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MAYOR
RICARDO M. ANGOBUNG,
G. R. No. 126576
March 5, 1997
-versus-
COMMISSION
ON ELECTIONS EN BANC
HERMOSISIMA, JR., J.:
Before Us on
certiorari is a petition seeking
to annul and set aside Resolution No. 96-2951[1]
dated October 15, 1996 issued by public respondent Commission on
Elections
[COMELEC] which [1] approved the Petition for Recall filed and signed
by
only one registered voter herein private respondent Ma. Aurora
Siccuan
de Alban, against petitioner incumbent Mayor Ricardo Angobung;
[2]
set the further signing of said petition by the rest of the registered
voters of Tumauini, Isabela on November 9, 1996; and [3] in case the
said
petition is signed by at least 25% of the total number of registered
votes
in Tumauini, Isabela, scheduled the recall election on December 2, 1996.
On October 25, 1996, this court issued a Temporary Restraining Order[2] enjoining public respondent COMELEC from implementing and enforcing Resolution No. 96-2951. The facts of this case are not disputed. Petitioner won as the duly elected Mayor of the Municipality of Tumauini, Isabela in the local elections of 1995. He garnered 55% of all the votes cast. Private respondent de Alban was also a candidate in said elections. Sometime in early September, 1996, private respondent filed with the Local Election Registrar of Tumauini, Isabela, a Petition for Recall[3] against petitioner. On September 12, 1996, petitioner received a copy of this petition. Subsequently said petition was forwarded to the Regional Office in Tuguegarao, Cagayan and then to the main office of COMELEC in Manila, for approval. Acting on the petition, Deputy Executive Director for Operations Pio Jose Joson submitted to the COMELEC En Banc, a Memorandum[4] dated October 8, 1996 recommending approval of the petition for recall filed by private respondent and its signing by other qualified voters in order to garner at least 25% of the total number of registered voters as required by Section 69[d] of the Local Government Code of 1991. In turn acting on the abovementioned Memorandum of Deputy Executive Director Joson, the COMELEC en banc issued the herein assailed Resolution No. 96-2951. Petitioner now attacks the aforementioned resolution as being unconstitutional and therefore invalid, on two main grounds: [1] that the resolution approved the Petition for Recall albeit same was signed by just one person in violation of the statutory 25% minimum requirement as to the number of signatures supporting any petition for recall; and [2] that the resolution scheduled the recall election within one [1] year from the May 12, 1997 Barangay Elections. In at least three [3] urgent motions, private respondent has sought the lifting of the Temporary Restraining Order issued last October 25, 1996 on the twin grounds: [1] that the issue of the one-year bar on recall elections has been resolved in the case of Paras v. COMELEC[5], promulgated on November 4, 1996; and (2) that the procedure prescribed by Resolution No. 96-2951 involving petition signing upon initiation of even just one person, is no different from that provided for in COMELEC Resolution No. 2272 which was upheld as constitutional in the 1991 cases of Sanchez, et al. v. COMELEC[6] and Evardone v. COMELEC.[7] Private respondent is correct in saying that in the light of our pronouncement in Paras v. COMELEC,[8] the recall election scheduled on December 2, 1996 in the instant case cannot be said to be barred by the May 12, 1997 Barangay Elections. In construing the meaning of the term, "regular local election" in Section 74 of the Local Government Code of 1991 which provides that "no recall shall take place within one [1] year immediately preceding a regular local election," we ruled that for the time bar to apply, the approaching regular local election must be one where the position of the official to be recalled, is to be actually contested and filled by the electorate. Thus, in the instant case where the time bar is being invoked by petitioner mayor in view of the approaching Barangay Elections in May 1997, there can be no application of the one year bar, hence no invalidity may be ascribed to Resolution No. 96-2951 on this ground. We, however, find petitioner's second ground to be impressed with merit. Before the enactment of the 1991 Local Government Code, the recall of public officials voted for in popular elections, was governed by Sections 54 to 59 of Batas Pambansa Blg. 337, otherwise known as the Local Government Code of 1983. Pursuant to Section 59 thereof, which states that "the Commission on Elections shall conduct and supervise the process of and election on recall and, in pursuance thereof, promulgate the necessary rules and regulations," the COMELEC promulgated Resolution No. 2272 Sections 4 and 5 of which provide as follows:
