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G.R. Nos. 240402-20 - CESAR P. ALPAY Petitioner, v. PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Respondent.
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G.R. Nos. 240402-20 - CESAR P. ALPAY Petitioner, v. PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Respondent.
THIRD DIVISION
G.R. Nos. 240402-20, June 28, 2021
CESAR P. ALPAY Petitioner, v. PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Respondent.
R E S O L U T I O N
INTING, J.:
Assailed in this Petition for Review on Certiorari1 under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court are the Decision2 dated April 24, 2018 and Order3 dated May 25, 2018 issued by the Sandiganbayan, Fifth Division, in Criminal Case Nos. SB-10-CRM-0045 to 0083.
Cesar P. Alpay (petitioner) was accused in thirty-nine (39) Informations under Article 171 of the Revised Penal Code (RPC). The accusatory portion of Criminal Case No. SB-10-CRM-0045 states:chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
"That on or about 30 June 2004, or sometime prior or subsequent thereto, in the Municipality of Unisan, Quezon, and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the accused CESAR P. ALPAY, a high ranking public official, being the Municipal Mayor of Unisan, Quezon, taking advantage of his official position and while in the discharge of his official functions, and committing the offense in relation thereto, did then and there, willfully, unlawfully, and feloniously falsify or cause to be falsified Disbursement Voucher No. 401-2004-06-154 dated 30 June 2004 and its supporting documents by making it appear that a certain Florencio Tapero received financial assistance in the amount of Sixty-three thousand eight hundred thirty pesos (Php 63,830.00) under the Isang Bayan, Isang Produkto, Isang Milyong [Pisong] Programa ni GMA, when in truth and in fact, and as the accused knew fully well that said person did not receive such financial assistance but instead was given a hand tractor purchased by the Municipality of Unisan without the benefit of public bidding and in violation of ti1e terms of the Isang Bayan, Isang Produkto, Isang Milyong [Pisong] Programa ni GMA, to the damage and prejudice of the said municipality and the intended beneficiary.The Informations for the rest of the charges were similarly worded except for the allegations of the following details, viz.:chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
CONTRARY TO LAW."4chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary
When arraigned, petitioner pleaded not guilty to all the charges.6
The present case shares the same factual background as G.R. No. 205976 entitled "Alpay v. Sandiganbayan Fourth Division."7
In 2003, then President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (PGMA) issued Executive Order No. (EO) 1768 which institutionalized the "Isang Bayan, Isang Produkto, Isang Milyong Piso" program of the government designed to allocate lending to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) through identified funding sources. The funding amounted to one million pesos for every city or municipality in the country.9
In the second quarter of 2004 and prior to the end of his term, petitioner, who was then the outgoing Mayor of the Municipality of Unisan, Quezon Province, discussed his plan to make use of the P1,000,000.00 financial assistance for the benefit of SMEs in his municipality. He planned to distribute a portion of the financial assistance to selected farmers and fishermen to enable them to purchase much-needed motor engines for bancas and hand tractors. The project was subject to the condition that the farmers can only use the money for the sole purpose of purchasing the equipment. On June 30, 2004, petitioner invited 42 farmers-fishermen beneficiaries to his residence. They were given cash with simultaneous acquisition or purchase of hand tractors and motor engines to support the small-scale operation of their respective businesses. The recipients were asked to sign a list and a document indicating receipt of the equipment.10
According to Teresita Musca (Musca), Nlunicipal Accountant, she processed disbursement vouchers for PGMA's livelihood project. She received 42 disbursement vouchers from the Office of the Municipal Mayor, all of which bore petitioner's signature certifying that the expenses/cash advances were necessary, lawful, and incurred under his direct supervision. She then affixed her signature certifying to the completeness and propriety of the supporting documents. The vouchers were accompanied by an unsigned Sinumpaang Salaysay where it was stated that a certain beneficiary received a certain amount. The Sinumpaang Salaysay was to be signed by the recipient upon release of the money.11
