July 2000 - Philippine Supreme Court Decisions/Resolutions
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G.R. No. 123095 July 6, 2000 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. EFREN MINDANAO:
FIRST DIVISION
[G.R. No. 123095. July 6, 2000.]
PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. EFREN MINDANAO y GUMABAO, Accused-Appellant.
D E C I S I O N
PARDO, J.:
This is an appeal interposed by the accused Efren Mindanao y Gumabao from the consolidated decision of the Regional Trial Court, Branch 167, Pasig 1 acquitting him of violation of P.D. 1866, and convicting him of murder and sentencing him to reclusion perpetua "in its medium period or an imprisonment ranging from twenty six (26) years, eight (8) months and one (1) day, as minimum, to thirty three (33) years and four (4) months, as maximum, to indemnify the offended party in the aggregate amount of P222,748.22; to suffer all the accessory penalties provided for by law, and, to pay the costs."cralaw virtua1aw library
We state the antecedent facts.
On October 2, 1993, at around twelve o’clock in the morning, Apolonio Hornilla ("Apolonio"), a meat vendor, was weighing meat at his stall in the Urbano Velasco Public Market in Pasig, Metro Manila. In the area was prosecution witness Perfecto de Jesus ("Perfecto") who was waiting for his turn to buy meat.chanroblesvirtual|awlibrary
While Apolonio was weighing beef, Perfecto saw a man approach Apolonio from Apolonio’s left side. The man pulled out a gun and fired at Apolonio twice, hitting him on the nape. Apolonio collapsed. The assailant left. Perfecto approached Apolonio and brought him to the Rizal Medical Center. After taking Apolonio to the hospital, Perfecto went to buy medicine. Along the way, Perfecto learned that policemen apprehended Apolonio’s assailant. Perfecto proceeded to the police precinct and identified accused from a line-up of around ten (10) detainees. 2
On October 2, 1994, Perfecto executed a sworn statement before the police investigators. In the statement, he identified accused as the person who shot Apolonio. 3
On October 5, 1993, Third Assistant City Prosecutor Quezon B. Alejandro filed with the Regional Trial Court, Pasig, an information for frustrated murder and an information for illegal possession of firearms against accused. The information for frustrated murder reads: 4
"That on or about the 2nd day of October 1993 in the Municipality of Pasig, Metro Manila, Philippines and within jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the above-named accused, conspiring and confederating together with Pedro Conte and Leonides Conte who are still at large and mutually helping and aiding one another, armed with a gun, with intent to kill and with treachery and evident premeditation, did then and there willfully, unlawfully and feloniously attack, assault and shoot one Apolonio Hornilla y de Castro with the said gun hitting him on his right neck thereby inflicting upon the latter gunshot wounds which would ordinarily [have] caused his death thus performing all acts of execution which would have produced the crime of murder as a consequence but nevertheless it did not produce it by reason of cause or causes independent of his will, that is due to the timely and able medical assistance rendered to said Apolonio Hornilla.
"CONTRARY TO LAW."cralaw virtua1aw library
On November 4, 1993, Accused was arraigned for violation of P. D. 1866 (Illegal Possession of Firearms) and frustrated murder. He pleaded "not guilty" to both charges. 5
Apolonio was hospitalized in Pasig for a month. He was transferred to the Batangas Regional Hospital where he stayed for twenty-seven (27) days. 6
On December 23, 1993, Apolonio died. His death certificate stated the cause of death as follows: 7
"Immediate cause: a. Cardiac Arrest
"Antecedent cause: b. Cardiac Failure
"Other significant
conditions contributing
to death: c. Cervical Spine
Injury due to
bullet wound"
On February 2, 1994, the prosecution 8 amended the information murder due to Apolonio’s supervening death. As amended, the information reads: 9
"That on or about the 2nd day of October 1993 in the Municipality of Pasig, Metro Manila, Philippines and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the above named accused, armed with a gun, with intent to kill and with treachery and evident premeditation, did then and there willfully, unlawfully and feloniously attack, assault and shoot one APOLONIO HORNILLA with the said gun hitting him on the vital parts of his body thereby inflicting upon him mortal wounds which directly caused his death.
"CONTRARY TO LAW."cralaw virtua1aw library
On March 17, 1994, Accused entered a plea of "not guilty" to the amended charge. 10
At the trial, Accused’s defense was alibi and denial. He averred that when the shooting occurred, he was unloading vegetables from a jeep. 11 His testimony was uncorroborated. The trial court did not believe him.
On June 26, 1995, the trial court rendered a decision convicting accused of murder and acquitting him of illegal possession of firearms, to wit: 12
"WHEREFORE, judgment is hereby rendered as follows:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"(a) In Criminal Case No. 101921, on the basis of reasonable doubt, the accused is ACQUITTED of the crime charged.
