Philippine Supreme Court Jurisprudence > Year 2015 > September 2015 Decisions > G.R. No. 215731, September 02, 2015 - PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. ROLANDO CARRERA Y IMBAT, Accused-Appellant.:

Before us is an appeal¹ from the June 10, 2014 Decision² of the Court of Appeals (CA) in CA-G.R. CR-HC No. 05885 modifying the November 27, 2012 Decision³ of the Regional Trial Court (RTC), Branch 127, Caloocan City, finding appellant Rolando Carrera guilty beyond reasonable doubt of violation of Section 5,⁴ Article II, Republic Act (R.A.) No. 9165⁵ or the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002.

After a buy-bust operation conducted on July 14, 2009, an Information for violation of Section 5, Article II of R.A. No. 9165 was filed against appellant reading:ChanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

That on or about the 14^th day of July, 2009 in Caloocan City, Metro Manila and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the above-named accused, without authority of law, did then and there willfully, unlawfully and feloniously sell and deliver to [IO1] JOSEPH L SAMSON, who posed as buyer, METHYLAMPHETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE (Shabu) weighing 4.5722 grams, 4.1451 grams, 4.2055 grams, 3.8220 grams, 3.4999 grams, 4.5061 grams & 4.7124 grams, a dangerous drug, without the corresponding license or prescription therefore, knowing the same to be such.

Contrary to Law.⁶

On arraignment, appellant pleaded not guilty.⁷ Trial on the merits ensued after pre-trial.

The Prosecution's Version
Prosecution presented Maria Criser Abad, Intelligence Officer (IO) 2 Liwanag Sandaan, IO2 Joseph Samson and IO1 Darwin Reed.

On July 13, 2009, a confidential informant of IO2 Sandaan arrived at the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency - Metro Manila Regional Office (PDEA-MMRO) and reported illegal drug activities of a certain Latif in Caloocan City. The informant alleged that Latif was engaged in selling shabu and capable of selling large amounts of bulto.⁸ IO2 Sandaan instructed the informant to call Latif and order seven bulto of shabu and learned that each bulto would cost P27,000.00. The informant confirmed the transaction.

IO2 Sandaan called a team composed of IO1 Frederick Santos, IO1 Reed, IO1 Samson and IO1 Leverette Lopez and briefed them on the alleged drug activities in Caloocan City. At about 4:00 a.m. the following day, IO2 Sandaan conducted a briefing on the buy-bust operation. IO1 Samson was the designated poseur-buyer while IO1 Santos was the immediate back-up arresting officer. IO2 Sandaan handed two P500-bills as buy-bust money to IO1 Samson who marked the bills with his initials. They made it appear that the money was in a bundle placing one P500-bill at the top of the stack and another at the bottom.

They agreed that if the deal was consummated, IO1 Samson would remove his cap as the signal. IO2 Sandaan asked her team to prepare the Pre-Operation Report and Authority to Operate. Before leaving, the team coordinated with the Tactical Operation Center, the Quezon City Police and the Caloocan City Police.

The team with the informant went to Brgy. Malaria, Caloocan City on-board a red L-300 van. Upon arriving at around 9:30 a.m., IO1 Samson and the informant alighted from the van and proceeded to the designated area, an eatery near the barangay hall. The rest of the team stayed at a nearby burger place about eight meters away.

With the team positioned, the informant called Latif. A short male person, subsequently identified as appellant, arrived shortly after the call. The informant introduced IO1 Samson as the buyer and asked whether he had the item with him. Appellant replied in the affirmative and asked IO1 Samson if he brought the money. IO1 Samson replied in the affirmative and partly opened the plastic bag containing the money showing the top portion to appellant. He then informed appellant that he will only hand the money when he received the item.

Appellant pulled out from his pocket a transparent plastic wrapped with electrical tape and handed it to IO1 Samson. Upon receipt of the plastic packet with the crystalline substance, IO1 Samson grabbed appellant, introduced himself as PDEA agent, and removed his cap to notify the team. The team approached the target area and IO1 Santos assisted IO1 Samson in arresting appellant by handcuffing him and reading to him his constitutional rights.

