January 2003 - Philippine Supreme Court Decisions/Resolutions
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G.R. No. 121772 January 13, 2003 - ELNORA R. CORTES, ET AL. v. COURT OF APPEALS, ET.AL.:
SECOND DIVISION
[G.R. No. 121772. January 13, 2003.]
ELNORA R. CORTES and EDMUNDO CORTES, Petitioners, v. COURT OF APPEALS, F. S. MANAGEMENT & DEVELOPMENT CORP., Respondents.
D E C I S I O N
AUSTRIA-MARTINEZ, J.:
Before us is a petition for review on certiorari under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court seeking to set aside the Decision of the Court of Appeals dated March 17, 1995, 1 the dispositive portion of which reads:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"WHEREFORE, premises considered, the appealed Order dated July 16, 1992 is hereby AFFIRMED with modification. Appellants spouses Cortes in addition to the P100,000.00 is further ORDERED to pay six percent (6%) per annum legal interest of such amount from July 25, 1992 until fully paid.
"Cost against appellants spouses Cortes.
"SO ORDERED." 2
The controversy stemmed from a civil case for specific performance with damages filed by F.S. Management and Development Corporation (FSMDC) against spouses Edmundo and Elnora Cortes involving the sale of the parcel of land owned by the said spouses. 3
Spouses Cortes retained the professional services of Atty. Felix Moya for the purpose of representing them in said case. However, they did not agree on the amount of compensation for the services to be rendered by Atty. Moya.
Before a full-blown trial could be had, defendants spouses Cortes and plaintiff FSMDC decided to enter into a compromise agreement. On June 4, 1991, defendants spouses received from plaintiff FSMDC, three checks totaling P2,754,340.00 which represents the remaining balance of the purchase price of the subject land.
On June 7, 1991, Atty. Moya filed an "Urgent Motion to Fix Attorney’s Fees, Etc." praying that he be paid a sum equivalent to thirty-five percent (35%) of the amount received by the defendants spouses 4 which the latter opposed contending that the amount Atty. Moya seeks to recover is utterly excessive and is not commensurate to the nature, extent and quality of the services he had rendered. 5
On July 2, 1991, the Cortes spouses and Atty. Moya settled their differences by agreeing in open court that the former will pay the latter the amount of P100,000.00 as his attorney’s fees. Pursuant to such agreement, the trial court issued an order of even date which reads as; follows:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"Parties in open Court agreed to movant’s attorney’s fees of P100,000.00 to be paid out of any check paid by the plaintiff to defendants.
"Not later than July, 15, 1991, parties are hereby ordered to inform the Court whether or not this is complied with, so the Court can act accordingly. (Emphasis supplied)
"SO ORDERED." 6
Subsequently, the Cortes spouses terminated the services of Atty. Moya and retained the services of another lawyer.
On January 8, 1992, or about six months after the afore-quoted Order, Atty. Moya filed an Ex-Parte Manifestation praying that his Motion to Fix Attorney’s Fees be resolved on the basis of the agreement of the parties, "in chambers." 7
The Cortes spouses filed their Comment claiming:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"1. That they agreed to the settlement of P100,000.00 attorney’s fees expecting that the checks paid by plaintiff by way of settlement will be good and may be encashed by them but it turned out that they were all dishonored, and no compromise agreement was pushed through;
"2. That defendants are willing to pay Atty. Moya as additional compensation for his services only in the amount of P50,000.00 subject to the condition that same shall be paid after the case is terminated in their favor and/or the property involved is sold;
"3. That defendants shall compensate Atty. Moya said amount in addition to what they have paid before." 8
On June 26, 1992, Atty. Moya filed a "Motion for Early Resolution of Pending Incidents and to Order Defendants to Pay Their Previous Counsel." 9
On July 16, 1992, the trial court issued an Order directing the Cortes spouses to pay Atty. Moya the sum of P100,000.00 as and by way of attorney’s fees. 10 The Cortes spouses filed a Notice of Appeal to the Court of Appeals. 11 On July 31, 1992, Atty. Moya filed an "Ex-Parte Motion to Dismiss Defendant’s Appeal" which was denied by the trial court in its Order dated August 4, 1992. 12 Consequently, he filed a notice of appeal questioning the Orders of the trial court dated July 16, 1992 and August 4, 1992. 13
On March 17, 1995, the Court of Appeals rendered the herein assailed decision resolving the respective appeals of spouses; Cortes and Atty. Moya in favor of the latter. 14 Spouses Cortes moved for the reconsideration of the decision of the appellate court which the Court denied in its Resolution issued on August 30, 1995. 15chanrob1es virtua1 1aw 1ibrary
Hence, herein petition filed by the Cortes spouses, raising the following issues:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"1. Whether the award of P100,000.00 in favor of private respondent as and by way of attorney’s [fees] for the handling of petitioners’ case before the services of the former was legally terminated is tenable under the facts of this case.
