Philippine Supreme Court Jurisprudence


Philippine Supreme Court Jurisprudence > Year 1994 > January 1994 Decisions > G.R. No. 109005 January 10, 1994 - JUAN D. VICTORIA v. COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS, ET AL.:




PHILIPPINE SUPREME COURT DECISIONS

EN BANC

[G.R. No. 109005. January 10, 1994.]

JUAN D. VICTORIA, Petitioner, v. THE COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS and JESUS JAMES CALISIN, Respondents.

Juan D. Victoria for himself and in his own behalf.

The Solicitor General for public Respondent.


SYLLABUS


1. LOCAL GOVERNMENT; PERMANENT VACANCIES IN THE OFFICE OF GOVERNOR; HOW FILLED; RULE. — The Local Government Code provides: "Sec. 44 — Permanent Vacancies in the Office of the Governor, Vice-Governor, Mayor, and Vice-Mayor. — (a) If a permanent vacancy occurs in the office of the governor or mayor, the vice-governor or vice mayor concerned shall become the governor or mayor. If a permanent vacancy occurs in the offices of the governor, vice governor, mayor, or vice-mayor, the highest ranking sanggunian member or, in case of his permanent inability, the second highest ranking sangguniang member, shall become the governor, vice-governor, mayor or vice-mayor, as the case may be. Subsequent vacancies in the said office shall be filled automatically by other sanggunian members according to their ranking as defined herein. . . . "For purposes of succession as provided in this Chapter, ranking in the sanggunian shall be determined on the basis of the proportion of votes obtained by each winning candidates to the total number of registered voters in each district in the immediately preceding local election." The law is clear that the ranking in the Sanggunian shall be determined on the basis of the proportion of the votes obtained by each winning candidate to the total number of registered voters of each district. It does not mention anything about factoring the number of voters who actually voted. In such a case, the Court has no recourse but to merely apply the law. The courts may not speculate as to the probable intent of the legislature apart from the words.

2. STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION; IF THE STATUTE IS CLEAR, PLAIN AND FREE FROM AMBIGUITY, MUST BE GIVEN ITS LITERAL MEANING. — In the case of Globe-Mackay Cable and Radio Corporation v. National Labor Relations Commission, 206 SCRA 701 (1992), we held that: ". . . Under the principles of statutory construction, if a statute is clear, plain and free from ambiguity, it must be given its literal meaning and applied without attempted interpretation. This plain-meaning rule or verba legis derived from the maxim, index animi sermo est (speech is the index of intention) rests on the valid presumption that the words employed by the legislature in a statute correctly express its intent or will and preclude the court from construing it differently. The legislature is presumed to know the meaning of the words, to have used words advisedly, and to have expressed its intent by the use of such words as are found in the statute. Verba legis non est recedendum, or from the words of a statute there should be no departure. . . ." Petitioner’s contention is therefore untenable considering the clear mandate of the law, which leaves no room for other interpretation. We are not unmindful of the practicality of petitioner’s interpretation but it must very well be addressed to the legislative branch and not to this Court which has no power to change the law.


R E S O L U T I O N


QUIASON, J.:


This is a petition for certiorari, under Rule 65 of the Revised Rules of Court in relation to Section 2, Article IX of the Constitution, to set aside (a) the Resolution of the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) dated January 22, 1993, which certified respondent James Calisin as the highest ranking member of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan of the Province of Albay and (b) its Resolution dated February 22, 1993, which denied the motion for reconsideration of petitioner.

The issue in the case at bench is the ranking of the members of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan of the Province of Albay for purposes of succession.

In the May 11, 1992 Elections, the following candidates from the first, second and third districts of the Province of Albay were elected and proclaimed as members of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan, to wit:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library

FIRST DISTRICT

Name No. of Votes Garnered

1. Jesus James Calisin 28,335 votes

2. Vicente Go, Sr. 17,937 votes

3. Clenio Cabredo 16,705 votes

SECOND DISTRICT

1. Juan D. Victoria 32,918 votes

2. Jesus Marcellana 26,030 votes

3. Lorenzo Reyeg 23,887 votes

THIRD DISTRICT

1. Ramon Fernandez, Jr. 19,315 votes

2. Masikap Fontanilla 19,241 votes

3. Arturo Osia 17,778 votes

4. Nemesio Baclao 17,545 votes

(Rollo, pp. 27-28)

Due to the suspension of Governor Romeo Salalima of the Province of Albay, Vice-Governor Danilo Azana automatically assumed the powers and functions of the governor, leaving vacant his post as vice-governor. Under the law, Azana’s position as vice-governor should be occupied by the highest ranking Sanggunian member, a post being contested by petitioner and private Respondent.