Soon after, Bernardita de Jesus (de Jesus), Municipal Treasurer, received 42 disbursement vouchers from the Office of the Municipal Accountant. She noticed that the vouchers she received already bore the signatures of petitioner and Musca. De Jesus asserted that the disbursement vouchers she received did not follow the normal procedure as she had yet to first sign and certify as to the availability of the funds. Because she knew that the project was funded and that the vouchers were already signed by petitioner and Musca, she issued the checks and sent them to petitioner for signature.12 However, contrary to the procedure, both de Jesus and Musca testified that the checks were not returned to the Office of the Treasurer for distribution.13
Petitioner denied the allegations. He alleged that after Nonato E. Puache won the mayoralty race in May 2004, the latter accomplished and submitted a Memorandum Receipt for Equipment, Semi-Expendable and Non-Expendable Property for all the transactions involving the financial assistance program (Memorandum). The Memorandum made it appear that during his term, his office received motor engines and hand tractors for itself and not for the beneficiaries. A report from the Commission on Audit further stated that the financial assistance program should have undergone public bidding considering that it was the Municipality that purchased the motor engines.14
Out of the 39 beneficiaries named in the Informations filed against petitioner, only six testified for the prosecution, 20 testified for the defense while 13 recanted their testimony in favor of petitioner.15
On April 24, 2018, the Sandiganbayan rendered a Decision16 in Criminal Case Nos. SB-10-CRM-0045 to 0083 as follows: the Sandiganbayan acquitted petitioner in Criminal Case Nos. SB-10-CRM-0045, 0046, 0047, 0049, 0052, 0053, 0060, 0062, 0064, 0068, 0072, 0073, 0075, 0076, 0077, 0078, 0079, 0080, 0081, and 0082; but it found him guilty beyond reasonable doubt in Criminal Case Nos. SB-10-CRM-0048, 0050, 0051, 0054, 0055, 0056, 0057, 0058, 0059, 0061, 0063, 0065, 0066, 0067, 0069, 0070, 0071, 0074, and 0083 for the crime of Falsification by Public Officer, Employee or Notary or Ecclesiastic Minister under Article 171 of the RPC and sentenced him to suffer the indeterminate penalty of imprisonment of six (6) months and one (1) day of prision correccional, as minimum, to six (6) years and one (1) day of prision mayor, as maximum, and ordering him to pay a fine of P5,000.00 in each of the case.17
The dispositive portion of the assailed Decision reads:chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
WHEREFORE, premises considered, the Court renders judgment as follows:Petitioner filed a Motion for Reconsideration19 of the Decision but the Sandiganbayan denied it in an Order20 dated May 25, 2018.
1. For Criminal Case Nos. SB-10-CRM-0045, 0046, 0047, 0049, 0052, 0053, 0060, 0062, 0064, 0068, 0072, 0073, 0075, 0076, 0077, 0078, 0079, 0080, 0081 & 0082, accused Cesar P. Alpay is ACQUITTED of the charges against him in view of the failure of the prosecution to prove his guilt beyond reasonable doubt. The Hold Departure Order against the accused with respect to these cases are CANCELLED.
2. For Criminal Case Nos. SB-10-CRM-0048, 0050, 0051, 0054, 0055, 0056, 0057, 0058, 0059, 0061, 0063, 0065, 0066, 0067, 0069, 0070, 0071, 0074, & 0083, accused Cesar P. Alpay is found GUILTY beyond reasonable doubt in each of these cases. The mitigating circumstance of voluntary surrender is credited to him in each of these cases. He is, therefore, meted the indeterminate penalty of six (6) months and one (1) day of prision correccional, as minimum, to six (6) years and one (1) day of prision mayor, as maximum, in each of these cases. He is further fined P5,000 in each of these cases.
SO ORDERED.18chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary
Hence, the petition.
Petitioner puts forward the following assignment of errors:chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
1. The Sandiganbayan gravely erred in finding him guilty of 19 counts of falsification under Article 171 of the RPC; andPetitioner submits that as former Mayor of Unisan, Quezon, he did not intervene in the preparation of the subject documents.21 He explained that it was impossible for him to commit the crimes because as the then mayor, he did not have the duty to make, prepare, or otherwise intervene in the preparation of the subject documents.22 Assuming for the sake of argument that the subject documents were falsified, he is not the author thereof. Further, he did not cause it to appear that the beneficiaries have participated in any act or proceeding.23
2. The Sandiganbayan gravely erred in denying his Motion for Reconsideration for lack of interest on his part to prosecute the motion.