"2 Whether the respondent Honorable Court of Appeals misapplied the principle of Estoppel in this case." 16
As both issues are interrelated, we shall resolve them jointly.
Petitioners spouses claim that they have already paid private respondent Moya the total amount of P36,000.00 in acceptance and appearance fees. 17 However, a perusal of the records shows that no competent evidence, oral or documentary, was presented to prove said claim. It is settled that he who alleges a fact has the burden of proving it; that mere allegation is not evidence. 18 Besides, records show that the alleged payment by petitioners of said amount was never raised before the lower court. It was only raised on appeal with respondent appellate court. Settled is the rule that litigants cannot raise an issue for the first time on appeal as this would contravene the basic rules of fair play and justice. 19
Nevertheless, petitioners’ main contention is that the award of P100,000.00 to private respondent Moya as and by way of attorney’s fees "is unconscionable and unreasonable."cralaw virtua1aw library
On its face, the Order dated July 2, 1991 appears to be explicit and leaves no room for any other interpretation. The first paragraph of said Order states that parties in open Court agreed that the attorney’s fees in the amount of P100,000.00 shall be paid out of any check paid by the plaintiff to defendants. 20 The said agreement is therefore in the nature of a compromise agreement.
However, petitioners contend that they agreed to pay private respondent P100,000.00 out of the three (3) checks paid by FSPADC on June 4, 1991 and not out of any other check issued by FSMDC. This contention finds support in the prayer of private respondent, Atty. Moya himself, in his Urgent Motion to Fix Attorney’s Fees, Etc." explicitly asking that he "be paid immediately upon the encashment of the P1,000,000.00 check dated June 10, 1991 by the defendants." He even expressed concern that he "may not be paid the corresponding attorney’s fees out of the check that is due for payment on said date." 21 Clearly therefrom, the amount of P100,000.00 due to Atty. Moya was expected to be taken not from any check paid by FSMDC to petitioners but specifically from the check dated June 10, 1991 given to petitioners spouses.
As already stated, the Order in question appears to be a compromise agreement between spouses Cortes and Atty. Moya. It is true that under the doctrine of estoppel, an admission or representation is rendered conclusive upon the person making it, and cannot be denied or disproved as against the person relying thereon. 22 A party may not go back on his own acts and representations to the prejudice of the other party who relied upon them. 23 But, in technical estoppel, the party to be estopped must knowingly have acted so as to mislead his adversary, and the adversary must have placed reliance on the action and acted as he would otherwise not have done. 24
In the present case, petitioners had evidently agreed to pay private respondent P100,000.00 out of the checks paid by FSMDC on June 4, 1991. However, the trial court ordered the payment to be sourced out of any check paid by FSMDC to petitioners. Yet, it does not appear from the original records that both the petitioners and the private respondent were actually sent copies of the Order of July 2, 1991. Thus, petitioners spouses were deprived of the opportunity to question the content of the Order on ground of mistake or excusable negligence, pursuant to the remedy provided for under Section 1, Rule 38 of the Rules of Court. Since petitioners did not receive a copy of the said Order they could not therefore be considered as having knowingly agreed to it as to mislead the court or the private respondent into believing that they unconditionally acceded to pay private respondent the amount of P100,000.00 out of any check given by FSMDC. Consequently, they are not estopped from questioning the correctness of such Order. Elementary fairness dictates that petitioners, who were unaware of the questioned Order, should not be estopped from questioning the same.
