Philippine Supreme Court Jurisprudence > Year 2021 > November 2021 Decisions > G.R. No. 246496 - FILOMENA LAZAGA, HEIRS OF MAMERTO AGABAS, NAMELY: NATIVIDAD AGABAS, ERNESTO AGABAS, HEIRS OF DOMINGA LUCENA, NAMELY: ARMANDO LUCENA, HELENITA LUCENA AND ALEXANDER LUCENA, FOR THEMSELVES AND ALSO AS HEIRS OF LORETA SAYDOQUEN, Petitioners, v. SPOUSES CORAZON ARCANO AND FELIAS ARCANO, Respondents. :

Before Us is a Petition for Review on Certiorari¹ assailing the Resolution² dated May 29, 2018 of the Court of Appeals (CA) in CA-G.R. SP No. 155201, which affirmed the Decision³ dated February 19, 2018 of the Regional Trial Court (RTC) of Tagudin, Ilocos Sur, Branch 25 in Civil Case No. 01671-T.
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Facts of the Case

The case stemmed from a complaint for quieting of title and an action for reconveyance filed by petitioners Filomena Lazaga (Filomena), the heirs of Mamerto Agabas, the heirs of Dominga Lucena and the heirs of Loreta Saydoquen against respondents spouses Corazon Arcano (Corazon) and Felias Arcano (Felias).⁴chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

Petitioners claimed that they are the owners of certain parcels of land described as follows:

1. Unirrigated riceland, situated in Nalvo, Quimposa, Suyo, Ilocos Sur, bounded on the North by Melecio Lazaga, on the South by Mamerto Agabas, on the East by Brook, and on the West by Andres Daquian, containing an area of 2258 square meters and covered by Tax Declaration (TD) No. 753-D in the name of Filomena A. Lazaga.⁵chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary
   
2. Unirrigated riceland, situated in Nalvo, Quimposa, Suyo, Ilocos Sur, bounded on the North by Filomena, on the South by Loreta A. Saydoquen, on the East by Brook, and on the West by Andres Daquian, containing an area of 2258 square meters and covered by Tax Declaration (TD) No. 754-D in the name of Mamerto Agabas.⁶chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary
   
3. Unirrigated riceland, situated in Nalvo, Quimposa, Suyo, Ilocos Sur, bounded on the North by Ramon Lazaga (now Melecio Lazaga), on the South by Dominga A. Lucena, on the East by Brook, and on the West by Andres Daquian, containing an area of 2258 square meters and covered by Tax Declaration (TD) No. 755-D in the name of Loreta A. Saydoquen.⁷chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary
   
4. Unirrigated riceland, situated in Nalvo, Quimposa, Suyo, Ilocos Sur, bounded on the North by Loreta A. Saydoquen, on the South by Brook, on the East by Brook, and on the West by Andres Daquian, containing an area of 2258 square meters and covered by Tax Declaration (TD) No. 756-D in the name of Dominga A. Lucena.⁸chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary
   

The property was originally owned and possessed by Fidel Agabas (Fidel), the father of Filomena, Mamerto, Dominga and Loreta. The same was possessed and cultivated by Fidel as early as 1945 and was covered by TD No. 2778-B⁹ containing 6000 square meters under the name of Fidel. Fidel levelled the mountainous parts of the property and transformed them into ricefields. A hut was erected on the property. Fidel's family also helped in cultivating and improving the land.¹⁰chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary
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In 1960, the subject property was subdivided among Fidel's children and the corresponding tax declarations were issued in their names. Petitioners planted rice, vegetables, mango trees, avocado, mahogany and varieties of trees on the hilly portion of the property. The occupation and possession of Fidel and his family had not been disturbed.¹¹chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

In 2008, petitioners had the property surveyed for purposes of land registration, the engineer who surveyed the property informed petitioners that the subject property was already covered by a certificate of title in favor of another person. Petitioners discovered that Samuel Subagan (Samuel), was able to obtain a free patent¹² over the subject property. In the free patent application,¹³ Samuel fraudulently stated that the subject property was neither claimed nor occupied by another person and that it was Samuel who tilled the same.