Moreover, petitioner avers that the Sandiganbayan likewise gravely erred in denying his Motion for Reconsideration based on the failure of his counsel to appear during the hearing for the motion. He argued that his contentions, the reliefs and remedies prayed for, such as the reversal of the assailed Decision, are all included in his Motion for Reconsideration; thus, he need not reiterate them in open court.24
In its Comment,25 People of the Philippines contend that there is sufficient basis for the finding of guilt against petitioner. Petitioner's position enabled him to influence both the Municipal Treasurer and Accountant to cause the issuance of the checks to his chosen beneficiaries. This happened notwithstanding the earlier objections from the members of the Bids and Awards Committee. His intervention became even more apparent with his signature on the disbursement vouchers when they were forwarded to the Municipal Treasurer and Accountant-a clear contravention of the established procedures. As against the positive testimonies of the witnesses and the silence of petitioner, the former must prevail and be given evidentiary weight.26
Meanwhile, in his Reply27 to the Comment of the People of the Philippines, petitioner reiterated his position that the prosecution failed to prove all the elements of the crime of Falsification by Public Officer, Employee or Notary or Ecclesiastic Minister; and that there is no circumstantial evidence to show that he authored the alleged forgery and falsification of the subject documents. Further, the Sandiganbayan erred in summarily dismissing the retraction of some witnesses.28
It is a basic tenet that the appellate jurisdiction of the Court over decisions and final orders of the Sandiganbayan is limited only to questions of law. The Court does not review the factual findings of the Sandiganbayan that are generally conclusive upon the Court.29
Question of law exists "when a doubt or a difference arises as to what the law is on a certain state of facts, and the question does not call for an examination of the probative value of the evidence presented by the parties-litigants."30 Meanwhile, the question of fact emerges "when the query necessarily solicits calibration of the whole evidence considering mostly the credibility of witnesses, existence, and relevance of specific surrounding circumstances, their relation to each other and the whole, and probabilities of the situation."31
The sufficiency of evidence, circumstantial or otherwise, to support a conviction of a crime is a factual issue, the determination of which is better left to the lower court. Such factual determination is respected and rendered conclusive as an acknowledgment of the court's intrinsic competence to experientially evaluate evidence.32 In convicting herein petitioner, the Sandiganbayan found sufficient circumstantial evidence pointing to the inevitable conclusion that petitioner is indeed guilty of falsification.
Nevertheless, as declared by the Court in Villarosa v. People,33 while the Court is not a trier of facts, it may analyze, review, and even reverse findings of facts if there is compelling reason to do so. Moreover, the unique nature of an appeal in a criminal case is that the appeal throws the whole case open for review of all its aspects. The Court, acting in its appellate jurisdiction over the decisions and final orders of the Sandiganbayan, is duty-bound to correct, cite and appreciate errors in the appealed judgment, whether they are assigned or unassigned. It is incumbent upon the Court to render such judgment as law and justice dictate, whether it be favorable or unfavorable to the accused.34
In the petition, petitioner denies having "actually" falsified the subject documents. He argues that, assuming that the signatures appearing on the subject documents do not belong to the witnesses, the prosecution nonetheless failed to establish that the falsification was his own doing. The witnesses' denial of their signatures does not amount to the fact that he forged their signatures.35
The petition lacks merit.
Petitioner's denial, unsubstantiated and uncorroborated, must certainly fail. Denial, when unsubstantiated by clear and convincing evidence, is negative and self-serving evidence. It deserves no greater evidentiary value than the testimony of credible witnesses who testify on affirmative matters.36
The lack of evidence showing that petitioner "actually" forged the signatures of the witness-beneficiaries cannot exonerate him. The Court has previously ruled that it is not strange to realize that in cases of forgery, the prosecution would not always have the means of obtaining such direct evidence to confute acts contrived clandestinely. Courts have to rely on circumstantial evidence consisting of pieces of facts, which if woven together would produce a single network establishing doubt.37
Circumstantial evidence indirectly proves a fact in issue. In Our jurisdiction, circumstantial evidence could establish the commission of the crime and the identity of its perpetrator.38 The utilization of circumstantial evidence to support a conviction is a recognition of the instances when direct evidence is not available due to the clandestine nature of the crime or the perpetrator's desire to conceal it.39]
Under the 2019 Amendments to the 1989 Revised Rules on Evidence,40 the following requisites must be shown to sustain a conviction based on circumstantial evidence, to wit: (a) there is more than one circumstance; (b) the facts from which the inferences are derived are proven; and (c) the combination of all the circumstances is such as to produce a conviction beyond reasonable doubt.41 Also, the circumstances being considered must be consiste11t with the hypothesis that the accused is the author of the crime.42
Guided by the principles, the Court is convinced that petitioner's guilt beyond reasonable doubt was established by the following pieces of evidence considered by the Sandiganbayan.
