October 2000 - Philippine Supreme Court Decisions/Resolutions
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G.R. No. 133904 October 5, 2000 - PEOPLE OF THE PHIL. v. RODOLFO DELA CUESTA:
EN BANC
[G.R. No. 133904. October 5, 2000.]
PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. RODOLFO DELA CUESTA, Accused-Appellant.
D E C I S I O N
YNARES-SANTIAGO, J.:
Rodolfo dela Cuesta was charged with the rape of 16-year-old Cristina Gonzales. The Information 1 filed against the accused reads:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"That on or about August 10, 1996 and prior thereto, at Brgy. Maitim, Municipality of Bay, Province of Laguna and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the accused above-named being then the stepfather and guardian and while armed with a bolo, by means of force, violence and intimidation and with lewd designs, did then and there wilfully, unlawfully and feloniously have carnal knowledge with (sic) one CRISTINA GONZALES, a sixteen (16) year old girl, against her will and consent, to her damage and prejudice."cralaw virtua1aw library
On arraignment, Accused pleaded "not guilty." Trial on the merits ensued.chanrob1es virtua1 1aw 1ibrary
The victim’s birth certificate 2 indicates her name to be Cristy Corsanis, born on February 14, 1980. It appears that Cristy was sired by a certain Crispin Gonzales but a year after her birth, her mother Divina Corsanis became the common-law spouse of accused Rodolfo dela Cuesta.
The following facts were established:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
At around 10:00 o’clock in the morning of August 10, 1996 while Cristy was looking after their house at Brgy. Maitim, Bay, Laguna, together with her step-brothers and step-sisters, Accused ordered her step-brothers and step-sisters to go to the store. When accused and Cristy were left alone, the former forcibly undressed her and kissed her breast. Cristy struggled but her efforts were in vain as accused got his bolo and pointed it at her neck warning her, "Wag kang sisigaw at magsusumbong kundi ay papatayin kita at ang iyong nanay." He then tied her hands behind her back and proceeded to sexually assault Cristy. Accused was oblivious to Cristy’s entreaty, "Tay maawa na kayo sa akin, huwag ninyong gawin sa akin yan." Failing in her plea, Cristy tried to reason with the question, "Tay bakit mo ginagawa ito wala naman akong kasalanan sa inyo?"
Cristy informed her mother about the incident but instead of coming to her succor, her mother refused to report the incident to the Barangay Captain, saying, "Tanga ka ba, gusto mo bang mabilanggo and tatay mo? Walang magpapalamon sa mga kapatid mo." Failing to get comfort and support from the one person whom she expects to come to her aid, Cristy herself reported the incident to the Barangay Captain and eventually gave her statement in the Municipal Hall of Bay, Laguna.chanrob1es virtua1 1aw 1ibrary
In an effort to stop her from filing the complaint, Cristy’s mother brought her to the house of accused’s sister in San Jose, Dasmariñas, Cavite. However, she was traced by policemen who brought her back to Sta. Cruz, Laguna, and eventually entrusted her to the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) at Alabang. Accused was thereafter arrested.
Dra. Evelyn Macapagal of the Laguna Provincial Hospital examined Cristy and found the following:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"Pelvic exam: normal external genitalia, nulliparous outlet, vagina admits two fingers with ease, cervix — close, firm, non tender body of uterus — small, no adnexal mass, no tenderness with vaginal bleeding (menstruation)" 3
In interpreting her findings, Dr. Macapagal testified that" [n]ormally, vagina admits one finger with difficulty. But in the case at bar, her vagina admits two fingers with ease, that means, not normal for her. Her hymen is not intact anymore." 4
Accused, on the other hand, tried to attribute motives for the filing of the complaint against him. He claimed that a certain Susan de Guzman, an employee of PAG-ASA, an organization that arranges for foster parents to give financial help to deserving beneficiaries, instigated Cristy to file the rape complaint against him. According to accused, Susan de Guzman had a special interest in the prosecution of the case against him because of a misunderstanding brought about by a $500.00 remittance from Cristy’s foster parent in which Cristy only got P2,000.00.
Accused also claimed that a certain Rosita Erasga of DSWD at Bay, Laguna instigated the filing of the complaint against him allegedly because of a misunderstanding with regard to the construction of the Pinatubo Housing Project at Bay, Laguna, of which he was the foreman.
Accused also cast aspersions on Cristy’s character by suggesting that she had two boyfriends, named Doroteo and Gary, as evidenced by a letter signed by Gary and a bus ticket.