In answer to private respondent’s petition for his declaration as senior Sanggunian member for the Province of Albay, the COMELEC issued a resolution dated January 22, 1993, certifying him as first in the order of ranking with petitioner herein as second ranking member. The COMELEC based its certification on the number of votes obtained by the Sanggunian members in relation to the number of registered voters in the district.chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary

Thus, on February 15, 1993, Secretary Rafael M. Alunan III of the Department of Interior and Local Government designated private respondent as acting Vice-Governor of the province.

Petitioner filed a motion for reconsideration of the COMELEC resolution which was denied on February 22, 1993.

Hence, this petition.

Petitioner claims that the ranking of the Sanggunian members should not only be based on the number of votes obtained in relation to the total number of registered voters, but also on the number of voters in the district who actually voted therein. He further argues that a district may have a large number of registered voters but only a few actually voted, in which case the winning candidate would register a low percentage of the number of votes obtained. Conversely, a district may have a smaller number of registered voters but may have a big voters’ turn-out, in which case the winning candidate would get a higher percentage of the votes. Applying his formula, petitioner would come out to be the highest ranking Sanggunian member.chanroblesvirtualawlibrary

Petitioner gives the following illustration:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library

1. for Private Respondent.

107,216 (actually voted)

——————————— x 28,335 (votes obtained) = 23.40%

129,793 (registered voters)

(Rollo, pp. 24, 25 and 30)

2. for petitioner

121,423 (actually voted)

——————————— x 32,918 (votes obtained) = 25.84%

154,665 (registered voters)

(Rollo, p. 9).

We are not persuaded.

The Local Government provides:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph

"SEC. 44. Permanent Vacancies in the Office of the Governor, Vice-Governor, Mayor, and Vice-Mayor. — (a) If a permanent vacancy occurs in the office of the governor or mayor, the vice-governor or vice-mayor concerned shall become governor or mayor. If a permanent vacancy occurs in the offices of the governor, vice-governor, mayor, or vice-mayor, the highest ranking sanggunian member or, in case of his permanent inability, the second highest ranking sanggunian member, shall become the governor, vice-governor, mayor or vice-mayor, as the case may be. Subsequent vacancies in the said office shall be filled automatically by the other sanggunian members according to their ranking as defined herein.chanrobles.com : virtual law library

x       x       x


"For purposes of succession as provided in this Chapter, ranking in the sanggunian shall be determined on the basis of the proportion of votes obtained by each winning candidate to the total number of registered voters in each district in the immediately preceding local election" (Emphasis ours).

The COMELEC came up with the following ranking of the top three Sanggunian members:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library

——————————————————————————————————

NAME : District : Registered : Votes : Percent : Rank

of Elected : : Voters : Obtained : Dist’n :chanrob1es virtual 1aw library

Candidates : : : : :chanrob1es virtual 1aw library

——————————————————————————————————

ALBAY : : : : :chanrob1es virtual 1aw library

CALISIN, : : : : :chanrob1es virtual 1aw library

JESUS JAMES : : : : :chanrob1es virtual 1aw library

B. : 1st : 130,085 : 28,335 : 21.78 : 1st

: : : : : VICTORIA, : : : : :chanrob1es virtual 1aw library

JUAN D. : 2nd : 155.318 : 32,918 : 21.19 : 2nd

: : : : : MARCELLANA : : : : :chanrob1es virtual 1aw library

JESUS, M. : 2nd : 155.318 : 26,030 : 16.76 : 3rd

—————————————————————————————————

(Rollo, p. 14)

The law is clear that the ranking in the Sanggunian shall be determined on the basis of the proportion of the votes obtained by each winning candidate to the total number of registered voters of each district. It does not mention anything about factoring the number of voters who actually voted. In such a case, the Court has no recourse but to merely apply the law. The courts may not speculate as to the probable intent of the legislature apart from the words (Pascual v. Pascual-Bautista, 207 SCRA 561 [1992]).cralawnad