If the recall involves a provincial
official,
two additional copies of the notice shall also be furnished by the
voter
filing the notice to the Election Registrar of each city and
municipality
in the province, one copy of which shall be posted upon receipt thereof
on the bulletin board in the city/municipal hall. Sec. 5. Schedule and place of signing of the petition.- The Election Registrar shall submit to the Commission on Elections, not later than ten days from filing of the notice of recall, the schedule of the signing of the petition to recall for approval and funding[9] In the case of
Sanchez v. COMELEC[10],
petitioners therein contended that the foregoing "Resolution No. 2272
is
unconstitutional there being no legislative enactment yet on [the]
mechanism
of recall as mandated under Sec. 3, Art. X of the Constitution".[11]
It is true, as private respondent asseverates, that we upheld the
constitutionality
of Resolution No. 2272, but not because we found nothing
constitutionally
infirm about the procedure of allowing the initiatory recall petition
to
be filed by only one person. The issue in Sanchez was not this
questioned
procedure but the legal basis for the exercise by the COMELEC of its
rule-making
power in the alleged absence of a grant of such power by an enabling
statute
on recall. Thus We ruled:
We reiterated the foregoing ruling in the case of Evardone v.COMELEC[13] in this wise:
In Sanchez and Evardone, the COMELEC-prescribed procedure of (1) allowing the recall petition to be filed by at least one person or by less than 25% of the total number of registered voters and then (2) inviting voters to sign said petition on a date set for that purpose, was never put to issue. As this is the crux of the present constitutional challenge, the proper time has come for this court to issue a definitive ruling on the matter. Apropos for starters is the following chronicle of the evolution of the mechanism of recall as a mode of removing a public officer by direct action of the people, essayed in the case of Garcia v. COMELEC:[15]
The Batasang Pambansa then enacted B. P. 337 entitled, "The Local Government Code of 1983. Section 54 of its Chapter 3 provided only one mode of initiating the recall elections of local election officials, i.e., by petition of at least twenty-five percent [25%] of the total number of registered voters in the local government unit concerned. Our legal history does not reveal any instance when this power of recall as provided by BP 337 was exercised by our people. In February, 1986, however, our people more than exercised their right of recall for they resorted to revolution and they booted out of office the highest elective officials of the land. The successful use of people power to remove public officials who have forfeited the trust of the electorate led to its firm institutionalization of the 1987 Constitution. Its Article XIII expressly recognized the Role and Rights of People's Organizations. Section 3 of its Article X also reiterated the mandate for Congress to enact a local government code which "shall provide for a more responsive and accountable local government structure instituted through a system of decentralization with effective mechanisms of recall, initiative and referendum. In response to this constitutional call, Congress enacted R. A. 7160, otherwise known as the Local Government Code of 1991, which took effect on January 1, 1992."[16] Section 69 [d] of the Local Government Code of 1991 expressly provides that "recall of any elective municipal official may also be validly initiated upon petition of at least twenty-five percent [25%] of the total number of registered voters in the local government unit concerned during the election in which the local official sought to be recalled was elected". The law is plain and unequivocal as to what initiates recall proceedings: only a petition of at least 25% of the total number of registered voters, may validly initiate recall proceedings. We take careful note of the phrase, "petition of at least twenty-five percent [25%]" and point out that the law does not state that the petition must be signed by at least 25% of the registered voters; rather, the petition must be "of" or by, at least 25% of the registered voters, i.e., the petition must be filed, not by one person only, but by at least 25% of the total number of registered voters. This is understandable, since the signing of the petition is statutorily required to be undertaken "before the election registrar or his representative, and in the presence of a representative of the official sought to be recalled, and in a public place in the municipality."