Having disposed of the issue on estoppel, we now turn to the question of whether or not the amount of P100,000.00 awarded to the private respondent is in consonance with the prevailing principles and guidelines governing compensation due to attorneys for the professional services they have rendered.
The reasonableness of the amount of attorney’s fees awarded to private respondent should be properly gauged on the basis of the long-standing rule of quantum meruit, meaning, "as much as he deserves." Where a lawyer is employed without agreement as to the amount to be paid for his services, the courts shall fix the amount on quantum meruit basis. In such a case, he would be entitled to receive what he merits for his services. 25 In this respect, Section 24, Rule 138 of the Rules of Court provides:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"Sec. 24. Compensation of attorneys, agreement as to fees. — An attorney shall be entitled to have and recover from his client no more than a reasonable compensation for his services, with a view to the importance of the subject matter of the controversy, the extent of the services rendered, and the professional standing of the attorney. . . ."cralaw virtua1aw library
In addition, the following circumstances, codified in Rule 20.1, Canon 20 of the Code of Professional Responsibility, serves as a guideline in fixing a reasonable compensation for services rendered by a lawyer on the basis of quantum meruit:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"a) The time spent and the extent of the services rendered or required;
"b) The novelty and difficulty of the questions involved;
"c) The importance of the subject matter;
"d) The skill demanded;
"e) The probability of losing other employment as a result of acceptance of the proffered case;
"f) The customary charges for similar services and the schedule of fees of the IBP chapter to which he belongs;
"g) The amount involved in the controversy and the benefits resulting to the client from the services;
"h) The contingency or certainty of compensation;
"i) The character of the employment, whether occasional or established; and
"j) The professional standing of the lawyer."cralaw virtua1aw library
In the present case, aside from invoking his professional standing, private respondent claims that he was the one responsible in forging the initial compromise agreement wherein FSMDC agreed to pay P2,754,380.00. The fact remains, however, that such agreement was not consummated because the checks given by FSMDC were all dishonored. It was not the private respondent who was responsible in bringing into fruition the subsequent compromise agreement between petitioners and FSMDC.
Nonetheless, it is undisputed that private respondent has rendered services as counsel for the petitioners. He prepared petitioners’ Answer and Pre-Trial Brief, appeared at the Pre-Trial Conference, attended a hearing held on July 13, 1990, cross-examined the witness of FSMDC, and was present in the conference at the Manila Hotel between the parties and their respective counsels. All these services were rendered in the years 1990 and 1991 where the value of a peso is higher. Thus, we find the sum of P100,000.00 awarded to private respondent as his attorney’s fees to be disproportionate to the services rendered by him to petitioners.chanrob1es virtua1 1aw 1ibrary
The amount of P50,000.00 as compensation for the services rendered by Atty. Moya is just and reasonable.