Petitioners were surprised to learn about the free patent application because they have possessed and cultivated the subject property for a long time. It was Fidel who levelled the mountainous portion of the property and planted rice, various types of trees and vegetables on the subject property. Samuel, on the other hand, had never even possessed nor cultivated the subject property for a single moment.¹⁴chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

Petitioners also discovered that the subject property was transferred to Samuel's daughter, respondent Corazon, by virtue of a Voluntary Land Transfer.¹⁵ As a result, respondent Corazon was issued a new Transfer Certificate of Title (TCT) No. VLT-197.¹⁶chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

Respondents filed an ejectment case against petitioners but the same was dismissed. Consequently, petitioners filed a complaint for quieting of title and for reconveyance.

Apolonio S. Iquias (Apolonio) and Orencia Bugtong Abasco (Orencia), testified that they were neighbors of Fidel. They claimed that only Fidel and his family cultivated the disputed property. At present, the same was possessed and cultivated by petitioners and their families. No other family possessed and cultivated the same. Neither Samuel nor respondents cultivated the subject property.¹⁷chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

On the other hand, respondents claimed that the disputed property is a portion of their whole property, containing an area of 27,694 square meters covered by TCT No. VLT-197 which belonged to them and their predecessor-in-interest. Respondents alleged that the subject property was originally owned by Antonio Bistoyong (Antonio), respondent Corazon's grandfather. TD No. 2763 was issued in favor of Antonio. When the latter died, the land was given to Corazon's mother, but the tax declarations were named in favor of Samuel. The latter eventually gave the property to Corazon.¹⁸chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

Respondent Corazon argued that they bulldozed the property to transform them into ricefields. They also planted mahogany, mangoes and varieties of trees. In fact, petitioners saw them bulldozing the property and they did not react.¹⁹chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

Respondent Corazon admitted that petitioners were cultivating a portion of their entire property. She claimed that her grandfather Antonio only allowed Fidel and his family to temporarily cultivate such portion that they were presently occupying so that Fidel would have something to feed his family. As such, their occupation was merely tolerated by her grandfather and father.²⁰chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

Respondent Felias argued that TD No. 2778-B in the name of Fidel and the tax declarations in the names of Filomena, Mamerto, Dominga and Loreta were incorrect. The subject property and the boundaries appearing therein could not be found in Nalvo. Further, petitioners were claiming more than 6000 square meters, the area covered in TD No. 2778-B in the name of Fidel.²¹chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

Melecios A. Padios, a former resident of Poblacion, testified that after the war, Fidel and his family migrated to Poblacion and lived with Antonio. He corroborated the respondents' testimony that Antonio merely allowed Fidel to work on his land. Melecios further testified that Fidel wanted the subject property to be declared in his name, but Antonio refused.²²chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

Ruling of the Municipal Circuit Trial Court

In its Decision²³ dated December 28, 2016, the Municipal Circuit Trial Court (MCTC) in Tagudin-Suyo, Ilocos Sur, ruled in favor of petitioners.

At the outset, the MCTC ruled that the action filed by petitioners is principally for reconveyance of the property since petitioners prayed to order the reconveyance of the subject property to the rightful owners.²⁴ As to the identity of the land, the MCTC ruled that the issue as to the identity of the land should not have been raised any more considering that the parties during the pre-trial stipulated that the subject property is the same property claimed by respondents as their own. Further, the whole property claimed by respondents had common boundaries with the property claimed by petitioners. The boundary of the subject property indicated in the tax declaration of Filomena and Loreta are bounded on the N01ih by the property of Ramon Lazaga and on the East by a brook. Same with the boundaries on the North and on the East as stated in the tax declaration issued in Samuel's name. Even in the tax declaration issued in the name of respondent Corazon, the same was bounded on the North by the property of Melecio Lazaga (formerly Ramon Lazaga) and on the East by a brook.²⁵chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

Also, during the testimony of Corazon, she admitted that the subject property claimed by petitioners is part of their property. The MCTC found that the property of Fidel is subsumed in the property covered by TCT No. VLT 197 in favor of respondent Corazon.²⁶chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

The MCTC also held that petitioners' occupation and that of their predecessors since 1945 and tax payments made by Fidel since 1947. Their occupation and possession of the subject property was not disturbed upon the death of Antonio, and even when the whole property was titled in favor of Samuel, and eventually transferred to respondent Corazon. Respondents failed to prove that petitioners' possession of the subject property was through tolerance. They failed to show any overt act of such permission accorded to petitioners and their predecessors to occupy the subject property. Therefore, petitioners acquired a vested right and interest over the subject property, their uninterrupted possession as early as 1945 conferred an effective title on them.²⁷chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