There being a commotion caused by the arrest and spectators drawn to the sight, IO2 Sandaan called the driver to the target area. A person introducing himself as the barangay captain approached her and asked what had happened. IO2 Sandaan introduced herself as a PDEA agent and told him that they were arresting someone. She learned that appellant was a member of a Muslim drug group and a tricycle driver. Noting that she only had five agents with her she decided to promptly leave the area and conduct an inventory of the seized articles in Brgy. Pinyahan, Quezon City. En route, IO1 Samson maintained custody and possession of the items taken from appellant.

When the team arrived at the barangay hall of Brgy. Pinyahan, they opened the plastic bag and found seven sachets of shabu. These were included in the list along with electrical wrapper and plastic bag. An Inventory of Seized Properties/Items⁹ was prepared by IO1 Samson in the presence of Barangay Kagawad Melinda Gaffud. Inventory was made and the evidence marked by IO1 Samson while IO1 Lopez photographed the same. After finalizing the inventory and markings, the team went back to the PDEA-MMRO to prepare the requests for laboratory examination and drug test examination. IO1 Samson personally brought the specimen and the request to the PDEA Crime Laboratory Service on the same day.

Upon receipt of the request, Maria Criser Abad, the Crime Laboratory Chemist on duty, personally performed the examination on the seven sachets containing white crystalline substance submitted by IO1 Samson. Appellant's urine sample was likewise submitted.

The evidence was found pos1t1ve for Methamphetamine Hydrochloride.¹⁰ On the other hand, appellant's urine sample was found negative for the presence of shabu and marijuana.¹¹cralawrednad

The Defense's Version

The defense's evidence consisted of the testimonies of Jocelyn Garcia-Carrera, live-in partner of appellant, and appellant.

Appellant denied owning and possessing the plastic sachets containing the white crystalline substance. Appellant, a tricycle driver, asserts that he was working on that day. His services were contracted by a passenger who wanted a ride from Phase 12, Tala, Caloocan to Brgy. Malaria and back. Jocelyn decided to ride with appellant and the passenger to Brgy. Malaria because she wanted to buy medicines. When they arrived at Brgy. Malaria, the passenger alighted and told appellant to wait for him. While he was waiting with Jocelyn for the passenger's return, they were suddenly handcuffed by the members of the buy-bust team. He identified his passenger as one of the people who arrested him. Both he and Jocelyn were frisked. They took his wallet but the same was returned without his driver's license. Both he and Jocelyn then were placed inside a van. Jocelyn was let-off at Lagro, Quezon City. He was then asked if he knew a person named Latif which he answered in the negative.

They left Caloocan, stayed for a while at Quezon City Memorial Circle, and then proceeded to the barangay hall of Brgy. Pinyahan. It was when they were in the barangay hall of Brgy. Pinyahan that appellant saw for the first time the prohibited drugs.

In its November 27, 2012 Decision, the RTC found appellant guilty beyond reasonable doubt for violation of Section 5, Article II of R.A. No. 9165. The RTC ruled:ChanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

WHEREFORE, premises considered, judgment is hereby rendered declaring [appellant] Rolando Carrera y Imbat for Violation of Sec. 5, Art. II, R.A. 9165 guilty beyond reasonable doubt and is hereby sentenced to suffer the penalty of life imprisonment and to pay a fine of Five Hundred Thousand (P500,000.00) Pesos, as provided for by law.

The drugs subject matter of this case are hereby confiscated in favor of the government to be dealt with in accordance with law.