In the case of Globe-Mackay Cable and Radio Corporation v. National Labor Relations Commission, 206 SCRA 710 (1992), we held that:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph

". . . Under the principles of statutory construction, if a statute is clear, plain and free from ambiguity, it must be given its literal meaning and applied without attempted interpretation. This plain-meaning rule or verba legis derived from the maxim, index animi sermo est (speech is the index of intention) rests on the valid presumption that the words employed by the legislature in a statute correctly express its intent or will and preclude the court from construing it differently. The legislature is presumed to know the meaning of the words, to have used words advisedly, and to have expressed its intent by the use of such words as are found in the statute. Verba legis non est recedendum, or from the words of a statute there should be no departure. . . ."cralaw virtua1aw library

Petitioner’s contention is therefore untenable considering the clear mandate of the law, which leaves no room for other interpretation. We are not unmindful of the practicality of petitioner’s interpretation but it must very well be addressed to the legislative branch and not to this Court which has no power to change the law.chanrobles virtual lawlibrary

Considering the foregoing, we find no grave abuse of discretion on the part of the COMELEC in issuing the Resolution dated January 22, 1993.

WHEREFORE, the petition is DISMISSED.

SO ORDERED.

Narvasa, C.J., Cruz, Feliciano, Padilla, Bidin, Regalado, Davide, Jr., Romero, Nocon, Bellosillo, Melo, Puno and Vitug, JJ., concur.




Back to Home | Back to Main




















chanrobles.com





ChanRobles On-Line Bar Review

ChanRobles Internet Bar Review : www.chanroblesbar.com

ChanRobles MCLE On-line

ChanRobles Lawnet Inc. - ChanRobles MCLE On-line : www.chanroblesmcleonline.com






January-1994 Jurisprudence                 

  • G.R. No. 84656 January 4, 1994 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. CESAR LUCERO

  • G.R. No. 91385 January 4, 1994 - CRISANTA Y. GABRIEL-ALMORADIE, ET AL. v. COURT OF APPEALS, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 95262 January 4, 1994 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. EMMANUEL DESALISA

  • G.R. No. 102077 January 4, 1994 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. NORBERTO ERROJO

  • G.R. No. 103338 January 4, 1994 - FEDERICO SERRA v. COURT OF APPEALS, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 107888 January 4, 1994 - CIUDAD REAL & DEV’T. CORPORATION, ET AL. v. COURT OF APPEALS, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 109026 January 4, 1994 - FRANCO L. LOYOLA v. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ELECTORAL TRIBUNAL, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 70909 January 5, 1994 - CONCHITA T. VDA. DE CHUA, ET AL. v. INTERMEDIATE APPELLATE COURT, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 73521 January 5, 1994 - C. ALCANTARA & SONS, INC. v. NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS COMMISSION, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 100150 January 5, 1994 - BRIGIDO R. SIMON, JR., ET AL. v. COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 106344 January 6, 1994 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. EDMUNDO GOMEZ

  • A.M. No. P-93792 January 7, 1994 - TEODORO C. RIVERA, ET AL. v. ROMEO R. CAGUJAS, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 93640 January 7, 1994 - TAY CHUN SUY v. COURT OF APPEALS, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 54344-45 January 10, 1994 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. WILLIE AMAGUIN, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 79072 January 10, 1994 - RODOLFO ENRIQUE, ET AL. v. COURT OF APPEALS, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 95207-17 January 10, 1994 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. ENRIQUE TAGUBA, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 97178 January 10, 1994 - BANK OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS v. COURT OF APPEALS, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 98262-63 January 10, 1994 - CLARO B. NARCISO v. SANDIGANBAYAN, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 107721 January 10, 1994 - CHRISTOPHER MAÑEBO v. NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS COMMISSION, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 108089 January 10, 1994 - ALLIED BANKING CORPORATION v. COURT OF APPEALS, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 109005 January 10, 1994 - JUAN D. VICTORIA v. COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 109068 January 10, 1994 - GAUDENCIO GUERRERO v. REGIONAL TRIAL COURT