Also, the free patent applied by Samuel was based on false representation. First, Samuel falsely represented that the said property was not claimed or occupied by any person; second, Samuel knew at the time he applied for free pated that petitioners and their predecessors were the occupants of the property and had been cultivating the same; third, the free patent application was not published; fourth, Samuel had never been in possession of the property; and lastly, even when the free patent had been issued, petitioners still exercised uninterrupted acts of ownership over the property.²⁸chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

As to the discrepancy in the lot area, the MCTC found that while the lot area indicated in Fidel's TD No. 2778-B was 6000 square meters as opposed to the combined 9032 square meters indicated in the tax declarations issued to Filomena, Mamerto, Dominga and Loreta, it was still the same property occupied and cultivated by Fidel, which possession continued up to the present. Petitioner Filomena testified that the property was actually larger when they had the land surveyed and subdivided.²⁹ Thus:
chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary

WHEREFORE, premises considered, JUDGMENT is hereby rendered as follows:

1. Declaring the plaintiffs as the lawful owner of the subject property located in Nalvo, Quimposa, Suyo, Ilocos Sur, described as follows:
   
   1. Unirrigated riceland, covered by tax declaration numbered 753-D in the name of Filomena Agabas Lazaga with an area of 2,258 sq.m., bounded on the North by Melecio Lazaga, on the South by Mamerto Agabas, on the East by a brook and on the West by Andres Daguian;
      
   2. Unirrigated riceland, covered by tax declaration numbered 754-D in the name of Mamerto Agabas with an area of 2,258 sq.m., bounded on the North by Filomena A. Lazaga, on the South by Loreta A. Saydoquen, on the East by a brook and on the West by Andres Daguian;
      
   3. Unirrigated riceland, covered by tax declaration numbered 756-D in the name of Dominga Agabas Lucena with an area of 2,229(sic) sq.m., bounded on the North by Loreta A. Saydoquen, on the South by a brook, on the East by a brook and on the West by Andres Daguian;
      
   4. Unirrigated riceland, covered by tax declaration numbered 755-D in the name of Loreta Agabas Saydoquen with an area of 2,258 sq.m., bounded on the North by Ramon Lazaga, on the South by Dominga A. Lucena, on the East by a brook and on the West by Andres Daguian.
      
   
   
2. Declaring that the subject property is a po1iion of the land which is covered by the Original Certificate of Title No. P-2566 issued in the name of Samuel Subagan and subsequently in the Transfer Certificate of Title No. VLT-197 issued in the name of Corazon Arcano;
   
3. Consequently, while respecting the certificate of title in the name of defendant Corazon Arcano as indefeasible and incontrovertible, defendants are hereby ordered to reconvey or transfer to the plaintiffs the subject property which is a portion of a land covered by a Transfer Certificate of Title No. VLT-197 issued in the name of Corazon Arcano;
   
4. Defendants are ordered to pay moral damages in the amount of Ten Thousand (PI0,000.00) Pesos; and
   
5. Defendants are likewise ordered to pay the plaintiffs the amount of Twenty Thousand (P20,000.00) Pesos as attorney's fees and to pay the cost of suit in the amount of Five Thousand (P5,000.00) Pesos.
   

SO ORDERED.³⁰ (Emphasis omitted)

In its Decision³¹ dated February 19, 2018, the RTC reversed the ruling of the MCTC and dismissed the complaint filed by petitioners.

The RTC held that petitioners failed to prove the identity of the property they were claiming. The boundaries of the subject property were dubious. The lot area indicated in the tax declaration of Fidel was only 6000 square meters, but when it was subdivided into four, the lot area was 2,258 square meters each.³² In an action for reconveyance, when the identity of the property sought to be reconveyed has not been exactly determined, the action cannot prosper.³³chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

Ruling of the Court of Appeals

In its Resolution³⁴ dated May 29, 2018, the CA affirmed the dismissal of the complaint. The CA held that petitioners were unable to prove the identity of the property they were claiming. At most, petitioners only proved that they were in possession of four lots within the 27,694 square meter property of respondents. As such, their action cannot prosper.³⁵chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

The CA also held that the Petition should be dismissed because not all petitioners signed the Verification and Certification against Forum Shopping.³⁶chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

Proceedings Before This Court

Petitioners' arguments

While petitioners admitted that not all the parties signed the Verification and Certification against Forum Shopping, they claimed that they substantially complied with the requirements of the Rules, because they share a common interest and invoke a common cause of action.³⁷chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