First, it is not disputed that petitioner was a public officer at the time material to the case. Specifically, he was the Mayor of Unisan, Quezon.
Second, petitioner took advantage of his official position. An officer is said to have taken advantage of his official position in the falsification of a document if he had the duty to make or prepare or otherwise intervene in the preparation of the document or he had official custody of the document.
In this case, it was petitioner himself who informed the department heads about his intention to use the funds for the Isang Bayan, Isang Produkto, Isang Milyong Pisong Programa ni GMA. Per testimonies of de Jesus and Musca, there was a "reversed-process" in the preparation of documents with petitioner pre-signing and pre-approving the release of funds before the responsible officers affixed their signatures. Worse, de Jesus testified that when the duplicate copies of the checks were returned to her office, the acknowledgment receipts falsely stated that the checks were received from her.43
Third, the prosecution witnesses Virginia Buhat, Romeo delos Santos, Samuel Padilla, Sofronio Matriano, Gernan Gollena, and Guillermo Nepomuceno denied having signed the subject documents and receiving the hand tractors or motor engines. They did not, in fact, participate in the program.
As regards the other witnesses who recanted their previous testimonies,44 the Court affi1ms the ruling of the Sandiganbayan that their purported recantation has no probative value. The Sandiganbayan properly observed:chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
In their previous testimonies as witnesses for the prosecution, the witness positively identified that the purported signatures on the disbursement vouchers and its accompanying documents are not really their signatures. The prosecution even offered in evidence copies of their identification cards with their signatures, which bear their authentic signatures.Recantations are viewed with suspicion and reservation. They are not reliable and deserve only scant attention. The rationale for the rule is obvious. Affidavits of retraction can easily be secured from witnesses, usually through intimidation or for monetary consideration. Recanted testimony is exceedingly unreliable as there is always the probability that it will later be repudiated.46 The Court explained in length in one case:chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
These witnesses also earlier testified that no checks were distributed to them. Witness Rojas, who was then an agricultural technologist and was present when the accused led the distribution of the equipment corroborated the witness-beneficiaries" earlier testimonies that no check was distributed.
In contrast, in their testimonies for the accused, the witness-�beneficiaries conveniently weave their identifications of their respective signatures into one similar narrative. There is no attempt to explain why they changed their testimony or why they were mistaken when they initially denied their signatures. There is, in fact, no mention of their previous testimony. They testified as if they never denied their signatures.
All things considered, the witness-beneficiaries recantation of their denial of their signatures is coming off as an afterthought.45chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary
Indeed, it is a dangerous rule to set aside a testimony which has been solemnly taken before a court of justice in an open and free trial and under conditions precisely sought to discourage and forestall falsehood simply because one of the witnesses who had given the testimony later on changed his mind. Such a rule will make solemn trials a mockery and place the investigation of the truth at the mercy of unscrupulous witnesses. Unless there be special circumstances which, coupled with the retraction of the witness, really raise doubt as to the truth of the testimony given by him at the trial and accepted by the trial judge, and only if such testimony is essential to the judgment of conviction, or its elimination would lead the trial judge to a different conclusion, an acquittal of the accused based on such a retraction would not be justified.Absent any special circumstance attendant to this case, the recantation of some of the witness-beneficiaries fails to cast doubt on the truth and veracity of their earlier testimonies as well as to the collective statements of all of the prosecution witnesses as a whole.48
This Court has always looked with disfavor upon retraction of testimonies previously given in court. The asserted motives for the repudiation are commonly held suspect, and the veracity of the statements made in the affidavit repudiation are frequently and deservedly subject to serious doubt.