Cristy’s mother corroborated accused’s testimony. She stated that on the day in question, she was at home washing clothes while accused was working at Silang, Cavite. On that very same day, she claimed that Cristy went to school for her Citizen Army Training (CAT) but when she verified from Cristy’s school adviser whether she really attended her CAT, she was told that Cristy was absent. She likewise averred that a certain Doroteo and a lesbian named Teresa were courting Cristy.chanrob1es virtua1 1aw 1ibrary
Jeffrey dela Cuesta, Cristy’s half brother, testified that on the day Cristy was allegedly raped, she attended her CAT while his father was in Dasmariñas, Cavite, working. He testified that he, together with his brothers and sisters, was at home during the date in question.
Noel Calle, Accused’s co-worker also claimed that on August 10, 1996, he and accused worked overtime at Silang, Cavite.
Finding accused guilty beyond reasonable doubt of rape, the trial court sentenced him to death and to pay the victim, Cristy Gonzales, P50,000.00 in damages. 5
In this automatic review accused-appellant posits that:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN NOT GIVING FULL CREDIT TO ITS OWN FINDING THAT THE TESTIMONY OF DR. EVELYN MACAPAGAL HAD NO DIRECT AND MATERIAL PROBATIVE VALUE TO PROVE THAT THE CRIME OF RAPE WAS COMMITTED.
THE TRIAL COURT ALSO ERRED IN NOT DISCREDITING THE ENTIRE TESTIMONY OF COMPLAINANT CRISTINA GONZALES CONSIDERING; THAT SAID TESTIMONY WAS DIFFERENT FROM AND CONTRARY TO HER OWN SWORN STATEMENT GIVEN TO THE POLICE.
THE TRIAL COURT LIKEWISE ERRED IN NOT GIVING WEIGHT TO THE THEORY OF THE DEFENSE THAT THE CHARGE WAS CLEARLY FABRICATED, PRINCIPALLY INSTIGATED BY THE DSWD AND PROJECT PAG-ASA OFFICIALS WHO NURTURED ANGER AGAINST ACCUSED-APPELLANT.
THE TRIAL COURT FURTHER ERRED IN COMPLETELY DISREGARDING THE TESTIMONIES OF COMPLAINANT’S OWN MOTHER, DIVINA CORSANES (sic), AND HALF-BROTHER, JEFFREY DELA CUESTA, THAT NO RAPE WAS COMMITTED ON AUGUST 10, 1996 BECAUSE CRISTINA GONZALES WAS IN SCHOOL AND THAT ACCUSED-APPELLANT WAS WORKING AS CARPENTER AT BIGA, SILANG, OR DASMARIÑAS, CAVITE.
THE TRIAL COURT FINALLY ERRED IN NOT ACQUITTING ACCUSED-APPELLANT OF THE CRIME CHARGED IN THE INFORMATION ON THE GROUND OF REASONABLE DOUBT.
The defense assails the credibility of Cristy by pointing out that the medical findings showed that she had no external abrasion, contrary to her testimony that she struggled by pushing accused-appellant’s arms away and kicking him while she was being undressed.chanrob1es virtua1 1aw 1ibrary
This contention is totally unmeritorious. First, the rape was committed on August 10, 1996, whereas the victim underwent medical examination on August 27, 1996 or seventeen (17) days later. Second, Cristy’s testimony shows that she was the one who pushed away and kicked accused-appellant and not the other way around. The absence of external signs of injury does not necessarily negate the commission of rape, especially when the victim was intimidated by the offender into submission. In this case, Accused-appellant pointed a bolo at her neck.
The defense argues that since the trial court declared that." . . the testimony of Dr. Evelyn Macapagal had no direct and material probative value to prove that the crime of rape was committed," then rape could not have been committed.
The above argument is too simplistic and takes the trial court’s conclusion out of context. This Court notes that, after the trial court concluded that Dr. Macapagal’s testimony had no direct and material probative value to prove that the crime of rape was committed, the trial court explained in the succeeding paragraph that:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"In the case of People of the Philippines v. Rodolfo San Juan, (G.R. No. 105556, April 4, 1997) the Honorable Supreme Court ruled that well-settled is the doctrine that lack of lacerated wound does not negate sexual intercourse. Moreover, the fact that hymenal lacerations were found to be healed and that no spermatozoa was found does not necessarily negate rape. A freshly broken hymen is not an essential element of rape. For that matter, in crimes against chastity, the medical examination of the victim is not an indispensable element for the successful prosecution of the crime, as her testimony alone, if credible, is sufficient to convict the accused."cralaw virtua1aw library
The defense claims that Cristy must have had previous sexual experience long before the date of the alleged rape, considering that Dr. Macapagal found that complainant’s vagina admits two (2) fingers with ease which should not be normally the case if indeed she was raped.
