November 1946 - Philippine Supreme Court Decisions/Resolutions
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G.R. No. L-1133 November 29, 1946 - CATALINA G. INDAC v. DIRECTOR OF PRISONS
077 Phil 703:
077 Phil 703:
EN BANC
[G.R. No. L-1133. November 29, 1946.]
CATALINA G. INDAC, wife of prisoner SANTIAGO Indac, in his behalf, Petitioner, v. THE DIRECTOR OF PRISONS, Respondent.
Segundo L. A. Gonzales, for Petitioner.
Assistant Solicitor General Kapunan, Jr., for Respondent.
SYLLABUS
1. CRIMINAL LAW; THEFT; OWNERSHIP OF JAPANESE ARMY NOT A DEFENSE; AMNESTY PROCLAMATION DATED SEPTEMBER 7, 1946. — The mere fact that the stolen goods belonged to the Japanese army does not, in the eyes of the law, excuse the deed, specially if the thief committed the act for his own personal benefit — not in pursuance of the resistance movement. Criminal activities in opposition to the forces and agents of the Japanese empire are punishable under the laws of the Philippines, although the authors thereof may apply for the benefits of Amnesty Proclamation dated September 7, 1946.
D E C I S I O N
BENGZON, J.:
Petitioner, the wife of prisoner Santiago Indac, prays for his release from confinement, alleging in substance: (1) that in September, 1943, he was sentenced, for theft, by the Manila Court of First Instance, to imprisonment for not less than eleven nor more than twenty-four years, (2) that he has already served three (3) years and six (6) which is the maximum imposable under our laws for the offense he had committed, (3) that the penalty is illegal, excessive and unauthorized, (4) that his crime having consisted of theft against the Japanese imperial army — of scrap iron, electrical cables and fixtures — was sabotage, heavily punished during Japanese-nation and (5) that such sentence, being tinged with political color, should be held to have ipso facto ceased upon the re-occupation of the Islands by the American forces and the restoration of the Commonwealth.
The Solicitor General states in his return that Santiago Indac in the respondent’s custody by virtue of two commitments, namely:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"1. Criminal case No. 2332 of the Court of First Instance of Manila, for qualified theft, the penalty imposed being from 2 years, 11 months and 10 days to 6 years, 8 months and 20 days P920 indemnity.
"2. Criminal case No. 2333 of the Court of First Instance of Manila for theft, the penalty imposed from 8 years, 8 months and 1 day to 18 years, 2 months an 21 days, and P24,919,90 indemnity."cralaw virtua1aw library
He then explains that for the theft of supplies of the Japanese army valued at P24,919.90 (criminal case No. 2333) the prisoner could have been sentenced only to 10 years of prision mayor as maximum. He would not agree to the proposition that the crime and the judgment were political in nature. He finally concludes that, with the reduction of the penalty in criminal case No. 2333, the writ should be denied.
When the case was called for hearing, petitioner appeared without counsel. Asked whether she wanted legal, assistance she answered in the affirmative. Accordingly, designated Mr. Segundo L. A. Gonzales to assist her, and set the case again for oral argument. Said attorney de oficio reported to the court that after examining the expediente he had to agree to the Government’s conclusion and recommendation.
As there is no question about the commitment in criminal case No. 2332 wherein the maximum penalty extends to 6 years, 8 months and 20 days, and as the prisoner has served only three years and six months, it is clear that Santiago Indac may not legally be released at this time, even if his conviction in criminal case No. 2333 is annulled as prayed by petitioner. But should it be annulled? We have no copy of the decision. The mere fact that the stolen goods belonged to the Japanese army does not, in the eyes of the law, excuse the dead, specially if the thief committed the act for his own personal benefit — not in pursuance of the resistance movement. It must be remembered that criminal in opposition to the forces and agents of the Japanese empire are punishable under the laws of the Philippines, although the authors thereof may apply for the benefits of the Amnesty Proclamation dated September 7, 1946. Whiled it is true that the petition calls the prisoner’s offense as "sabotage," however, it ,aces no assertion that it was performed in pursuance of guerilla activities or in furtherance of the underground plans.
As to the reduction of the prisoner’s sentence in criminal case No. 2333, the record does not sufficiency describe the true circumstances surrounding the offense. On the other hand, the might be a properly to be submitted to one of the Boards created by the above Amnesty Proclamation.
Wherefore, without presently deciding the extent to which the penalty in criminal case No. 233 may be reduced, the curt believes that prisoner’s release may not now de decreed. Of course, this will be without prejudice to any request that may be addressed to the Amnesty Board and to any subsequent petition after the petitioner shall have served or about to have served the sentence in criminal case No. 2332. Petition denied. No costs.
Moran, C.J., Paras, Feria, Pablo, Briones, Padilla and Tuason, JJ., concur.