Such being the experience of this court, we should proceed with extreme caution and judicial prudence in according any probative value to affidavits of recantation in the light of the sad reality that the same can be easily secured from poor and ignorant witnesses for some financial consideration or through intimidation. Especially when the affidavit of retraction is executed by a prosecution witness after the judgment of conviction has already been rendered, "it is too late in the day for his recantation without portraying himself as a liar." At most, the retraction is an afterthought which should not be given probative value.47 (Italics supplied; citations omitted.)
Fourth, significantly, records of the case established a paper trail of documents and participation of petitioner in the subject transactions. Petitioner intervend in the preparation of the documents and even participated in the distribution of the proceeds of the vouchers. From the time of the preparation of the disbursement vouchers up to the time of the distribution of the checks and the submission of the acknowledgment receipts, he had custody of the subject documents and initiated their circulation. The Sandiganbayan explained:chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
First as testified to by witness municipal accountant Musca[,] the disbursement vouchers originated from the Office of the Mayor and the accused had already signed boxes A and D of the vouchers, contrary to established procedure. He approved the subject of the vouchers even without the signatures of the municipal auditor and treasurer. This confirms that he had already committed irregularities with respect to the vouchers and he had physical possession of the vouchers.Notably, the series of transactions from the issuance of the disbursement vouchers up to the receipt of the equipment and machines by the beneficiaries, all transpired only in one day-on petitioner's last day of term as Mayor. To make the situation worse, petitioner made it appear that the distribution of the proceeds of the fund was a direct financial assistance when in truth, the beneficiaries received either a hand tractor or a motor engine-a clear violation of EO 176.
Second, it appears that the accused caused the preparation and circulation of the disbursement vouchers. x x x, the accused initiated the circulation of the falsified documents.x x x
After the municipal treasurer issued the checks, the accused had possession of the documents. He held these documents until the distribution of the equipment. The accused knew that the proceeds of the vouchers should be given to the beneficiaries. Yet, when he supposedly called the beneficiaries, he gave away equipment instead of the checks. In the time the accused possessed the documents, the arrangement to convert the funds to equipment was carried out.49chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary
In the end, there is also no greater proof of the crime than the direct testimony of the heads of the municipal government and the beneficiaries that the amounts distributed by petitioner to the alleged fishermen-farmers/beneficiaries were not distributed to the deserving SMEs as EO 176 required.
The penalty of imprisonment is the same for falsification both under the RPC and Republic Act No. (RA) 1095150 which is prision mayor, albeit, the imposable fine is different. Under the RPC, the imposable fine is not more than P5,000.00; while under RA 10951, the imposable fine is not more than P1,000,000.00. The penalty of fine of not more than P5,000.00 under the old law should be imposed because this is more favorable to petitioner than the penalty of fine of not more than P1,000,000.00 under the present law.51
Upon taking into consideration the mitigating circumstance of voluntary surrender, the penalty to be imposed in each case is the minimum of prision mayor which is from six (6) years and one (1) day to eight (8) years. The range of penalty under the Indeterminate Sentence Law is prision correccional in any of its periods, as minimum, to the minimum period of prision mayor, as maximum. Hence, the penalty imposed by the Sandiganbayan which is imprisonment of six (6) months and one (1) day of prision correccional, as minimum, to six (6) years and one (1) day of prision mayor, as maximum, is in accordance with law.
Considering the foregoing, the other issues raised in the petition need not be discussed.
WHEREFORE, the petition is DENIED. The assailed Decision dated April 24, 2018 and the Order dated May 25, 2018 of the Sandiganbayan, Fifth Division, are AFFIRMED.
1. For Criminal Case Nos. SB-10-CRM-0045, 0046, 0047, 0049, 0052, 0053, 0060, 0062, 0064, 0068, 0072, 0073, 0075, 0076, 0077, 0078, 0079, 0080, 0081, and 0082, petitioner Cesar P. Alpay is ACQUITTED.
2. For Criminal Case Nos. SB-10-CRM-0048, 0050, 0051, 0054, 0055, 0056, 0057, 0058, 0059, 0061, 0063, 0065, 0066, 0067, 0069, 0070, 0071, 0074, and 0083, petitioner Cesar P. Alpay is found GUILTY beyond reasonable doubt for the crime of Falsification by Public Officer, Employee or Notary or Ecclesiastic Minister under Article 171 of the Revised Penal Code, and sentencing him to suffer the penalty of imprisonment of six (6) months and one (1) day of prision correccional, as minimum, to six (6) years and one (1) day of prision mayor, as maximum, to be served consecutively, and ordering him to pay a fine of P5,000.00 in each of the case.chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
SO ORDERED.