SO ORDERED.¹²

On appeal, the CA in its June 10, 2014 Decision found appellant guilty of illegal possession of prohibited drugs under Section 11, Article II of R.A. No. 9165. It ruled:ChanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

WHEREFORE, the appeal is DENIED. The November 27, 2012 Decision of Caloocan City Regional Trial Court, Branch 127, in Criminal Case No. C-81635, finding [appellant] Rolando Carrera y Imbat guilty beyond reasonable doubt of Violation of Section 5, Article II of Republic Act (R.A.) No. 9165 is hereby MODIFIED in that this Court instead finds [appellant] GUILTY beyond reasonable doubt of illegal possession of prohibited drugs penalized under Section 11, Art. II of [R.A. No.] 9165. Accordingly, [appellant] is sentenced to suffer the penalty of LIFE IMPRISONMENT and to PAY A FINE OF FOUR HUNDRED THOUSAND PESOS (P400,000.00).

All other aspects of the assailed decision are maintained.

SO ORDERED.¹³

In our February 23, 2015 Resolution, parties were notified that they may tile their supplemental briefs. Both parties¹⁴ decided to forego the tiling of such pleadings and opted to adopt the briefs they had submitted before the CA.

The issue for our consideration is whether appellant is guilty beyond reasonable doubt of the crime of illegal possession of illegal drugs.

We deny the appeal and affirm with modification the July 10, 2014 Decision of the CA.

We note at the outset that appellant was charged in the information with selling and delivering shabu¹⁵ and was apprehended during a buy-bust operation conducted by the PDEA.

FEAR FOR LOSS OF LIFE AND LIMB
IS A SUITABLE JUSTIFICATION FOR NOT
CONDUCTING THE INVENTORY AND
MARKING AT THE NEAREST BARANGAY
HALL OR POLICE STATION

Buy-bust operations are recognized in this jurisdiction as a legitimate form of entrapment of the persons suspected of being involved in drug dealings.¹⁶ In the prosecution of illegal sale of dangerous drugs in a buy� bust operation, there must be a concurrence of all the elements of the offense: (1) the identity of the buyer and the seller, the object, and the consideration; and (2) the delivery of the thing sold and the payment thereof. The prosecution must also prove the illegal sale of the dangerous drugs and present the corpus delicti in court as evidence.¹⁷cralawrednad

We have stated that strict compliance with the prescribed procedure is required for the prosecution of illegal sale because of the illegal drug's unique characteristic rendering it indistinct, not readily identifiable, and easily open to tampering, alteration or substitution either by accident or otherwise.¹⁸ It is thus important that the "chain of custody," provided under Section 21(1),¹⁹ Article II of R.A. No. 9165 and Section 21(a),²⁰ Article II of the Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of R.A. No. 9165, be established to allay any suspicion of tampering. In a buy-bust operation, the failure to conduct a physical inventory and to photograph the items seized from the accused will not render his arrest illegal or the items confiscated from him inadmissible in evidence as long as the integrity and evidentiary value of the said items have been preserved.²¹cralawrednad

We have recognized that the strict compliance with the requirements of Section 21 of R.A. No. 9165 may not always be possible under field conditions. As the IRR states, "non-compliance with these requirements under justifiable grounds, as long as the integrity and the evidentiary value of the seized items are properly preserved by the apprehending officer/team, shall not render void and invalid such seizures of and custody over said items[.]" These lapses, however, must be recognized and explained in terms of their justifiable grounds, and the integrity and evidentiary value of the evidence seized must be shown to have been preserved.²² It is thus the prosecution's burden to prove justifiable cause.²³cralawrednad

Here, IO1 Samson narrated:ChanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

