October 2003 - Philippine Supreme Court Decisions/Resolutions
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G.R. No. 135377 October 7, 2003 - DSR-SENATOR LINES, ET AL. v. FEDERAL PHOENIX ASSURANCE CO., INC.:
THIRD DIVISION
[G.R. No. 135377. October 7, 2003.]
DSR-SENATOR LINES AND C.F. SHARP AND COMPANY, INC., Petitioners, v. FEDERAL PHOENIX ASSURANCE CO., INC., Respondent.
D E C I S I O N
SANDOVAL-GUTIERREZ, J.:
Before us is a petition for review on certiorari 1 assailing the Decision 2 dated June 5, 1998 of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. CV No. 50833 which affirmed the Decision of the Regional Trial Court (RTC), Manila City, Branch 16, in Civil Case No. 94-69699, "Federal Phoenix Assurance Company, Inc. v. DSR-Senator Lines and C.F. Sharp & Co., Inc.," for damages arising from the loss of cargo while in transit.chanrob1es virtua1 1aw 1ibrary
Berde Plants, Inc. (Berde Plants) delivered 632 units of artificial trees to C.F. Sharp and Company, Inc. (C.F. Sharp), the General Ship Agent of DSR-Senator Lines, a foreign shipping corporation, for transportation and delivery to the consignee, Al-Mohr International Group, in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. C.F. Sharp issued International Bill of Lading No. SENU MNL-26548 3 for the cargo with an invoice value of $34,579.60. Under the Bill of Lading, the port of discharge for the cargo was at the Khor Fakkan port and the port of delivery was Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, via Port Dammam. The cargo was loaded in M/S "Arabian Senator."cralaw virtua1aw library
Federal Phoenix Assurance Company, Inc. (Federal Phoenix Assurance) insured the cargo against all risks in the amount of P941,429.61. 4
On June 7, 1993, M/S "Arabian Senator" left the Manila South Harbor for Saudi Arabia with the cargo on board. When the vessel arrived in Khor Fakkan Port, the cargo was reloaded on board DSR-Senator Lines’ feeder vessel, M/V "Kapitan Sakharov," bound for Port Dammam, Saudi Arabia. However, while in transit, the vessel and all its cargo caught fire.
On July 5, 1993, DSR-Senator Lines informed Berde Plants that M/V "Kapitan Sakharov" with its cargo was gutted by fire and sank on or about July 4, 1993. On December 16, 1993, C.F. Sharp issued a certification to that effect.
Consequently, Federal Phoenix Assurance paid Berde Plants P941,429.61 corresponding to the amount of insurance for the cargo. In turn Berde Plants executed in its favor a "Subrogation Receipt" 5 dated January 17, 1994.
On February 8, 1994, Federal Phoenix Assurance sent a letter to C.F. Sharp demanding payment of P941,429.61 on the basis of the Subrogation Receipt. C.F. Sharp denied any liability on the ground that such liability was extinguished when the vessel carrying the cargo was gutted by fire.
Thus, on March 11, 1994, Federal Phoenix Assurance filed with the RTC, Branch 16, Manila a complaint for damages against DSR-Senator Lines and C.F. Sharp, praying that the latter be ordered to pay actual damages of P941,429.61, compensatory damages of P100,000.00 and costs.
On August 22, 1995, the RTC rendered a Decision in favor of Federal Phoenix Assurance, the dispositive portion of which reads:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"WHEREFORE, premises considered, judgment is hereby rendered in favor of plaintiff and against the defendants who are hereby ordered jointly and severally to pay plaintiff:chanrob1es virtua1 1aw 1ibrary
I. The amount of P941,439.61 (should be P941,429.61 6) with legal interest of 6% per annum from the date of the letter of demand of February 8, 1993 (EXH. L) and 12% per annum from the date the judgment becomes final and executory until its satisfaction (Eastern Shipping Lines v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 97412, July 12, 1994);
II. The amount of P15,000.00 by way of reasonable attorney’s fees; and
III. To pay costs.
"The counterclaim of defendants is DISMISSED.