PERFECTO, J., dissenting:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
Santiago Indac was sentenced for theft to an aggregate maximum penalty of 24 years, 11 months and 11 days, which he begun serving on March 28, 1944, in criminal cases Nos. 2332 and 2333 of the Court of First Instance of Manila.
His wife now seeks his release by habeas corpus.
There is no question that the decisions in the two cases were rendered by a court under the Japanese regime in 1944 which, according to our opinion in Co Kim Cham v. Valdez Tan Keh (L-5, 41 Off. Gaz., 779), formed part of the processes null and void in one of the proclamations of General Douglas MacArthur.
There is also no question that the scrap iron, electrical supplies, cables, and fixtures stolen by the prisoner from the Japanese inperical army formed court of this vital supplies; and petitioner contends that the stealing of them was a form of sabotage, directed against the enemy, for the purpose of weakening him.
No copy of the decisions could be presented to us, and there is no way of ascertaining the circumstances under which the prisoner committed the thefts. Considering the fact that Japanese army’s ownership of the stolen goods is, least, doubtful, upon facts of general knowledge and of which the members f this court had ample opportunity t learn — the Japanese not having brought, during their invasion and occupation, any scrap iron, but collected in from all parts of the country by illegal means, to be sent to Japan to bolster up their dwindling materials of war — and the electrical supplies, cables, and fixtures which were stolen by the prisoner were most probably commandeered from our people; and taking aside the possibility that the prisoner stole the goods for purposes of personal profit, which we arc not authorized to presume in the absence of evidence, there can be no question that the abstraction of those goods from the possession of the Japanese army had the effect of reducing the war materials that the enemy could use against our people and of indirectly helping the underground resistance forces and, later, the forces of liberation which struck the final blow that resulted in the humiliating defeat of the invaders.
Under such circumstances, although we understand the fact that the prisoner has been convicted and sentenced to the heavy penalty of from 11 years to 24 years of imprisonment — an unprecedented cruelty as penalty for simple theft — the prisoner explaining that the Japanese military authorities had instructed all courts to impose heavy penalty on crimes having the nature of political, we are opinion that, after liberation, the prisoner is entitled to be immediately released as, from the point of view of our people, he did not commit any punishable act.
If Instead of stealing, the prisoner had killed; during the occupation, Japanese officers and soldiers, no loyal Filipino would ever convict or consider him as guilt of murder or homicide. On the contrary, he would be counted and hailed as one of the unnumbered heroes who helped the cause of our country by the elimination of one more members of the Japanese forces. There is not reason why we should punish a Filipino for stealing war materials from the enemy when, by such kind of sabotage, he helped in the weakening of the enemy.
In view of the foregoing, we declared the two decisions sentencing the prisoner to undergo a long term of imprisonment null and void, and said prisoner is entitled to his immediate release, and so we vote.
HILADO, J., concurring:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
I fully concur in the foregoing dissent. And to further strengthen our position, I must advert to the fact that the scrap iron in question had no known owner. The Japanese were not its owners — they could not be, any more that a burglar can constitute himself into the owner of the property that he has illegally wrested from its legitimate proprietor. The war crimes trails in Manila, Tokyo, and Nuerenberg have been based precisely upon the doctrine that the Japanese warlords and the German nazis, in launching the nations into World War II, committed crimes against humanity and peace, and that said aggressive war was a crime. The Japanese army of occupation here was a bunch of war criminals who, whoever, overruling their military power, did not and could not acquire legitimate rights, such as ownership, over the properties of the Filipino people and other inhabitants of the Philippines.
The Solicitor General states in his return that Santiago Indac in the respondent’s custody by virtue of two commitments, namely:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"1. Criminal case No. 2332 of the Court of First Instance of Manila, for qualified theft, the penalty imposed being from 2 years, 11 months and 10 days to 6 years, 8 months and 20 days P920 indemnity.
"2. Criminal case No. 2333 of the Court of First Instance of Manila for theft, the penalty imposed from 8 years, 8 months and 1 day to 18 years, 2 months an 21 days, and P24,919,90 indemnity."cralaw virtua1aw library
He then explains that for the theft of supplies of the Japanese army valued at P24,919.90 (criminal case No. 2333) the prisoner could have been sentenced only to 10 years of prision mayor as maximum. He would not agree to the proposition that the crime and the judgment were political in nature. He finally concludes that, with the reduction of the penalty in criminal case No. 2333, the writ should be denied.
When the case was called for hearing, petitioner appeared without counsel. Asked whether she wanted legal, assistance she answered in the affirmative. Accordingly, designated Mr. Segundo L. A. Gonzales to assist her, and set the case again for oral argument. Said attorney de oficio reported to the court that after examining the expediente he had to agree to the Government’s conclusion and recommendation.