Q:	So, what happened when you arrived in Bgy. Malaria at 9:30 a.m. of July 14, 2009?
A:	I went ahead together with the confidential informant, sir.
Q:	And how about the other members of your team, where did they go if any at that time?
A:	They dispatched in the vicinity, sir.
Q:	So, you said that you and the confidential informant went ahead, what happened after you arrived at that area?
A:	We waited for a while and then we contacted alias Latif, sir.
Q:	How did you contact alias Latif?
A:	Thru cell phone, sir.
Q:	So, what happened after the confidential informant contacted alias "Latif" thru cell phone?
A:	They said to wait for a while and then after a while a male person arrived, sir.
Q:	What did this male person do, if any?
A:	I was introduced by the confidential informant to him as buyer, sir.
Q:	What happened after that?
A:	And then I asked him if he has the shabu, sir.
Q:	What was his answer?
A:	He answered, "yes."
Q:	What else happened?
A:	He answered "yes" we have shabu and then he also asked me if I have money, sir.
Q:	What was your answer?
A:	I said yes I have the money.
Q:	So, what happened after that?
A:	I told him that I will pay the item if he. will give it to me. He pulled from his pocket a transparent plastic wrapped with electrical tape and handed that something from his pocket to me, sir.
Q:	What was [it that] he handed to you?
A:	An item that was wrapped on an electric tape and then I saw a crystalline substance suspected to be shabu, sir.
Q:	What did you do with the thing which he handed to you, a white crystalline substance which [is] suspected to be shabu?
A:	After he handed to me the thing which I suspected to be shabu, I removed my bullcap as the pre-arranged signal and I grabbed him, sir.
x x x x
COURT BUTT[S] IN:
Q:	When you removed the bull cap, is Latif around?
A:	Not yet, your Honor, after getting a transparent plastic wrapped with electrical tape, I saw white crystalline substance. I did not give the money anymore because I remove my bull cap.
Q:	Why did you not give him the money that was agreed upon?
A:	I was afraid because that is only boodle money and that money was placed on a plastic bag and then I showed it to him telling him that is the money, your Honor.
Q:	How much money was contained in that plastic bag?
A:	I only open the upper portion of the plastic bag I showed him the top portion of the money, your Honor.
Q:	When Latif handed to you that thing wrapped with an electrical tape did he not ask for the payment?
A:	No more, your Honor, he has no time to ask me because I immediately grabbed him.
Q:	What do you mean by the word I grabbed him, you immediately grab him after seeing the content of the electrical tape was shabu?
A:	Ycs, your Honor.
Q:	So, what happened when you grab[bed] alias "Latif''?
A:	I introduced myself as PDEA Agent and then I removed my bull cap, Frederick Santos assisted me in the arrest of alias Latif, your Honor.
PROS. CANSINO:
Q:	How did Frederick Santos assist you in arresting alias "Latif'?
A:	It was Frederick Santos who handcuffed and apprised Latif of his constitutional rights, sir.
Q:	So, what happened after affecting the arrest of alias Latif?
A:	We immediately go to the Barangay Hall of Pinyahan, Quezon City, sir.
Q:	Who ordered you to proceed to Barangay Hall of Pinyahan, Quezon City?
A:	Our team leader IO2 Liwanag Sandaan, sir.
Q:	You said you went through from the area of operation you proceed to Barangay Pinyahan, what happened at the Barangay Hall of Pinyahan?
A:	The photographer took pictures of the evidence seized from the accused, sir.
Q:	What did you do if any as regards the marking of the seized evidence?
A:	I marked all the evidence confiscated from the accused, sir.
Q:	Can you please tell us what are those pieces of evidence confiscated from the accused?
A:	The seven (7) sachets of shabu which was wrapped in an electric tape and place[d] in a plastic bag, sir.
Q:	So, you said that you made markings on those seized evidence you mentioned, can you please tell what those markings placed on the plastic sachet containing shabu?
A:	Exhibit A-1 to A-7, sir.
Q:	How about on the electrical tape used as wrapper in those evidences?
A:	I marked it as Exhibit A-1 to A-7 JLS-07-09,24 sir.25cralawred

IO1 Samson then proceeded to describe the process of taking pictures of the seized items. To justify the conduct of inventory and marking in another place IO2 Sandaan testified:ChanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