As to the identity of the subject property, the same was never disputed by respondents, in fact, they admitted during pre-trial and even during the testimony of respondent Corazon that the subject property is a portion of their property covered by the certificate of title. Judicial admissions made by the parties are conclusive and do not require further evidence to prove them.³⁸chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary
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Be it noted that respondents have earlier filed an ejectment case against petitioners over the same parcel of land and there was no dispute as to the identity of the property. In fact, respondents also agreed during the pre-trial conference in the ejectment case that the property in question is Lot No. 758 in the Suyo Public Land Subdivision.³⁹chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

Petitioners also argued that Samuel committed fraud and misrepresentation in the application for free patent. Contrary to the allegation of Samuel in the application, the subject property was occupied and claimed by petitioners and their predecessors. Further, Samuel and respondents were never in possession of the subject property. As a consequence of the long adverse possession of the property, in the concept of an owner, by petitioners and their predecessors, the same had become private property and the Bureau of Lands had no jurisdiction to issue the free patent to Samuel.⁴⁰chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

Respondents' arguments

Respondents argued that the parties do not share the same interests. The parcels of land that are subject of this case are already individually declared and subdivided among the children of Fidel.⁴¹ The failure of the other parties to sign the Verification and Certification against Forum Shopping is an indication that they accepted the decisions of the RTC and CA.⁴²chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

While respondents admitted during pre-trial that the property being claimed by petitioners is a portion of Lot No. 758, petitioners, however, were unable to substantiate their claim over the land because the tax declarations they presented did not conform with the boundaries as well as the area of the portion they alleged is their property. The area indicated in the tax declaration of Fidel was only 6000 square meters, but when the subject property was subdivided, their alleged property is now 3031 square meters more than the original declared area. Then in the 2007, the area supposedly occupied by Filomena increased to 12,852 square meters.⁴³chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

Issue

Whether petitioners are entitled to the reconveyance of the property they are claiming.
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Ruling of the Court
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When petitioners share a common interest and invoke common defenses, signature of some petitioners are sufficient.

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It is undisputed that not all petitioners signed the Verification and Certification against Forum Shopping. As a general rule, the Verification and Certification against Forum Shopping must be signed by all the plaintiffs and the signature of one is insufficient.⁴⁴ However, when the plaintiffs share a common interest and invoke a common cause of action or defense, the rule requiring all such plaintiffs or petitioners to sign the Verification and Certification against Forum Shopping may be relaxed.⁴⁵chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

In this case, petitioners being relatives and owners of the properties in dispute, share a common interest thereon. They acquired the properties in dispute from the same predecessor. They also share a common defense in the complaint for reconveyance. Thus, when they filed the petition before the CA, they filed it as a collective, raising the same arguments to defend their rights over the properties in question.⁴⁶ The entire property being claimed by petitioners is not actually and physically divided and the portion pertaining to each petitioner was merely identified in the tax declaration by area.
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Reconveyance may be availed by the rightful owner when the property is wrongfully registered to another person.

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An action for reconveyance is a legal remedy granted to a rightful owner of land wrongfully or erroneously registered in the name of another to compel the latter to reconvey the land to him. In reconveyance, the decree of registration is respected. What is sought is the transfer of the property to its rightful owner or to one with a better right.⁴⁷ The following requisites must concur: (1) the action must be brought in the name of a person claiming ownership or dominical right over the land registered in the name of the defendant; (2) the registration of the land in the name of the defendant was procured through fraud or other illegal means; (3) the property has not yet passed to an innocent purchaser for value; and (4) the action is filed after the certificate of title has already become final and incontrovertible, but within four years from the discovery of the fraud or not later than 10 years in the case of an implied trust⁴⁸ or when the party seeking the reconveyance is in actual, continuous and peaceful possession of the property, in which case, the action is imprescriptible.⁴⁹chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

Further, to successfully maintain an action to recover ownership of a real property, the person who claims a better right to it must prove two things: first, the identity of the land claimed and second, his title thereto.⁵⁰chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

Identity of the land claimed by petitioners is sufficiently established.

The RTC and the CA ruled that petitioners failed to sufficiently prove the identity of the properties in dispute. We do not agree.