"SO ORDERED." 7
On appeal, the Court of Appeals rendered a Decision dated June 5, 1998, affirming the RTC Decision, thus:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"In the present recourse, the appellant carrier was presumed to have acted negligently for the fire that gutted the feeder vessel and the consequent loss or destruction of the cargo. Hence, the appellant carrier is liable for appellee’s claim under the New Civil Code of the Philippines.
"Contrary to C.F. Sharp and Co., Inc.’s pose, its liability as ship agent continued and remained until the cargo was delivered to the consignee. The status of the appellant as ship agent subsisted and its liability as a ship agent was co-terminous with and subsisted as long as the cargo was not delivered to the consignee under the terms of the Bill of Lading.
"IN LIGHT OF ALL THE FOREGOING, the appeal of the appellants is DISMISSED. The Decision appealed from is affirmed. With costs against the appellants.
"SO ORDERED." 8
On September 7, 1998, the Court of Appeals denied the motion for reconsideration of DSR-Senator Lines and C.F. Sharp, prompting them to file with this Court the instant petition.cralaw : red
We find the petition bereft of merit.
Article 1734 of the Civil Code provides:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"Art. 1734. Common carriers are responsible for the loss, destruction, or deterioration of the goods, unless the same is due to any of the following causes only:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
(1) Flood, storm, earthquake, lightning, or other natural disaster or calamity;
(2) Act of the public enemy in war, whether international or civil;
(3) Act or omission of the shipper or owner of the goods;
(4) The character of the goods or defects in the packing or in the containers;
(5) Order or act of competent public authority."cralaw virtua1aw library
Fire is not one of those enumerated under the above provision which exempts a carrier from liability for loss or destruction of the cargo.
In Eastern Shipping Lines, Inc. v. Intermediate Appellate Court, 9 we ruled that since the peril of fire is not comprehended within the exceptions in Article 1734, then the common carrier shall be presumed to have been at fault or to have acted negligently, unless it proves that it has observed the extraordinary diligence required by low.
Even if fire were to be considered a natural disaster within the purview of Article 1734, it is required under Article 1739 10 of the same Code that the natural disaster must have been the proximate and only cause of the loss, and that the carrier has exercised due diligence to prevent or minimize the loss before, during or after the occurrence of the disaster.
We have held that a common carrier’s duty to observe the requisite diligence in the shipment of goods lasts from the time the articles are surrendered to or unconditionally placed in the possession of, and received by, the carrier for transportation until delivered to or until the lapse of a reasonable time for their acceptance by the person entitled to receive them. When the goods shipped either are lost or arrive in damaged condition, a presumption arises against the carrier of its failure to observe that diligence, and there need not be an express finding of negligence to hold it liable. 11chanrob1es virtua1 1aw 1ibrary
Common carriers are obliged to observe extraordinary diligence in the vigilance over the goods transported by them. Accordingly, they are presumed to have been at fault or to have acted negligently if the goods are lost, destroyed or deteriorated. There are very few instances when the presumption of negligence does not attach and these instances are enumerated in Article 1739. In those cases where the presumption is applied, the common carrier must prove that it exercised extraordinary diligence in order to overcome the presumption. 12
Respondent Federal Phoenix Assurance raised the presumption of negligence against petitioners. However, they failed to overcome it by sufficient proof of extraordinary diligence.
WHEREFORE, the instant petition is DENIED. The assailed Decision of the Court of Appeals dated June 5, 1998, in CA-G.R. CV No. 50833 is hereby AFFIRMED.
SO ORDERED.
Puno, Panganiban and Carpio Morales, JJ., concur.
Corona, J., is on leave.