PROS. CANSINO:
Q.	So what happened after that when you ordered your men to proceed for the arrest of that male person?
WITNESS:
A.	When the male person was arrested I immediately called the driver to proceed to the area because during that time there was a commotion and because we were armed and we were in front of the barangay hall and because that place is a terminal of the tricycle there were already many people and then there was one person who introduced himself as barangay captain and asked "Ano po ba 'yong kaguluhang nangyayari?" and I introduce[d] myself as PDEA Agent and I told him "may hinuli lang po kami, aalis na rin po kami" and then we left the area, sir.
Q.	Where did you proceed if any Madam Witness after effecting the arrest of accused?
A.	After the arrest we proceeded to the barangay hall but the barangay hall we went to was located at Brgy. Pinyahan in Quezon City, sir.
Q.	So what happened at the barangay hall of Brgy. Pinyahan, Quezon City?
A.	At the barangay hall of Brgy. Pinyahan in Quezon City we inventoried the seized evidence, sir.
x x x x
COURT butts in:
	Before you go to that point may I just ask again.
Q.	You said that the operation was conducted just beside the barangay hall of Brgy. Malaria so after the arrest why you still have to proceed to Brgy. Pinyahan instead of going directly to that barangay hall near to where the operation was conducted?
WITNESS:
A.	The reason why I decided not to conduct the inventory in that barangay hall, your Honor, because it happened that our subject learned I mean because our subject told me that [he was] one of the member[s] of the Muslim drug group that's why I cannot risk my agents to stay longer at the barangay hall and aside from that this subject happened to be a tricycle driver and the tricycle terminal was only beside the barangay hall so I decided not to conduct the inventory there because we are only five agents there and I cannot take [the] risk of my agents staying longer in that area.26

On cross-examination, IO2 Sandaan was asked why she ordered the team to leave Brgy. Malaria and conduct the inventory and marking at Brgy. Pinyahan and she explained as follows:ChanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

Q.	And as you said instead of conducting your inventory at the barangay hall of Malaria you proceeded to a barangay hall in Brgy. Pinyahan, Quezon City which is beside your very main office, isn't it?
A.	Not beside our office, sir, it is on the other side of East Avenue.
Q.	But it is already Quezon City, isn't it, because your [main] office is located at Brgy. Pinyahan?
A.	Yes, sir.
Q:	It was just a puzzle to me why you proceeded to Brgy. Pinyahan instead of any barangay in Caloocan City referring to the second district, there were many barangay in Bagong Silang, in Camarin, did it not occur to your mind that procedurally it is proper to conduct an inventory at the nearest barangay or maybe not in Brgy. Malaria itself?
A.	My option was if ever we cannot conduct the inventory at the place or in that particular barangay which has the jurisdiction of the place of transaction we will conduct our inventory at the barangay hall of Brgy. Pinyahan, sir.
Q.	So with your action of leaving the area immediately after your alleged buy bust operation I assume that you did not make any markings at the alleged scene of the crime?
A.	No, sir.27

We thus agree with the CA and the RTC that under the circumstances the buy-bust team was justified in not conducting the inventory or marking at Brgy. Malaria.

APPELLANT IS GUILTY OF ILLEGAL
DELIVERY OF A PROHIBITED DRUG

We agree with the CA that appellant may not be held guilty of illegal sale of a prohibited drug. In order to establish the crime of illegal sale of shabu, the prosecution must prove beyond reasonable doubt (a) the identity of the buyer and the seller, the identity of the object and the consideration of the sale; and (b) the delivery of the thing sold and of the payment for the thing.²⁸ It is thus imperative that proof of the transaction or sale be established together with the presentation of the corpus delicti in court.

Here, IO1 Samson, as the poseur-buyer, admitted that while he was in possession of the marked money he failed to effect payment even after the seller delivered the item to him. There being no payment, no sale was ever consummated between the parties. There being no consummated sale, appellant cannot be found guilty of illegal sale.

While we agree with the CA that appellant is still liable for an offense under R.A. No. 9165, we disagree with its conclusion that appellant is guilty of illegal possession of a prohibited drug. We previously held that Section 5, Article II of R.A. No. 9165 punishes acts in addition to selling prohibited drugs. We stated:ChanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

It must be emphasized that appellants were charged with selling, trading, delivering, giving away, dispatching in transit and transporting dangerous drugs under Section 5, Article II of Republic Act No. 9165. The charge was not limited to selling. Said section punishes not only the sale but also the mere act of delivery of prohibited drugs after the offer to buy by the entrapping officer has been accepted by the seller. In the distribution of prohibited drugs, the payment of any consideration is immaterial. The mere act of distributing the prohibited drugs to others is in itself a punishable offense. x x x²⁹

As we noted, appellant was charged with illegal sale and delivery of a prohibited drug under Section 5, Article II of R.A. No. 9165. Appellant thus based on the information and the evidence presented may be found liable of illegal delivery of prohibited drugs.