"(b) In Criminal Case No. 101922, the accused is found GUILTY beyond peradventure of doubt of the crime of Murder defined and penalized under Article 248 of the Revised Penal Code and is hereby sentenced to Reclusion Perpetua in its medium period or an imprisonment ranging from Twenty-Six (26) Years, Eight (8) Months and One (1) Day, as minimum, to Thirty-Three (33) Years and Four (4) Months, as maximum; to indemnify the offended party in the aggregate amount of P222,748.22; to suffer all the accessory penalties provided for by law; and to pay the costs.
"SO ORDERED."cralaw virtua1aw library
On July 26, 1995, Accused filed a notice of appeal. 13 However, the notice was erroneously forwarded to the Court of Appeals. 14
On November 25, 1996, we resolved to accept the appeal. 15
Here, Accused-appellant pleads that the judgment of the trial court be modified to a conviction for homicide, alleging that the qualifying circumstance of treachery was not proven. 16
We do not agree.
There was treachery. In crimes against persons, treachery exists when the accused employs means, methods and forms which directly and specially ensure its execution, without risk to himself arising from the defense which the offended party might make. 17
Apolonio was attending to his trade, weighing meat, when he was shot by appellant on the nape. At that moment, he was unaware of the fatal attack to befall him. He was not given an opportunity to defend himself or to retaliate.
There is treachery even if the crime is perpetrated frontally provided the attack is sudden and unexpected, and the victim is unarmed. 18 In this case, there was a swift and unexpected attack against an unarmed victim, who did not give the slightest provocation. 19
Given the facts, we cannot lessen the conviction to one for homicide. The penalty imposed by the trial court is erroneous. The penalty for murder is reclusion temporal maximum to death. 20 In the absence of aggravating or mitigating circumstances, the imposable penalty is reclusion perpetua. 21 Reclusion perpetua as an indivisible penalty is not divided into periods. 22
We come to the damages awarded.chanrobles.com : virtual law library
The trial court awarded damages in the amount of P222,748.22. This is erroneous. 23
We grant an award of civil indemnity, in the amount of P50,000.00, automatically to the heirs of the victim without need of proof other than the fact or commission of the crime. 24
We also grant actual damages. For Apolonio’s hospitalization from October 2 to November 27, 1993, 25 Lucia spent a total of P78,526.27. This expense is supported by receipts. 26 Other receipts show that the family spent P8,000.00 for funeral services, 27 P3,222.00 for the tomb 28 and the amount of P10.00 for the municipal burial permit. 29 The expenses evidenced by all the receipts amount to P89,758.27.
The amount of P15,000.00 for "other expenses", which Apolonio’s heirs claimed were incurred during Apolonio’s confinement at the Rizal Medical Center and the Batangas Provincial Hospital were not covered by receipts and must be disallowed. Every pecuniary loss must be established by credible evidence before it may be awarded. 30
The award of attorney’s fees is likewise erroneous. There is no record that victim’s family hired a private prosecutor. All throughout the proceedings public prosecutors represented them.
In line with current jurisprudence, we further award moral damages in the amount of P50,000.00. When Apolonio died, he left his widow Lucia with three children aged five, three and one, hurt and destitute. 31 The award is therefore adequate and reasonable, taking the pain and anguish of the victim’s family into consideration. 32
Damages for loss of earning capacity cannot be granted. The prosecution did not present income tax returns or receipts. The testimony of the victim’s wife as to her husband’s income is not competent proof. 33
WHEREFORE, the decision of the Regional Trial Court, Branch 167, Pasig dated June 26, 1995 is AFFIRMED insofar as it finds accused-appellant Efren Mindanao y Gumabao guilty beyond reasonable doubt of murder for the killing of Apolonio Hornilla. However, the decision is MODIFIED as follows: (a) accused-appellant shall suffer the indivisible penalty of reclusion perpetua, with the accessory penalties of the law; (b) he is ORDERED to pay to the heirs of the victim civil indemnity for the death of Apolonio Hornilla in the amount of P50,000.00, actual damages in the amount of P89,758.27 and moral damages in the amount of P50,000.00. The award of attorney’s fees is DELETED. With costs.
SO ORDERED.chanrobles virtuallawlibrary
Davide, Jr., C.J., Puno, Kapunan and Ynares-Santiago, JJ., concur.
We state the antecedent facts.