Berde Plants, Inc. (Berde Plants) delivered 632 units of artificial trees to C.F. Sharp and Company, Inc. (C.F. Sharp), the General Ship Agent of DSR-Senator Lines, a foreign shipping corporation, for transportation and delivery to the consignee, Al-Mohr International Group, in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. C.F. Sharp issued International Bill of Lading No. SENU MNL-26548 3 for the cargo with an invoice value of $34,579.60. Under the Bill of Lading, the port of discharge for the cargo was at the Khor Fakkan port and the port of delivery was Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, via Port Dammam. The cargo was loaded in M/S "Arabian Senator."cralaw virtua1aw library
Federal Phoenix Assurance Company, Inc. (Federal Phoenix Assurance) insured the cargo against all risks in the amount of P941,429.61. 4
On June 7, 1993, M/S "Arabian Senator" left the Manila South Harbor for Saudi Arabia with the cargo on board. When the vessel arrived in Khor Fakkan Port, the cargo was reloaded on board DSR-Senator Lines’ feeder vessel, M/V "Kapitan Sakharov," bound for Port Dammam, Saudi Arabia. However, while in transit, the vessel and all its cargo caught fire.
On July 5, 1993, DSR-Senator Lines informed Berde Plants that M/V "Kapitan Sakharov" with its cargo was gutted by fire and sank on or about July 4, 1993. On December 16, 1993, C.F. Sharp issued a certification to that effect.
Consequently, Federal Phoenix Assurance paid Berde Plants P941,429.61 corresponding to the amount of insurance for the cargo. In turn Berde Plants executed in its favor a "Subrogation Receipt" 5 dated January 17, 1994.
On February 8, 1994, Federal Phoenix Assurance sent a letter to C.F. Sharp demanding payment of P941,429.61 on the basis of the Subrogation Receipt. C.F. Sharp denied any liability on the ground that such liability was extinguished when the vessel carrying the cargo was gutted by fire.
Thus, on March 11, 1994, Federal Phoenix Assurance filed with the RTC, Branch 16, Manila a complaint for damages against DSR-Senator Lines and C.F. Sharp, praying that the latter be ordered to pay actual damages of P941,429.61, compensatory damages of P100,000.00 and costs.
On August 22, 1995, the RTC rendered a Decision in favor of Federal Phoenix Assurance, the dispositive portion of which reads:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"WHEREFORE, premises considered, judgment is hereby rendered in favor of plaintiff and against the defendants who are hereby ordered jointly and severally to pay plaintiff:chanrob1es virtua1 1aw 1ibrary
I. The amount of P941,439.61 (should be P941,429.61 6) with legal interest of 6% per annum from the date of the letter of demand of February 8, 1993 (EXH. L) and 12% per annum from the date the judgment becomes final and executory until its satisfaction (Eastern Shipping Lines v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 97412, July 12, 1994);
II. The amount of P15,000.00 by way of reasonable attorney’s fees; and
III. To pay costs.
"The counterclaim of defendants is DISMISSED.
"SO ORDERED." 7
On appeal, the Court of Appeals rendered a Decision dated June 5, 1998, affirming the RTC Decision, thus:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"In the present recourse, the appellant carrier was presumed to have acted negligently for the fire that gutted the feeder vessel and the consequent loss or destruction of the cargo. Hence, the appellant carrier is liable for appellee’s claim under the New Civil Code of the Philippines.
"Contrary to C.F. Sharp and Co., Inc.’s pose, its liability as ship agent continued and remained until the cargo was delivered to the consignee. The status of the appellant as ship agent subsisted and its liability as a ship agent was co-terminous with and subsisted as long as the cargo was not delivered to the consignee under the terms of the Bill of Lading.
"IN LIGHT OF ALL THE FOREGOING, the appeal of the appellants is DISMISSED. The Decision appealed from is affirmed. With costs against the appellants.
"SO ORDERED." 8
On September 7, 1998, the Court of Appeals denied the motion for reconsideration of DSR-Senator Lines and C.F. Sharp, prompting them to file with this Court the instant petition.cralaw : red
We find the petition bereft of merit.