In People v. Maongco,³⁰ we stated that a person may be convicted of illegal delivery of dangerous drugs if it is proven that (1) the accused passed on possession of a dangerous drug to another, personally or otherwise, and by any means; (2) such delivery is not authorized by law; and (3) the accused knowingly made the delivery with or without consideration. In this case, we convicted a person charged with illegal sale of shabu of illegal delivery of shabu for non-payment by the poseur-buyer.

Likewise, in People v. Reyes,³¹ we convicted a person of illegal delivery of shabu instead of illegal sale of a prohibited drug because the prosecution did not establish payment - an essential element of the crime of illegal sale of a prohibited drug.

In the present case, the prosecution established that appellant based on a prior arrangement knowingly passed the shabu to IO1 Samson. Being a tricycle driver, appellant was without authority to hold and deliver the drug. Thus, appellant is guilty of illegal delivery of shabu.

Section 5, Article II of R.A. No. 9165 provides that the penalty of life imprisonment to death and a tine ranging from five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person who shall be found guilty of illegal delivery of a prohibited drug.³²cralawrednad

WHEREFORE, the appeal is DISMISSED for lack of merit. Appellant ROLANDO CARRERA y IMBAT is hereby found GUILTY of Illegal Delivery of Prohibited Drugs as defined under Section 5, Article II, Republic Act No. 9165. He is sentenced to suffer the penalty of life imprisonment and ordered to pay a fine of Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00).

With costs against the appellant.

SO ORDERED.

Velasco, Jr, (Chairperson), Peralta, Villarama, Jr., Perez,^* and Perlas-Bernabe,^** JJ., concur.ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Endnotes:

---

^* Designated Acting Member in lieu of Associate Justice Bienvenido L. Reyes, per Special Order No. 2084 dated June 29, 2015.

^** Designated additional Member in lieu of Associate Justice Francis H. Jardeleza, per Raffle dated January 28, 2015.

¹ CA rollo, pp. 166-167.

²Rollo, pp. 2-20. Penned by Associate Justice Franchito N. Diamante with Associate Justices Celia C. Librea-Leagogo and Melchor Q. C. Sadang concurring. CA rollo, pp. 20-42. Penned by Judge Victoriano B. Cabanos. R.A. No. 9165, Article II, Section 5 provides:ChanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

SEC. 5. Sale, Trading, Administration, Dispensation, Delivery, Distribution and Transportation of Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals. - The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos (P10,000,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall sell, trade, administer, dispense, deliver, give away to another, distribute, dispatch in transit or transport any dangerous drug, including any and all species of opium poppy regardless of the quantity and purity involved, or shall act as a broker in any of such transactions. (Emphasis supplied)

⁵ AN ACT INSTITUTING THE COMPREHENSIVE DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT OF 2002, REPEALING REPUBLIC ACT No. 6425, 0THERWISE KNOWN AS THE DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT OF 1972, AS AMENDED, PROVIDING FUNDS THEREFOR, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.

⁶ Records, p. 2.

⁷ Id. at 32.

⁸ Equivalent to five grams of shabu.

⁹ Folder of exhibits, pp. 12-13.

¹⁰ Per Chemistry Report No. PDEA-DD139-09, id. at 4.

CONCLUSION:

Specimens A to G contains Methamphetamine Hydrochloride, a dangerous drug under RA 9165.

x x x x

¹¹ Per Chemistry Report No. PDEA-DT079-09, id. at 6.

¹² CA rollo, pp. 41-42.

¹³Rollo, p. 19.

¹⁴ Id. at 32-34 and 37-39.