Leonen, (Chairperson), Hernando, Delos Santos, and J. Lopez, JJ., concur.chanrobleslawlibrary
Endnotes:
1Rollo, pp. 3-28.
2Id. at 34-69; penned by Associate Justice Rafael R. Lagos with Associate Justices Maria Theresa V. Mendoza-Arcega and Maryann E. Corpus-Ma�alac, concurring.
3Id. at 96.
4Id. at 34-35.
5Id. at 35-36.
6Id. at 37.
7 G.R. No. 205976 (Notice), August 5, 2013.
8 Entitled, "Institutionalizing the 'Isang Bayan, Isang Produkto, Isang Milyong Piso' Program to Stimulate Local Economic Activity," approved on February 11, 2003.
9Alpay v. Sandiganbayan Fourth Division, supra note 7.
10Id.
11Id.
12Id.
13Rollo, pp. 50, 268.
14Id. at 9.
15Id. at 51-52.
16Id. at 34-69.
17Id. at 68.
18Id. at 68.
19Id. at 70-93.
20Id. at 96.
21Id. at 18.
22Id. at 20.
23Id. at 18.
24Id. at 23.
25Id. at 265-283.
26Id. at 275.
27Id. at 296-310.
28Id. at 303.
29Herrera v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. Nos. 217064-65 (Notice), December 4, 2019, citing Zoleta v. Sandiganbayan, 765 Phil. 39, 52 (2015).
30 Id., citing Adlawan v. People, 830 Phil. 88, 101 (2018).
31Id., citing Adlawan v. People, id. at 102.
32People v. Bueza, Jr., G.R. No. 233743 (Notice), December 2, 2019, citing Macayan, Jr. v. People, 756 Phil. 203, 214-215 (2015) and People v. Taguibuya, 674 Phil. 476, 480-481 (2011).
33 G.R. No. 233155-63 (Notice), July 17, 2018.
34Id.
35Rollo, p. 19.
36Pacasum v. People, 603 Phil. 612, 634 (2009), citing People v. Maglente, 578 Phil. 980, 1000 (2008) and People v. Agsaoay, Jr., 474 Phil. 509, 527-528 (2004).
37Id., citing Caubang v. People, 285 Phil. 875, 891 (1992).
38People v. Buerza, Jr., supra note 32, citing Bacerra v. People, 812 Phil. 25, 36 (2017).
39Id., citing Zabala v. People, 752 Phil. 59, 67 (2015).
40 A.M. No. 19-08-15-SC
41Id., citing Section 4, Rule 133, 2019 Amendments to the 1989 Revised Rules on Evidence.
42Id., citing People v. Tajada, 442 Phil. 369, 376 (2002).
43Rollo, p. 274.
44 The beneficiaries who later testified in favor of petitioner after recanting their previous testimonies are Efren Pasamon, Javier Magante, Hardie de Mesa, Melquiades Da�o, Era�o Merluza, Armando Cabiola, Edwin Manceras, Joseph Dabucol, Cenon Sumilang, Felipe Labudlay, Christopher Valenzuela, Leovino Lagan, and Edwin Gonzales, id. at 51-52.
45Rollo, p. 59.
46People v. P/Supt. Lamson, et al., 711 Phil. 256, 259 (2013), citing Regidor, Jr., et al. v. People, et al., 598 Phil. 714, 737 (2009), further citing Balderama v. People, et al., 566 Phil. 412, 421 (2008).
47Molina, et al. v. People, 328 Phil. 445, 466-467 (1996).
48People v. P/Supt. Lamson, et al., supra note 46 at 261.
49Rollo. pp. 64-65.
50 Entitled, "An Act Adjusting the Amount or the Value of Property and Damage on Which a Penalty is Based, and the Fines Imposed under the Revised Penal Code," approved on August 29, 2017.
51Desmoparan v. People, G.R. No. 233598, March 27, 2019.cralawredlibrary