[17] Hence, while the initiatory recall petition may not yet contain the signatures of at least 25% of the total number of registered voters, the petition must contain the names of at least 25% of the total number of registered voters in whose behalf only one person may sign the petition in the meantime. We cannot sanction the procedure of the filing of the recall petition by a number of people less than the foregoing 25% statutory requirement, much less, the filing thereof by just one person, as in the instant case, since this is indubitably violative of clear and categorical provisions of subsisting law. Our legislators did not peg the voter requirement at 25% out of caprice or in a vacuum. They knew that this is the requirement under a majority of the constitutions and recall statutes in various American states to the same extent that they were aware of the rationale therefor. While recall was intended to be an effective and speedy remedy to remove an official who is not giving satisfaction to the electorate regardless of whether or not he is discharging his full duty to the best of his ability and as his conscience dictates[18] it is a power granted to the people who, in concert, desire to change their leaders for reasons only they, as a collective, can justify. In other words, recall must be pursued by the people, not just by one disgruntled loser in the elections or a small percentage of disenchanted electors. Otherwise, its purposes as a direct remedy of the people shall be defeated by the ill motives of a few among them whose selfish resort to recall would destabilize the community and seriously disrupt the running of government. A scrutiny of the rationale underlying the time bar provisions and the percentage of minimum voter requirement in American recall statutes, unmistakably reveals the vigilance of lawmakers against the abuse of the power of recall. For instance, the Supreme Court of Illinois held in the case of In Re Bower[19] that:
Along the same lines, the Supreme Court of Colorado held in the case of Bernzen, v. City of Boulder[21] that:
And in the case of Wallace v. Tripp,[23] the Supreme Court of Michigan echoed the foregoing posturings in this wise:
In the instant case, this Court is confronted with a procedure that is unabashedly repugnant to the applicable law and no less such to the spirit underlying that law. Private respondent who is a lawyer, knows that Section 69 [d] of the Local Government Code plainly provides that recall is validly initiated by a petition of 25% of the total number of registered voters. Notwithstanding such awareness, private respondent proceeded to file the petition for recall with only herself as the filer and initiator. She claims in her petition that she has, together with many others in Tumauini, Isabela, lost confidence in the leadership of petitioner. But the petition does not bear the names of all these other citizens of Tumauini who have reportedly also become anxious to oust petitioner from the post of mayor. There is no doubt that private respondent is truly earnest in her cause, and the very fact that she affixed her name in the petition shows that she claims responsibility for the seeming affront to petitioner's continuance in office. But the same cannot be said of all the other people whom private respondent claims to have sentiments similar to hers. While the people are vested with the power to recall their elected officials, the same power is accompanied by the concomitant responsibility to see through all the consequences of the exercise of such power, including rising above anonymity, confronting the official sought to be recalled, his family, his friends, and his supporters, and seeing the recall election to its ultimate end. The procedure of allowing just one person to file the initiatory recall petition and then setting a date for the signing of the petition, which amounts to inviting and courting the public which may have not, in the first place, even entertained any displeasure in the performance of the official sought to be recalled, is not only violative of statutory law but also tainted with an attempt to go around the law. We can not and must not, under any and all circumstances, countenance a circumvention of the explicit 25% minimum voter requirement in the initiation of the recall process. WHEREFORE, premises considered, the Petition for Certiorari is hereby granted. COMELEC Resolution No. 96-2951 is hereby declared null and void and accordingly set aside. The restraining order heretofore issued is hereby made permanent. Costs against private respondent. SO ORDERED. Narvasa, CJ., Padilla, Regalado, Davide, Jr., Romero, Bellosillo, Melo, Puno, Vitug, Kapunan, Mendoza, Francisco, Panganiban and Torres, Jr., JJ., concur. ____________________________________
[1]
Certified true copy of excerpt from the Minutes of the Regular En Banc
Meeting of the Commission on Elections held on October 15, 1996, Rollo,
p. 34.
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