¹⁵ The Information reads:cralawlawlibrary

That on or about the 14^th day of July, 2009 in Caloocan City, Metro Manila and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the above-named accused, without authority of law, did then and there willfully, unlawfully and feloniously sell and deliver to [IO1] JOSEPH L. SAMSON, who posed as buyer, METHYLAMPHETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE (Sbabu) weighing 4.5722 grams, 4.1451 grams, 4.2055 grams, 3.8220 grams, 3.4999 grams, 4.5061 grams & 4.7124 grams, a dangerous drug, without the corresponding license or prescription therefore, knowing the same to be such. (Emphasis supplied) (Records, p. 2.)

¹⁶ See People v. Rebotazo, G.R. No. 192913, June 13, 2013, 698 SCRA 452,465.

¹⁷People v. Taculod, G.R. No. 198108, December 11, 2013, 712 SCRA 562, 576-577.

¹⁸People v. Pagaduan, 641 Phil. 432, 444 (2010).

¹⁹ R.A. No. 9165, Article II, Section 21, paragraph I provides:ChanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

SEC. 21. Custody and Disposition of Confiscated, Seized, and/or Surrendered Dangerous Drugs, Plant Sources of Dangerous Drugs, Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals, Instruments/Paraphernalia and/or Laboratory Equipment. - The PDEA shall take charge and have custody of all dangerous drugs, plant sources of dangerous drugs, controlled precursors and essential chemicals, as well as instruments/paraphernalia and/or laboratory equipment so confiscated, seized and/or surrendered, for proper disposition in the following manner:ChanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

(1) The apprehending team having initial custody and control of the drugs shall, immediately after seizure and confiscation, physically inventory and photograph the same in the presence of the accused or the person/s from whom such items were confiscated and/or seized, or his/her representative or counsel, a representative from the media and the Department of Justice (DOJ), and any elected public official who shall be required to sign the copies of the inventory and be given a copy thereof[.]

²⁰ Implementing Rules and Regulations of R.A. No. 9165, Article II, Section 21(a) provides:ChanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

SECTION 21. Custody and Disposition of Confiscated, Seized, and/or Surrendered Dangerous Drugs, Plant Sources of Dangerous Drugs, Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals, Instruments/Paraphernalia and/or Laboratory Equipment. -The PDEA shall take charge and have custody of all dangerous drugs, plant sources of dangerous drugs, controlled precursors and essential chemicals, as well as instruments/paraphernalia and/or laboratory equipment so confiscated, seized and/or surrendered, for proper disposition in the following manner:ChanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

(a) The apprehending officer/team having initial custody and control of the drugs shall, immediately after seizure and confiscation, physically inventory and photograph the same in the presence of the accused or the person/s from whom such items were confiscated and/or seized, or his/her representative or counsel, a representative from the media and the Department of Justice (DOJ), and any elected public official who shall be required to sign the copies of the inventory and be given a copy thereof: Provided, that the physical inventory and photograph shall be conducted at the place where the search warrant is served; or at the nearest police station or at the nearest office of the apprehending officer/team, whichever is practicable, in case of warrantless seizures; Provided, further, that non-compliance with these requirements under justifiable grounds, as long as the integrity and the evidentiary value of the seized items are properly preserved by the apprehending officer/team, shall not render void and invalid such seizures of and custody over said items[.]

²¹People v. Salvador, G.R. No. 190621, February 10, 2014, 715 SCRA 617, 633-634.

²²People v. Pagaduan, supra note 18, at 446.

²³ People v. Garcia, 599 Phil. 416, 432-433 (2009).

²⁴ Also referred to as Specimens A to G in Chemistry Report PDEA-DD139-09, supra note 10.

²⁵cralawred TSN, September 21, 2010, pp. 9-13.

²⁶ TSN, April 12, 2010, pp. 18-19.

²⁷ TSN, May 24,2010, pp. 15-16.

²⁸People v. Bartolome, G.R. No. 191726, February 6, 2013, 690 SCRA 159, 167.

³⁰ G.R. No. 196966, October 23, 2013, 708 SCRA 547, 560.

³¹ G.R. No. 194606, February 18, 2015.

³² Supra note 4.