As there is no question about the commitment in criminal case No. 2332 wherein the maximum penalty extends to 6 years, 8 months and 20 days, and as the prisoner has served only three years and six months, it is clear that Santiago Indac may not legally be released at this time, even if his conviction in criminal case No. 2333 is annulled as prayed by petitioner. But should it be annulled? We have no copy of the decision. The mere fact that the stolen goods belonged to the Japanese army does not, in the eyes of the law, excuse the dead, specially if the thief committed the act for his own personal benefit — not in pursuance of the resistance movement. It must be remembered that criminal in opposition to the forces and agents of the Japanese empire are punishable under the laws of the Philippines, although the authors thereof may apply for the benefits of the Amnesty Proclamation dated September 7, 1946. Whiled it is true that the petition calls the prisoner’s offense as "sabotage," however, it ,aces no assertion that it was performed in pursuance of guerilla activities or in furtherance of the underground plans.
As to the reduction of the prisoner’s sentence in criminal case No. 2333, the record does not sufficiency describe the true circumstances surrounding the offense. On the other hand, the might be a properly to be submitted to one of the Boards created by the above Amnesty Proclamation.
Wherefore, without presently deciding the extent to which the penalty in criminal case No. 233 may be reduced, the curt believes that prisoner’s release may not now de decreed. Of course, this will be without prejudice to any request that may be addressed to the Amnesty Board and to any subsequent petition after the petitioner shall have served or about to have served the sentence in criminal case No. 2332. Petition denied. No costs.
Moran, C.J., Paras, Feria, Pablo, Briones, Padilla and Tuason, JJ., concur.
Separate Opinions
PERFECTO, J., dissenting:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
Santiago Indac was sentenced for theft to an aggregate maximum penalty of 24 years, 11 months and 11 days, which he begun serving on March 28, 1944, in criminal cases Nos. 2332 and 2333 of the Court of First Instance of Manila.
His wife now seeks his release by habeas corpus.
There is no question that the decisions in the two cases were rendered by a court under the Japanese regime in 1944 which, according to our opinion in Co Kim Cham v. Valdez Tan Keh (L-5, 41 Off. Gaz., 779), formed part of the processes null and void in one of the proclamations of General Douglas MacArthur.
There is also no question that the scrap iron, electrical supplies, cables, and fixtures stolen by the prisoner from the Japanese inperical army formed court of this vital supplies; and petitioner contends that the stealing of them was a form of sabotage, directed against the enemy, for the purpose of weakening him.
No copy of the decisions could be presented to us, and there is no way of ascertaining the circumstances under which the prisoner committed the thefts. Considering the fact that Japanese army’s ownership of the stolen goods is, least, doubtful, upon facts of general knowledge and of which the members f this court had ample opportunity t learn — the Japanese not having brought, during their invasion and occupation, any scrap iron, but collected in from all parts of the country by illegal means, to be sent to Japan to bolster up their dwindling materials of war — and the electrical supplies, cables, and fixtures which were stolen by the prisoner were most probably commandeered from our people; and taking aside the possibility that the prisoner stole the goods for purposes of personal profit, which we arc not authorized to presume in the absence of evidence, there can be no question that the abstraction of those goods from the possession of the Japanese army had the effect of reducing the war materials that the enemy could use against our people and of indirectly helping the underground resistance forces and, later, the forces of liberation which struck the final blow that resulted in the humiliating defeat of the invaders.
Under such circumstances, although we understand the fact that the prisoner has been convicted and sentenced to the heavy penalty of from 11 years to 24 years of imprisonment — an unprecedented cruelty as penalty for simple theft — the prisoner explaining that the Japanese military authorities had instructed all courts to impose heavy penalty on crimes having the nature of political, we are opinion that, after liberation, the prisoner is entitled to be immediately released as, from the point of view of our people, he did not commit any punishable act.
If Instead of stealing, the prisoner had killed; during the occupation, Japanese officers and soldiers, no loyal Filipino would ever convict or consider him as guilt of murder or homicide. On the contrary, he would be counted and hailed as one of the unnumbered heroes who helped the cause of our country by the elimination of one more members of the Japanese forces. There is not reason why we should punish a Filipino for stealing war materials from the enemy when, by such kind of sabotage, he helped in the weakening of the enemy.
In view of the foregoing, we declared the two decisions sentencing the prisoner to undergo a long term of imprisonment null and void, and said prisoner is entitled to his immediate release, and so we vote.
HILADO, J., concurring:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
I fully concur in the foregoing dissent. And to further strengthen our position, I must advert to the fact that the scrap iron in question had no known owner. The Japanese were not its owners — they could not be, any more that a burglar can constitute himself into the owner of the property that he has illegally wrested from its legitimate proprietor. The war crimes trails in Manila, Tokyo, and Nuerenberg have been based precisely upon the doctrine that the Japanese warlords and the German nazis, in launching the nations into World War II, committed crimes against humanity and peace, and that said aggressive war was a crime. The Japanese army of occupation here was a bunch of war criminals who, whoever, overruling their military power, did not and could not acquire legitimate rights, such as ownership, over the properties of the Filipino people and other inhabitants of the Philippines.
