprise Protection Act of 1992'.''
Study of Effect of Terrorism on Certain Animal Enterprises
Section 3 of Pub. L. 102-346 directed Attorney General and Secretary
of Agriculture to jointly conduct a study on extent and effects of
domestic and international terrorism on enterprises using animals for
food or fiber production, agriculture, research, or testing, and, not
later than 1 year after Aug. 26, 1992, submit a report that describes
the results of the study together with any appropriate recommendations
and legislation to Congress.