Besides, the imposition of legal interest on the amount payable to private respondent is unwarranted. Article 2209 26 of the Civil Code invoked by Atty. Moya and cited by the appellate court, finds no application in the present case. It is a provision of law governing ordinary obligations and contracts. Contracts for attorney’s services in this jurisdiction stand upon an entirely different footing from contracts for the payment of compensation for any other services. 27
We have held that lawyering is not a moneymaking venture and lawyers are not merchants. 28
"Law advocacy . . . is not capital that yields profits. The returns it births are simple rewards for a job done or service rendered. It is a calling that, unlike mercantile pursuits which enjoy a greater deal of freedom from government interference, is impressed with a public interest, for which it is subject to State regulation." 29
Thus, a lawyer’s compensation for professional services rendered are subject to the supervision of the court, not just to guarantee that the fees he charges and receives remain reasonable and commensurate with the services rendered, but also to maintain the dignity and integrity of the legal profession to which he belongs. 30
WHEREFORE, the decision appealed from is AFFIRMED WITH MODIFICATIONS to the effect that the attorney’s fees awarded to private respondent Felix Moya is REDUCED to P50,000.00 and the legal interest of 6% per annum imposed by the Court of Appeals on the amount due to respondent Moya is DELETED.
No costs.
SO ORDERED.
Bellosillo, Mendoza, Quisumbing and Callejo, Sr., JJ., concur.
"WHEREFORE, premises considered, the appealed Order dated July 16, 1992 is hereby AFFIRMED with modification. Appellants spouses Cortes in addition to the P100,000.00 is further ORDERED to pay six percent (6%) per annum legal interest of such amount from July 25, 1992 until fully paid.
"Cost against appellants spouses Cortes.
"SO ORDERED." 2
The controversy stemmed from a civil case for specific performance with damages filed by F.S. Management and Development Corporation (FSMDC) against spouses Edmundo and Elnora Cortes involving the sale of the parcel of land owned by the said spouses. 3
Spouses Cortes retained the professional services of Atty. Felix Moya for the purpose of representing them in said case. However, they did not agree on the amount of compensation for the services to be rendered by Atty. Moya.
Before a full-blown trial could be had, defendants spouses Cortes and plaintiff FSMDC decided to enter into a compromise agreement. On June 4, 1991, defendants spouses received from plaintiff FSMDC, three checks totaling P2,754,340.00 which represents the remaining balance of the purchase price of the subject land.
On June 7, 1991, Atty. Moya filed an "Urgent Motion to Fix Attorney’s Fees, Etc." praying that he be paid a sum equivalent to thirty-five percent (35%) of the amount received by the defendants spouses 4 which the latter opposed contending that the amount Atty. Moya seeks to recover is utterly excessive and is not commensurate to the nature, extent and quality of the services he had rendered. 5
On July 2, 1991, the Cortes spouses and Atty. Moya settled their differences by agreeing in open court that the former will pay the latter the amount of P100,000.00 as his attorney’s fees. Pursuant to such agreement, the trial court issued an order of even date which reads as; follows:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"Parties in open Court agreed to movant’s attorney’s fees of P100,000.00 to be paid out of any check paid by the plaintiff to defendants.
"Not later than July, 15, 1991, parties are hereby ordered to inform the Court whether or not this is complied with, so the Court can act accordingly. (Emphasis supplied)
"SO ORDERED." 6
Subsequently, the Cortes spouses terminated the services of Atty. Moya and retained the services of another lawyer.