On October 2, 1993, at around twelve o’clock in the morning, Apolonio Hornilla ("Apolonio"), a meat vendor, was weighing meat at his stall in the Urbano Velasco Public Market in Pasig, Metro Manila. In the area was prosecution witness Perfecto de Jesus ("Perfecto") who was waiting for his turn to buy meat.chanroblesvirtual|awlibrary
While Apolonio was weighing beef, Perfecto saw a man approach Apolonio from Apolonio’s left side. The man pulled out a gun and fired at Apolonio twice, hitting him on the nape. Apolonio collapsed. The assailant left. Perfecto approached Apolonio and brought him to the Rizal Medical Center. After taking Apolonio to the hospital, Perfecto went to buy medicine. Along the way, Perfecto learned that policemen apprehended Apolonio’s assailant. Perfecto proceeded to the police precinct and identified accused from a line-up of around ten (10) detainees. 2
On October 2, 1994, Perfecto executed a sworn statement before the police investigators. In the statement, he identified accused as the person who shot Apolonio. 3
On October 5, 1993, Third Assistant City Prosecutor Quezon B. Alejandro filed with the Regional Trial Court, Pasig, an information for frustrated murder and an information for illegal possession of firearms against accused. The information for frustrated murder reads: 4
"That on or about the 2nd day of October 1993 in the Municipality of Pasig, Metro Manila, Philippines and within jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the above-named accused, conspiring and confederating together with Pedro Conte and Leonides Conte who are still at large and mutually helping and aiding one another, armed with a gun, with intent to kill and with treachery and evident premeditation, did then and there willfully, unlawfully and feloniously attack, assault and shoot one Apolonio Hornilla y de Castro with the said gun hitting him on his right neck thereby inflicting upon the latter gunshot wounds which would ordinarily [have] caused his death thus performing all acts of execution which would have produced the crime of murder as a consequence but nevertheless it did not produce it by reason of cause or causes independent of his will, that is due to the timely and able medical assistance rendered to said Apolonio Hornilla.
"CONTRARY TO LAW."cralaw virtua1aw library
On November 4, 1993, Accused was arraigned for violation of P. D. 1866 (Illegal Possession of Firearms) and frustrated murder. He pleaded "not guilty" to both charges. 5
Apolonio was hospitalized in Pasig for a month. He was transferred to the Batangas Regional Hospital where he stayed for twenty-seven (27) days. 6
On December 23, 1993, Apolonio died. His death certificate stated the cause of death as follows: 7
"Immediate cause: a. Cardiac Arrest
"Antecedent cause: b. Cardiac Failure
"Other significant
conditions contributing
to death: c. Cervical Spine
Injury due to
bullet wound"
On February 2, 1994, the prosecution 8 amended the information murder due to Apolonio’s supervening death. As amended, the information reads: 9
"That on or about the 2nd day of October 1993 in the Municipality of Pasig, Metro Manila, Philippines and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the above named accused, armed with a gun, with intent to kill and with treachery and evident premeditation, did then and there willfully, unlawfully and feloniously attack, assault and shoot one APOLONIO HORNILLA with the said gun hitting him on the vital parts of his body thereby inflicting upon him mortal wounds which directly caused his death.
"CONTRARY TO LAW."cralaw virtua1aw library
On March 17, 1994, Accused entered a plea of "not guilty" to the amended charge. 10
At the trial, Accused’s defense was alibi and denial. He averred that when the shooting occurred, he was unloading vegetables from a jeep. 11 His testimony was uncorroborated. The trial court did not believe him.
On June 26, 1995, the trial court rendered a decision convicting accused of murder and acquitting him of illegal possession of firearms, to wit: 12
"WHEREFORE, judgment is hereby rendered as follows:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"(a) In Criminal Case No. 101921, on the basis of reasonable doubt, the accused is ACQUITTED of the crime charged.
"(b) In Criminal Case No. 101922, the accused is found GUILTY beyond peradventure of doubt of the crime of Murder defined and penalized under Article 248 of the Revised Penal Code and is hereby sentenced to Reclusion Perpetua in its medium period or an imprisonment ranging from Twenty-Six (26) Years, Eight (8) Months and One (1) Day, as minimum, to Thirty-Three (33) Years and Four (4) Months, as maximum; to indemnify the offended party in the aggregate amount of P222,748.22; to suffer all the accessory penalties provided for by law; and to pay the costs.
"SO ORDERED."cralaw virtua1aw library
On July 26, 1995, Accused filed a notice of appeal. 13 However, the notice was erroneously forwarded to the Court of Appeals. 14
On November 25, 1996, we resolved to accept the appeal. 15
Here, Accused-appellant pleads that the judgment of the trial court be modified to a conviction for homicide, alleging that the qualifying circumstance of treachery was not proven. 16
We do not agree.
There was treachery. In crimes against persons, treachery exists when the accused employs means, methods and forms which directly and specially ensure its execution, without risk to himself arising from the defense which the offended party might make. 17
Apolonio was attending to his trade, weighing meat, when he was shot by appellant on the nape. At that moment, he was unaware of the fatal attack to befall him. He was not given an opportunity to defend himself or to retaliate.