The defense’s reasoning is flawed if not misleading. Dr. Macapagal only testified that, in her experience as an examining physician, a vagina normally admits one examining finger with difficulty. She did not make any conclusion that Cristy must have had previous voluntary sexual contacts prior to the commission of the rape considering that her vagina admits two (2) fingers with ease. If at all, it indicates that sexual congress had indeed transpired.
Next, the defense insists that the trial court should have discredited Cristy’s testimony during the trial, noting that said testimony was different from and contrary to her own sworn statement given to the police.chanrob1es virtua1 1aw 1ibrary
In particular, the defense invites the attention to the following inconsistencies: (a) on what the victim was doing prior to the arrival of accused-appellant; (b) on the manner or conduct of her struggle to resist the attempt on her virtue; and (c) on who were present when the rape was committed.
This Court does not find any inconsistency between Cristy’s testimony 6 given before the trial court, on the one hand, and her statement 7 before the police on the other hand. In her testimony, she narrated that she was watching their house when accused-appellant ordered her step-brothers and step-sisters out of the house before he started undressing her. In her sworn statement, she narrated that when accused-appellant arrived, she was washing clothes. Thereafter, Accused-appellant ordered her to get some clothes. While doing as she was told, Accused-appellant started to undress her.
Chronologically, there is no inconsistency or contradiction between Cristy’s testimony before the trial court and her sworn statement. Courts cannot just discredit a witness because there are gaps in her narration of facts, or because her narration was presented not in a chronological manner.
In this case, the alleged inconsistency or discrepancy is more apparent than real. In fact, the testimony fills the gaps in the victim’s narration of facts. This Court agrees with the Office of the Solicitor General’s observation, thus:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"Relevantly, in the instant case, when Cristina was called upon to testify on direct examination, she was immediately made to identify her affidavit after a few preliminary questions relating to her personal circumstances and identification of the accused (pp. 3-4, TSN, May 22, 1997). Cristina understood that her affidavit had substantially formed part of her testimony especially since her answers to questions that followed delved on supplying omissions or correcting minor details. Accordingly, during cross-examination, Cristina confirmed and clarified that:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
Q. And you want to convey to this Honorable Court that the answers to questions No. l, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, & 7 were all personally given by you in answer to all these (8) questions?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. And you still confirm or affirm under oath that this is what really happened to you on August 10, 1996 at 10:00 o’clock in the morning in Barangay Maitim, Bay, Laguna?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Now, I want you to read this statement all over again and please tell this Honorable Court whether you want to deduct or add anything from what you claimed happened to you on August 10, 1996?
A. None, sir.
Q. Are you sure of that?
A. I wish to add something but I will not take away anything from the statement. (pp. 10-11, TSN, June 5, 1997)"
Indeed, the alleged inconsistencies adverted to by appellant were mere minor details which were not mentioned in her affidavit. There are no material inconsistencies. There is nothing in Cristina’s affidavit that would indicate that she was alone in their residence when appellant arrived before the sexual abuse. Therefore, it cannot be held to be inconsistent with her declaration on the witness stand that she was in the company of her step-brothers and step-sisters until she was left alone because appellant told them to go to another store. As to the specific household chore she was attending to, it is submitted that the same was sufficiently explained and clarified by Cristina during cross-examination, thus:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"ATTY. DOMINGUEZ:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
Q. In your statement you said that when the accused arrived, you were washing clothes and not watching?
WITNESS:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
A. Yes, sir.
ATTY. DOMINGUEZ:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
Q. So what you stated last time that you were watching the house together with your brothers and sisters is not correct?
WITNESS:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
A. I was at the time washing clothes and at the same time me and my brothers and sisters were also watching the house.
Q. You never said anything about your brothers and sisters being in the house in your statement. Do you remember having forgotten that important fact?
FISCAL:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
On what aspect, your honor.
ATTY. DOMINGUEZ:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
What happened. She is supposed to narrate everything. The question is what happened to you. She narrated she was washing clothes when the accused arrived. In her statement, she was watching the house together with her brothers and sisters when the accused arrived and ordered them to go out. This is completely different from her written statement.
I am testing the credibility of the witness.
COURT:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
The witness may answer.