  • G.R. No. 99839 January 14, 1994 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. EDMONDO ABLAO

  • G.R. No. 104067 January 17, 1994 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. NARCISO G. FUERTES

  • A.M. No. P-93-817 January 18, 1994 - AGUSTIN G. LLOVERAS v. MILAGROS SANCHEZ

  • G.R. No. 85735 January 18, 1994 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. JULIO LUG-AW, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 97977 January 18, 1994 - LUCKY TEXTILE MILLS, INCORPORATED v. NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS COMMISSION, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 104628 January 18, 1994 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. ROBERTO D. JACA

  • G.R. No. L-63009 January 19, 1994 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. ANGELITO OCAÑA

  • G.R. No. 86227 January 19, 1994 - DEVELOPMENT BANK OF THE PHILIPPINES v. NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS COMMISSION, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 108119 January 19, 1994 - FORTUNE CORPORATION v. COURT OF APPEALS, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 108196 January 19, 1994 - MAURA INDUCTIVO v. COURT OF APPEALS, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 86890 January 21, 1994 - LEANDRO CARILLO v. PEOPLE OF THE PHIL.

  • G.R. No. 96848 January 21, 1994 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. ALEJANDRO SALOMON, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 97284 January 21, 1994 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. TOTO CALOPE, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 105283 January 21, 1994 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. ROMEO MACASA

  • G.R. No. 106390 January 21, 1994 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. CARLITO ESCOTO

  • G.R. No. 106874 January 21, 1994 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. RENATO DE LOS REYES

  • G.R. No. 109993 January 21, 1994 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. ELIAS BARASINA

  • G.R. No. 105625 January 24, 1994 - MARISSA BENITEZ v. COURT OF APPEALS, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 107329 January 24, 1994 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. DANILO MANALO, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 108520 January 24, 1994 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. RENATO SIBUG

  • G.R. No. 108120 January 26, 1994 - COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS v. COURT OF APPEALS, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 88195-96 January 27, 1994 - "Y" TRANSIT CO, INC. v. NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS COMMISSION, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 98401 January 27, 1994 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. EDDIE R. INOCENCIO

  • G.R. No. 100929 January 27, 1994 - EMILIA B. SANTOS v. COURT OF APPEALS, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 100957 January 27, 1994 - COCA-COLA BOTTLERS PHILIPPINES, INC. v. COURT OF APPEALS

  • G.R. No. 101088 January 27, 1994 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. DANILO PALICTE

  • G.R. No. 102336 January 27, 1994 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. JULIONITO OBEJAS, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 104786 January 27, 1994 - ALFREDO PATALINGHUG v. COURT OF APPEALS, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 106956 January 27, 1994 - PHILIPPINE COMMERCIAL INTERNATIONAL BANK v. COURT OF APPEALS, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 107345 January 27, 1994 - BA FINANCE CORP. v. COURT OF APPEALS, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 110193 January 27, 1994 - REGIONAL DIRECTOR, ET AL. v. COURT OF APPEALS, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 104866 January 31, 1994 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. ROMEO G. CANCERAN

  • G.R. No. 84656 January 4, 1994 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. CESAR LUCERO

  • G.R. No. 91385 January 4, 1994 - CRISANTA Y. GABRIEL-ALMORADIE, ET AL. v. COURT OF APPEALS, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 95262 January 4, 1994 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. EMMANUEL DESALISA

  • G.R. No. 102077 January 4, 1994 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. NORBERTO ERROJO

  • G.R. No. 103338 January 4, 1994 - FEDERICO SERRA v. COURT OF APPEALS, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 107888 January 4, 1994 - CIUDAD REAL & DEV’T. CORPORATION, ET AL. v. COURT OF APPEALS, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 109026 January 4, 1994 - FRANCO L. LOYOLA v. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ELECTORAL TRIBUNAL, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 70909 January 5, 1994 - CONCHITA T. VDA. DE CHUA, ET AL. v. INTERMEDIATE APPELLATE COURT, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 73521 January 5, 1994 - C. ALCANTARA & SONS, INC. v. NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS COMMISSION, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 100150 January 5, 1994 - BRIGIDO R. SIMON, JR., ET AL. v. COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 106344 January 6, 1994 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. EDMUNDO GOMEZ