On January 8, 1992, or about six months after the afore-quoted Order, Atty. Moya filed an Ex-Parte Manifestation praying that his Motion to Fix Attorney’s Fees be resolved on the basis of the agreement of the parties, "in chambers." 7
The Cortes spouses filed their Comment claiming:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"1. That they agreed to the settlement of P100,000.00 attorney’s fees expecting that the checks paid by plaintiff by way of settlement will be good and may be encashed by them but it turned out that they were all dishonored, and no compromise agreement was pushed through;
"2. That defendants are willing to pay Atty. Moya as additional compensation for his services only in the amount of P50,000.00 subject to the condition that same shall be paid after the case is terminated in their favor and/or the property involved is sold;
"3. That defendants shall compensate Atty. Moya said amount in addition to what they have paid before." 8
On June 26, 1992, Atty. Moya filed a "Motion for Early Resolution of Pending Incidents and to Order Defendants to Pay Their Previous Counsel." 9
On July 16, 1992, the trial court issued an Order directing the Cortes spouses to pay Atty. Moya the sum of P100,000.00 as and by way of attorney’s fees. 10 The Cortes spouses filed a Notice of Appeal to the Court of Appeals. 11 On July 31, 1992, Atty. Moya filed an "Ex-Parte Motion to Dismiss Defendant’s Appeal" which was denied by the trial court in its Order dated August 4, 1992. 12 Consequently, he filed a notice of appeal questioning the Orders of the trial court dated July 16, 1992 and August 4, 1992. 13
On March 17, 1995, the Court of Appeals rendered the herein assailed decision resolving the respective appeals of spouses; Cortes and Atty. Moya in favor of the latter. 14 Spouses Cortes moved for the reconsideration of the decision of the appellate court which the Court denied in its Resolution issued on August 30, 1995. 15chanrob1es virtua1 1aw 1ibrary
Hence, herein petition filed by the Cortes spouses, raising the following issues:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"1. Whether the award of P100,000.00 in favor of private respondent as and by way of attorney’s [fees] for the handling of petitioners’ case before the services of the former was legally terminated is tenable under the facts of this case.
"2 Whether the respondent Honorable Court of Appeals misapplied the principle of Estoppel in this case." 16
As both issues are interrelated, we shall resolve them jointly.
Petitioners spouses claim that they have already paid private respondent Moya the total amount of P36,000.00 in acceptance and appearance fees. 17 However, a perusal of the records shows that no competent evidence, oral or documentary, was presented to prove said claim. It is settled that he who alleges a fact has the burden of proving it; that mere allegation is not evidence. 18 Besides, records show that the alleged payment by petitioners of said amount was never raised before the lower court. It was only raised on appeal with respondent appellate court. Settled is the rule that litigants cannot raise an issue for the first time on appeal as this would contravene the basic rules of fair play and justice. 19
Nevertheless, petitioners’ main contention is that the award of P100,000.00 to private respondent Moya as and by way of attorney’s fees "is unconscionable and unreasonable."cralaw virtua1aw library
On its face, the Order dated July 2, 1991 appears to be explicit and leaves no room for any other interpretation. The first paragraph of said Order states that parties in open Court agreed that the attorney’s fees in the amount of P100,000.00 shall be paid out of any check paid by the plaintiff to defendants. 20 The said agreement is therefore in the nature of a compromise agreement.
However, petitioners contend that they agreed to pay private respondent P100,000.00 out of the three (3) checks paid by FSPADC on June 4, 1991 and not out of any other check issued by FSMDC. This contention finds support in the prayer of private respondent, Atty. Moya himself, in his Urgent Motion to Fix Attorney’s Fees, Etc." explicitly asking that he "be paid immediately upon the encashment of the P1,000,000.00 check dated June 10, 1991 by the defendants." He even expressed concern that he "may not be paid the corresponding attorney’s fees out of the check that is due for payment on said date." 21 Clearly therefrom, the amount of P100,000.00 due to Atty. Moya was expected to be taken not from any check paid by FSMDC to petitioners but specifically from the check dated June 10, 1991 given to petitioners spouses.