Petitioners have sufficiently established the identity of the land. In fact, in the Pre-Trial Order of the MCTC, the parties admitted that the subject property is the same property claimed and owned by the parties. The parties also stipulated that petitioners are in actual possession of the property in dispute. Further, respondent Corazon even admitted during her testimony that the property claimed by petitioners is part of her titled property and that the said property are being cultivated by petitioners.⁵¹ As correctly found by the MCTC, the property occupied and possessed by petitioners is subsumed in the property covered by the certificate of title of respondent Corazon.⁵²chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

Be it noted that respondents even filed an ejectment case against petitioners over the same parcel of land. In fact, respondents also agreed during the pre-trial conference in the ejectment case that the property in question is Lot No. 758 in the Suyo Public Land Subdivision.⁵³ Clearly, the parties are aware of the exact location of the subject property. Petitioners submitted tax declarations specifically covering the subject property. Hence, the identity of the subject property is never in dispute.

With regard to the discrepancy as to the area in Fidel's tax declaration and the area indicated in the tax declarations issued to Filomena and her siblings, Filomena explained that upon survey, when they subdivided the same, Fidel's land is actually larger than what was originally indicated in Fidel's tax declaration.⁵⁴ The 12,852 square meter area indicated in the 2007 tax declaration of Filomena is, as explained by the MCTC, merely a typographical error. Also, such notation is done and written by the assessor's office without any participation from Filomena. It is therefore unjust to prejudice the latter for the typographical error made by the assessor's office. Noted is the fact that Tax Declaration No. 753-D in the name of Filomena issued after the four children of Fidel divided the property indicate an area of 2258 square meters.
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Petitioners were able to prove their claim over the subject property.

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Acquiring lands of the public domain by confirmation of imperfect or incomplete title is either through judicial legislation or through administrative legalization. The second mode refers to the grant of free patents. The application for a free patent should comply with the following requisites: (1) the applicant must be a natural born citizen of the Philippines; (2) the applicant must not own more than 12 hectares of land; (3) the applicant or his or her predecessors-in-interest must have continuously occupied and cultivated the land; (4) the continuous occupation and cultivation must be for a period of at least thirty years; and (5) payment of real estate taxes while it has not been occupied by other persons.⁵⁵ The applicant of a free patent does not claim that the land is his or her private property but acknowledges that the land is still part of the public domain.⁵⁶chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

In this case, the evidence overwhelmingly supports the open, continuous, exclusive and notorious possession and occupation of petitioners in the concept of an owner. They are in continuous cultivation of the subject property. Thus, in light of their open, continuous, exclusive and notorious possession and occupation of the subject property, petitioners are deemed to have acquired by operation of law, a right to a government grant, without a necessity of a certificate of title having been issued first. Their continuous possession and occupation, segregated the subject land from the public domain. As such, the Bureau of Lands had no authority to issue a free patent thereto in favor of another person. It is settled that a free patent covering a private land is null and void.⁵⁷chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

Here, as early as 1945, tax declarations were already issued in Fidel's name. He was in actual possession of the same together with his family. He cultivated the land, levelled the mountainous portion of the land, planted rice fields and varieties of trees. Thereafter, the subject property was subdivided to Fidel's children - Filomena and her siblings. Tax declarations were also issued in their favor and they also cultivated and possessed the subject property. While tax declarations alone are not conclusive evidence of ownership, but when the same is coupled by actual possession, tax declaration is a weighty evidence of ownership.⁵⁸chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

Petitioners' possession and cultivation was even corroborated by their neighbors. Apolonio and Orencia testified that it was Fidel and his family that were in possesion of the property ever since. In fact, even respondent Corazon admitted that petitioners were in actual possession of the subject property.

On the other hand, respondents were unable to prove their ownership and possession of the subject property. They were unable to present any evidence proving their allegation that Antonio, respondent Corazon's predecessor tolerated Fidel's possession of the subject property. Respondents did not even allege a single ove1i act indicative of Antonio's tolerance. Acts of tolerance must be proved showing the overt acts indicative of Antonio's tolerance or permission for Fidel and his family to occupy the subject property.⁵⁹ Without these, the bare allegation of tolerance cannot be upheld.⁶⁰chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

Further, considering the substantial area of the subject property, it is highly suspicious that petitioners' possession and cultivation of the same was not disturbed since 1945. Even when the whole property was the subject of a free patent and titled to Samuel and eventually to respondent Corazon, petitioners were still in an open, continuous, exclusive and notorious possession of the subject property in the concept of an owner. In fact, as admitted by respondent Corazon, petitioners were still in actual possession of the subject property.