  • A.M. No. P-93792 January 7, 1994 - TEODORO C. RIVERA, ET AL. v. ROMEO R. CAGUJAS, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 93640 January 7, 1994 - TAY CHUN SUY v. COURT OF APPEALS, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 54344-45 January 10, 1994 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. WILLIE AMAGUIN, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 79072 January 10, 1994 - RODOLFO ENRIQUE, ET AL. v. COURT OF APPEALS, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 95207-17 January 10, 1994 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. ENRIQUE TAGUBA, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 97178 January 10, 1994 - BANK OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS v. COURT OF APPEALS, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 98262-63 January 10, 1994 - CLARO B. NARCISO v. SANDIGANBAYAN, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 107721 January 10, 1994 - CHRISTOPHER MAÑEBO v. NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS COMMISSION, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 108089 January 10, 1994 - ALLIED BANKING CORPORATION v. COURT OF APPEALS, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 109005 January 10, 1994 - JUAN D. VICTORIA v. COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 109068 January 10, 1994 - GAUDENCIO GUERRERO v. REGIONAL TRIAL COURT

  • G.R. No. 99839 January 14, 1994 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. EDMONDO ABLAO

  • G.R. No. 104067 January 17, 1994 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. NARCISO G. FUERTES

  • A.M. No. P-93-817 January 18, 1994 - AGUSTIN G. LLOVERAS v. MILAGROS SANCHEZ

  • G.R. No. 85735 January 18, 1994 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. JULIO LUG-AW, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 97977 January 18, 1994 - LUCKY TEXTILE MILLS, INCORPORATED v. NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS COMMISSION, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 104628 January 18, 1994 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. ROBERTO D. JACA

  • G.R. No. L-63009 January 19, 1994 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. ANGELITO OCAÑA

  • G.R. No. 86227 January 19, 1994 - DEVELOPMENT BANK OF THE PHILIPPINES v. NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS COMMISSION, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 108119 January 19, 1994 - FORTUNE CORPORATION v. COURT OF APPEALS, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 108196 January 19, 1994 - MAURA INDUCTIVO v. COURT OF APPEALS, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 86890 January 21, 1994 - LEANDRO CARILLO v. PEOPLE OF THE PHIL.

  • G.R. No. 96848 January 21, 1994 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. ALEJANDRO SALOMON, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 97284 January 21, 1994 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. TOTO CALOPE, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 105283 January 21, 1994 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. ROMEO MACASA

  • G.R. No. 106390 January 21, 1994 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. CARLITO ESCOTO

  • G.R. No. 106874 January 21, 1994 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. RENATO DE LOS REYES

  • G.R. No. 109993 January 21, 1994 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. ELIAS BARASINA

  • G.R. No. 105625 January 24, 1994 - MARISSA BENITEZ v. COURT OF APPEALS, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 107329 January 24, 1994 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. DANILO MANALO, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 108520 January 24, 1994 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. RENATO SIBUG

  • G.R. No. 108120 January 26, 1994 - COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS v. COURT OF APPEALS, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 88195-96 January 27, 1994 - "Y" TRANSIT CO, INC. v. NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS COMMISSION, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 98401 January 27, 1994 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. EDDIE R. INOCENCIO

  • G.R. No. 100929 January 27, 1994 - EMILIA B. SANTOS v. COURT OF APPEALS, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 100957 January 27, 1994 - COCA-COLA BOTTLERS PHILIPPINES, INC. v. COURT OF APPEALS

  • G.R. No. 101088 January 27, 1994 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. DANILO PALICTE

  • G.R. No. 102336 January 27, 1994 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. JULIONITO OBEJAS, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 104786 January 27, 1994 - ALFREDO PATALINGHUG v. COURT OF APPEALS, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 106956 January 27, 1994 - PHILIPPINE COMMERCIAL INTERNATIONAL BANK v. COURT OF APPEALS, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 107345 January 27, 1994 - BA FINANCE CORP. v. COURT OF APPEALS, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 110193 January 27, 1994 - REGIONAL DIRECTOR, ET AL. v. COURT OF APPEALS, ET AL.

  • G.R. No. 104866 January 31, 1994 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. ROMEO G. CANCERAN