Article 1734 of the Civil Code provides:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"Art. 1734. Common carriers are responsible for the loss, destruction, or deterioration of the goods, unless the same is due to any of the following causes only:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
(1) Flood, storm, earthquake, lightning, or other natural disaster or calamity;
(2) Act of the public enemy in war, whether international or civil;
(3) Act or omission of the shipper or owner of the goods;
(4) The character of the goods or defects in the packing or in the containers;
(5) Order or act of competent public authority."cralaw virtua1aw library
Fire is not one of those enumerated under the above provision which exempts a carrier from liability for loss or destruction of the cargo.
In Eastern Shipping Lines, Inc. v. Intermediate Appellate Court, 9 we ruled that since the peril of fire is not comprehended within the exceptions in Article 1734, then the common carrier shall be presumed to have been at fault or to have acted negligently, unless it proves that it has observed the extraordinary diligence required by low.
Even if fire were to be considered a natural disaster within the purview of Article 1734, it is required under Article 1739 10 of the same Code that the natural disaster must have been the proximate and only cause of the loss, and that the carrier has exercised due diligence to prevent or minimize the loss before, during or after the occurrence of the disaster.
We have held that a common carrier’s duty to observe the requisite diligence in the shipment of goods lasts from the time the articles are surrendered to or unconditionally placed in the possession of, and received by, the carrier for transportation until delivered to or until the lapse of a reasonable time for their acceptance by the person entitled to receive them. When the goods shipped either are lost or arrive in damaged condition, a presumption arises against the carrier of its failure to observe that diligence, and there need not be an express finding of negligence to hold it liable. 11chanrob1es virtua1 1aw 1ibrary
Common carriers are obliged to observe extraordinary diligence in the vigilance over the goods transported by them. Accordingly, they are presumed to have been at fault or to have acted negligently if the goods are lost, destroyed or deteriorated. There are very few instances when the presumption of negligence does not attach and these instances are enumerated in Article 1739. In those cases where the presumption is applied, the common carrier must prove that it exercised extraordinary diligence in order to overcome the presumption. 12
Respondent Federal Phoenix Assurance raised the presumption of negligence against petitioners. However, they failed to overcome it by sufficient proof of extraordinary diligence.
WHEREFORE, the instant petition is DENIED. The assailed Decision of the Court of Appeals dated June 5, 1998, in CA-G.R. CV No. 50833 is hereby AFFIRMED.
SO ORDERED.
Puno, Panganiban and Carpio Morales, JJ., concur.
Corona, J., is on leave.
Endnotes:
1. Pursuant to Rule 45 of the 1997 Rules of Civil Procedure, as amended.
2. Penned by now Supreme Court Justice Romeo J. Callejo, Sr., with Justices Marina L. Buzon and Mariano M. Umali (retired) concurring.
3. Folder of Exhibits at 11.
4. Id. at 1.
5. Id. at 16.
6. Id. at 15-16.
7. Rollo at 60.
8. Id. at 47.
9. G.R. Nos. L-69044 and L-71478, May 29, 1987, 150 SCRA 463, 470-472.
10. "Art. 1739. In order that the common carrier may be exempted from responsibility, the natural disaster must have been the proximate and only cause of the loss. However, the common carrier must exercise due diligence to prevent or minimize loss before, during and after the occurrence of flood, storm, or other natural disaster in order that the common carrier may be exempted from liability for the loss, destruction, or deterioration of the goods. The same duty is incumbent upon the common carrier in case of an act of the public enemy referred to in Article 1734, No. 2."cralaw virtua1aw library
11. Eastern Shipping Lines, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 97412, July 12, 1994, 234 SCRA 78, 85, citing Ganzon v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. L-48757, May 30, 1988, 161 SCRA 646, Kui Bai v. Dollar Steamship Lines, 52 Phil. 863, Philippine National Railways v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. L-55347, October 4, 1985, 139 SCRA 87 and Metro Port Service, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. L-57582, August 24, 1984, 131 SCRA 365.
12. Bascos v. Court Of Appeals, G.R. No. 101089, April 7, 1993, 221 SCRA 318, 325.