There is treachery even if the crime is perpetrated frontally provided the attack is sudden and unexpected, and the victim is unarmed. 18 In this case, there was a swift and unexpected attack against an unarmed victim, who did not give the slightest provocation. 19
Given the facts, we cannot lessen the conviction to one for homicide. The penalty imposed by the trial court is erroneous. The penalty for murder is reclusion temporal maximum to death. 20 In the absence of aggravating or mitigating circumstances, the imposable penalty is reclusion perpetua. 21 Reclusion perpetua as an indivisible penalty is not divided into periods. 22
We come to the damages awarded.chanrobles.com : virtual law library
The trial court awarded damages in the amount of P222,748.22. This is erroneous. 23
We grant an award of civil indemnity, in the amount of P50,000.00, automatically to the heirs of the victim without need of proof other than the fact or commission of the crime. 24
We also grant actual damages. For Apolonio’s hospitalization from October 2 to November 27, 1993, 25 Lucia spent a total of P78,526.27. This expense is supported by receipts. 26 Other receipts show that the family spent P8,000.00 for funeral services, 27 P3,222.00 for the tomb 28 and the amount of P10.00 for the municipal burial permit. 29 The expenses evidenced by all the receipts amount to P89,758.27.
The amount of P15,000.00 for "other expenses", which Apolonio’s heirs claimed were incurred during Apolonio’s confinement at the Rizal Medical Center and the Batangas Provincial Hospital were not covered by receipts and must be disallowed. Every pecuniary loss must be established by credible evidence before it may be awarded. 30
The award of attorney’s fees is likewise erroneous. There is no record that victim’s family hired a private prosecutor. All throughout the proceedings public prosecutors represented them.
In line with current jurisprudence, we further award moral damages in the amount of P50,000.00. When Apolonio died, he left his widow Lucia with three children aged five, three and one, hurt and destitute. 31 The award is therefore adequate and reasonable, taking the pain and anguish of the victim’s family into consideration. 32
Damages for loss of earning capacity cannot be granted. The prosecution did not present income tax returns or receipts. The testimony of the victim’s wife as to her husband’s income is not competent proof. 33
WHEREFORE, the decision of the Regional Trial Court, Branch 167, Pasig dated June 26, 1995 is AFFIRMED insofar as it finds accused-appellant Efren Mindanao y Gumabao guilty beyond reasonable doubt of murder for the killing of Apolonio Hornilla. However, the decision is MODIFIED as follows: (a) accused-appellant shall suffer the indivisible penalty of reclusion perpetua, with the accessory penalties of the law; (b) he is ORDERED to pay to the heirs of the victim civil indemnity for the death of Apolonio Hornilla in the amount of P50,000.00, actual damages in the amount of P89,758.27 and moral damages in the amount of P50,000.00. The award of attorney’s fees is DELETED. With costs.
SO ORDERED.chanrobles virtuallawlibrary
Davide, Jr., C.J., Puno, Kapunan and Ynares-Santiago, JJ., concur.
Endnotes:
1. In Criminal Case No. 101921 for Violation of P.D. 1866 and Criminal Case No. 101922 for Murder, Decision, dated June 26, 1995, Judge Alfredo C. Flores, presiding, Rollo, pp. 11-21.
2. TSN, June 1, 1994, pp. 3-19.
3. Exhibit "B" .
4. Original RTC Record, p. 1.
5. Rollo, p. 12.
6. TSN, June 1, 1994, pp. 26-27.
7. Exhibit "A" .
8. Records, pp. 36-37.
9. Rollo, pp. 5-6.
10. Records, p. 49.
11. TSN, November 18, 1994, pp. 3-7.
12. Rollo, p. 11-21.
13. Rollo, p. 22.
14. Records, p. 141.
15. Rollo, p. 23.
16. Rollo, pp. 35-49.
17. Art. 14 (16), Revised Penal Code; People v. Formanes, G.R. No. 115687, February 17, 2000.
18. People v. Reyes, 350 Phil. 683, 695 (1998).
19. People v. Jaberto, 307 SCRA 93, 103 (1999).
20. Art. 248, Revised Penal Code.
21. Art. 64 (1), Revised Penal Code, People v. Cleopas and Pirame, G.R. No. 121998, March 9, 2000.
22. People v. Lucas, 310 Phil. 77, 80 (1995).
23. Rollo, pp. 19-20.
24. People v. Obello, 348 Phil. 88, 106 (1998).
25. Exhs. D to D-148.
26. Exhs. D to D-149.
27. Exh. E.
28. Exh. D-149 & E-1.
29. Exh. E-2.
30. People v. Sol, 338 Phil. 896, 911 (1997), People v. Canasares, G.R. No. 123102, February 29, 2000, People v. Enguito, G.R. No. 128812, February 28, 2000.
31. TSN, June 1, 1994, p. 25.
32. People v. Ereno, G.R. No. 124706, February 22, 2000.
33. Ibid.