As already stated, the Order in question appears to be a compromise agreement between spouses Cortes and Atty. Moya. It is true that under the doctrine of estoppel, an admission or representation is rendered conclusive upon the person making it, and cannot be denied or disproved as against the person relying thereon. 22 A party may not go back on his own acts and representations to the prejudice of the other party who relied upon them. 23 But, in technical estoppel, the party to be estopped must knowingly have acted so as to mislead his adversary, and the adversary must have placed reliance on the action and acted as he would otherwise not have done. 24
In the present case, petitioners had evidently agreed to pay private respondent P100,000.00 out of the checks paid by FSMDC on June 4, 1991. However, the trial court ordered the payment to be sourced out of any check paid by FSMDC to petitioners. Yet, it does not appear from the original records that both the petitioners and the private respondent were actually sent copies of the Order of July 2, 1991. Thus, petitioners spouses were deprived of the opportunity to question the content of the Order on ground of mistake or excusable negligence, pursuant to the remedy provided for under Section 1, Rule 38 of the Rules of Court. Since petitioners did not receive a copy of the said Order they could not therefore be considered as having knowingly agreed to it as to mislead the court or the private respondent into believing that they unconditionally acceded to pay private respondent the amount of P100,000.00 out of any check given by FSMDC. Consequently, they are not estopped from questioning the correctness of such Order. Elementary fairness dictates that petitioners, who were unaware of the questioned Order, should not be estopped from questioning the same.
Having disposed of the issue on estoppel, we now turn to the question of whether or not the amount of P100,000.00 awarded to the private respondent is in consonance with the prevailing principles and guidelines governing compensation due to attorneys for the professional services they have rendered.
The reasonableness of the amount of attorney’s fees awarded to private respondent should be properly gauged on the basis of the long-standing rule of quantum meruit, meaning, "as much as he deserves." Where a lawyer is employed without agreement as to the amount to be paid for his services, the courts shall fix the amount on quantum meruit basis. In such a case, he would be entitled to receive what he merits for his services. 25 In this respect, Section 24, Rule 138 of the Rules of Court provides:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"Sec. 24. Compensation of attorneys, agreement as to fees. — An attorney shall be entitled to have and recover from his client no more than a reasonable compensation for his services, with a view to the importance of the subject matter of the controversy, the extent of the services rendered, and the professional standing of the attorney. . . ."cralaw virtua1aw library
In addition, the following circumstances, codified in Rule 20.1, Canon 20 of the Code of Professional Responsibility, serves as a guideline in fixing a reasonable compensation for services rendered by a lawyer on the basis of quantum meruit:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"a) The time spent and the extent of the services rendered or required;
"b) The novelty and difficulty of the questions involved;
"c) The importance of the subject matter;
"d) The skill demanded;
"e) The probability of losing other employment as a result of acceptance of the proffered case;
"f) The customary charges for similar services and the schedule of fees of the IBP chapter to which he belongs;
"g) The amount involved in the controversy and the benefits resulting to the client from the services;
"h) The contingency or certainty of compensation;
"i) The character of the employment, whether occasional or established; and
"j) The professional standing of the lawyer."cralaw virtua1aw library
In the present case, aside from invoking his professional standing, private respondent claims that he was the one responsible in forging the initial compromise agreement wherein FSMDC agreed to pay P2,754,380.00. The fact remains, however, that such agreement was not consummated because the checks given by FSMDC were all dishonored. It was not the private respondent who was responsible in bringing into fruition the subsequent compromise agreement between petitioners and FSMDC.
Nonetheless, it is undisputed that private respondent has rendered services as counsel for the petitioners. He prepared petitioners’ Answer and Pre-Trial Brief, appeared at the Pre-Trial Conference, attended a hearing held on July 13, 1990, cross-examined the witness of FSMDC, and was present in the conference at the Manila Hotel between the parties and their respective counsels. All these services were rendered in the years 1990 and 1991 where the value of a peso is higher. Thus, we find the sum of P100,000.00 awarded to private respondent as his attorney’s fees to be disproportionate to the services rendered by him to petitioners.chanrob1es virtua1 1aw 1ibrary
The amount of P50,000.00 as compensation for the services rendered by Atty. Moya is just and reasonable.