It is necessary in the application and grant of free patents is the fact that the applicant is in actual possession and is cultivating the property. Thus, when Samuel applied for a free patent in 1966,⁶¹ he was not the actual possessor and cultivator of the subject property, since the subject property is already possessed and cultivated by Fidel as early as 1945. Samuel therefore was able to apply for a free patent over the subject property and have it titled in his name through fraud. Since the subject property was already owned by petitioners through possession and cultivation as early as 1945, the same should not have been the subject matter of a free patent in favor of Samuel.⁶² Respondents, should as a result, reconvey the subject property to petitioners, who are the rightful owners of the subject property.

WHEREFORE, the instant Petition is GRANTED. Accordingly, the Resolution dated May 29, 2018 of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. SP No. 155201 is hereby REVERSED and SET ASIDE. The Decision dated December 28, 2016 of the Municipal Circuit Trial Court of Tagudin, Ilocos Sur in Civil Case No. 508 is REINSTATED.
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SO ORDERED.

Leonen, Inting,^* Zalameda, and Rosario, JJ., concur.

Endnotes:

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^* Designated as additional Member.

¹ Rollo, pp. 9-41.

² Penned by Associate Justice Manuel M. Barrios, with the concurrence of Associate Justices Japar B. Dimaampao (now a Member of this Court) and Jhosep Y. Lopez (now a Member of this Court); id. at 44-47.

³ Penned by Judge Gina Juan-Chan; id. at 158-179.

⁴ Id. at 130.

⁵ Id. at 52.

⁶ Id.

⁷ Id.

⁸ Id.

⁹ CA rollo, p. 137.

¹⁰ Rollo, p. 131.

¹¹ Id.

¹² CA rollo, pp. 75-76.

¹³ Id. at 74.

¹⁴ Rollo, p. 132.

¹⁵ CA rollo, pp. 77-78.

¹⁶ Id. at 79-79-A.

¹⁷ Rollo, pp. 132-133.

¹⁸ Id. at 133.

¹⁹ Id.

²⁰ Id. at 133-134.

²¹ Id. at 134.

²² Id. at 134-135.

²³ Penned by Judge Vida A. Cortez-Jimeno; id. at 130-147.

²⁴ Id. at 135.

²⁵ Id. at 136-137.

²⁶ Id. at 137-138.

²⁷ Id. at 138-144.

²⁸ Id. at 144.

²⁹ Id. at 138-141.

³⁰ Id. at 146-147.

³¹ Supra note 3.

³² Rollo, p. 171.

³³ Id. at 173.

³⁴ Supra note 2.

³⁵ Rollo, pp. 46-47.

³⁶ Id. at 45.

³⁷ Id. at 19.

³⁸ Id. at 23.

³⁹ Id. at 24.

⁴⁰ Id. at 35.

⁴¹ Id. at 236-238.

⁴² Id. at 235-236.

⁴³ Id. at 236-238.

⁴⁴ Medado v. Heirs of Consing, 681 Phil. 536, 546 (2012), citing Heirs of Hernandez Sr. v. Mingoa Sr., 623 Phil. 303, 317 (2009), which cited Heirs of Olarte v. Office of the Pres. of the Phils., 499 Phil. 562, 567 (2005).

⁴⁵ Fernandez v. Villegas, 741 Phil. 689, 700 (2014).

⁴⁶ Cavile v. Heirs of Cavile, 448 Phil. 302, 311 (2003).

⁴⁷ Gatmaytan v. Misibis Land, Inc., G.R. No. 222166, June 10, 2020.

⁴⁸ Sps. Yabut v. Alcantara, 806 Phil. 745, 758 (2017).

⁴⁹ Gatmaytan v. Misibis Land, Inc., supra note 47.

⁵⁰ VSD Realty & Dev Corp. v. Uniwide Sales, Inc., 698 Phil. 62, 78 (2012).

⁵¹ Rollo, p. 137.

⁵² Id. at 138.

⁵³ Id. at 24.

⁵⁴ Id. at 139.

⁵⁵ Taar v. Lawan, 820 Phil. 26, 54 (2017).

⁵⁶ Id. at 55.

⁵⁷ Robles v. Court of Appeals, 384 Phil. 635, 655 (2000).

⁵⁸ Palali v. Awisan, 626 Phil. 357, 373-374 (2010).
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⁵⁹ De Guzman-Fuerte v. Sps. Estomo, 830 Phil. 653, 664 (2018).

⁶⁰ Id.

⁶¹ Rollo, pp. 68-69.

⁶² Mendoza v. Navarette, 288 Phil. 1122, 1140 (1992), citing Agne v. The Director of lands, 261 Phil. 13, 29 (1990).cralawredlibrary