Besides, the imposition of legal interest on the amount payable to private respondent is unwarranted. Article 2209 26 of the Civil Code invoked by Atty. Moya and cited by the appellate court, finds no application in the present case. It is a provision of law governing ordinary obligations and contracts. Contracts for attorney’s services in this jurisdiction stand upon an entirely different footing from contracts for the payment of compensation for any other services. 27
We have held that lawyering is not a moneymaking venture and lawyers are not merchants. 28
"Law advocacy . . . is not capital that yields profits. The returns it births are simple rewards for a job done or service rendered. It is a calling that, unlike mercantile pursuits which enjoy a greater deal of freedom from government interference, is impressed with a public interest, for which it is subject to State regulation." 29
Thus, a lawyer’s compensation for professional services rendered are subject to the supervision of the court, not just to guarantee that the fees he charges and receives remain reasonable and commensurate with the services rendered, but also to maintain the dignity and integrity of the legal profession to which he belongs. 30
WHEREFORE, the decision appealed from is AFFIRMED WITH MODIFICATIONS to the effect that the attorney’s fees awarded to private respondent Felix Moya is REDUCED to P50,000.00 and the legal interest of 6% per annum imposed by the Court of Appeals on the amount due to respondent Moya is DELETED.
No costs.
SO ORDERED.
Bellosillo, Mendoza, Quisumbing and Callejo, Sr., JJ., concur.
Endnotes:
1. In CA G.R. CV No. 41779, entitled, "F.S. Management and Development Corporation, Plaintiffs v. Elnora R. Cortes and Edmundo Cortes, Defendants-Appellants; Felix L. Moya, Movant-Appellant."cralaw virtua1aw library
2. CA Rollo, p. 90
3. Docketed as Civil Case No. TG-1125.
4. Original Records, p. 90.
5. OR, p. 98.
6. OR, p. 110.
7. OR, p. 118.
8. OR, p. 123.
9. OR, p. 142.
10. OR, p. 144.
11. OR, p. 145.
12. OR, pp. 147 and 151.
13. OR, p. 150.
14. CA Rollo, p. 82.
15. CA Rollo, p. 119.
16. Petition for Review on Certiorari, p. 18, Rollo; Memorandum for the Petitioners, p. 123, Rollo.
17. Petition for Review on, Certiorari, p. 19, Rollo; Brief for Oppositor-Appellants, pp., 25–26, CA Rollo.
18. Marubeni Corporation, Et. Al. v. Felix Lirag, G.R. No. 130998, August 10, 2001; Sadhwani v. Court of Appeals 281, SCRA 75, 87.
19. Sumbad v. Court of Appeals, 308 SCRA 575, 596; Cojuangco, Jr. v. Court of Appeals, 309 SCRA 602, 614; PAMECA Wood Treatment Plant, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, 310 SCRA 281; Ysmael v. Court of Appeals, 318 SCRA 215, 227.
20. Original Records, p. 110.
21. OR, p. 90.
22. Ducat v. Court of Appeals, 322 SCRA 695.
23. Laureano Investment and Development Corporation v. Court of Appeals, 272 SCRA 253, 263 citing Caltex (Philippines), Inc. v. Court of Appeals, 212 SCRA 448, 457.
24. Maglucot-Aw v. Maglucot, 329 SCRA 78.
25. Traders Royal Bank Employees Union-Independent v. NLRC, 269 SCRA 733, 751 citing Sesbreño v. Court of Appeals, 245 SCRA 30; Lorenzo v. Court of Appeals, 189 SCRA 260.
26. Art. 2209. If the obligation consists in the payment of a sum of money, and the debtor incurs in delay, the indemnity for damages, there being no stipulation to the contrary, shall be the payment of the interest agreed upon, and in the absence of stipulation, the legal interest, which is six percent per annum.
27. Mambulao Lumber Co. v. Philippine National Bank, 22 SCRA 359, 371.
28. Canon 12, Canons of Professional Ethics.
29. Metropolitan Bank & Trust Company v. Court of Appeals, 181 SCRA 367, 377 citing Canlas v. Court of Appeals, 164 SCRA 160.
30. Sumaoang v. Judge, RTC, Br. XXXI Guimba, Nueva Ecija, 215 SCRA 136, 143.