WITNESS:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
A. No, sir. (pp. 20-21, TSN, June 5, 1997)"
In reconstructing the events that led to the incident in question, courts should not expect the narration or presentation to be strictly chronological. Factors such as memory, length of time, intelligence, articulateness, and emotional condition all affect a witness’ narration of events. As long as the witness was found to be credible by the trial court, especially after undergoing a rigid cross-examination, any apparent inconsistency may be overlooked. This is especially true if the lapses concern trivial matters.chanrob1es virtua1 1aw 1ibrary
Corollarily, the defense alleges that the charge against accused-appellant was fabricated and instigated by Susan de Guzman of PAG-ASA and Rosita Erasga of DSWD who allegedly had axes to grind against Accused-Appellant.
The above theory by the defense is speculative. De Guzman and Erasga belong to organizations that would, by their mission and mandate, normally come to the aid of the victim and facilitate the prosecution of their case.chanrob1es virtua1 1aw 1ibrary
Also, the defense maintains that the trial court should not have disregarded the testimonies of complainant’s mother and half-brother that Cristy could not have been raped as she was then in school attending her CAT training and that accused-appellant was then working in Biga, Silang or Dasmariñas, Cavite.
The above argument holds no water. As clearly observed by the Office of the Solicitor General:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
". . . Cristina’s half brother’s declaration that she was in school at the time the rape incident occurred on August 10, 1996 is unreliable not only because he is incompetent to so testify on the matter, but also because it was denied by Cristina’s school adviser."cralaw virtua1aw library
It is understandable that Cristina’s mother would naturally concoct a story to save appellant. As may be recalled, Cristina testified that her mother was the one who dissuaded her from reporting the sexual abuse to the Barangay Captain, saying "TANGA KA BA, GUSTO MO BANG MAKULONG ANG TATAY MO WALANG MAGPAPALAMON SA MGA KAPATID MO" ; who hid Cristina in San Jose, Cavite obviously to prevent the complaint from being filed in court; and who manifested to the police and DSWD personnel, "SA INYO NA ANG ANAK KO, HUWAG LANG MAKUKULONG ANG ASAWA KO."cralaw virtua1aw library
Anent the accused-appellant’s alibi, the Office of the Solicitor General correctly concluded:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"Neither can we rely on the testimony of Noel Calle. He was obviously a friend trying to lend appellant a helping hand. His testimony is incredible. While he had a clear recollection that he and appellant worked overtime in Biga, Silang, Cavite from 5:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m. on August 10, 1996, a Saturday, the date the rape incident occurred, he did not have any recollection whether they worked overtime on other Saturdays near said date, thus:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
Q. On August 17, did you do any overtime work?
A. I cannot remember because it happened a long time ago.
Q. On August 24, did you do any overtime work?
A. That already escaped in my mind.
Q. How about on August 3, did you render any overtime work?
A. We reported for work but I cannot remember if we rendered overtime work, sir. (p. 7, TSN, Nov. 4, 1997)
Furthermore, Calle’s testimony does not clearly indicate the physical impossibility of appellant being in Bay, Laguna at 10:00 a.m. in the morning, and be present to work overtime in Biga, Silang, Cavite at 5:00 p.m. in the afternoon of the same day. What Calle only remembered is that they both worked overtime. But there is nothing in his testimony that appellant was already in Biga from the hours of 10:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. that same day."cralaw virtua1aw library
As repeatedly held by this Court:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"The defense of alibi is always viewed with suspicion and received with caution, not only because it is inherently weak and unreliable, but also because it can easily be fabricated. . . . For this defense to prosper, it must be convincing enough to preclude any doubt about the physical impossibility of the presence of the accused at the locus criminis or its immediate vicinity at the time of the incident. In other words, he must prove not only that he was somewhere else when the offense was committed, but also that it was physically impossible for him to have been at or near the crime scene. . . . In the absence of strong and convincing evidence, alibi could not prevail over the positive testimony of the victim, who had no improper motive to testify falsely against him." 8
However, we cannot agree with the trial court’s imposition of the death penalty. Article 335 of the Revised Penal Code provides, thus:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"ARTICLE 335. When and how rape is committed. — Rape is committed by having carnal knowledge of a woman under any of the following circumstances:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
1. By using force or intimidation.
The death penalty shall also be imposed if the crime of rape is committed with any of the following attendant circumstances:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
1. when the victim is under eighteen (18) years of age and the offender is a parent, ascendant, step-parent, guardian, relative by consanguinity or affinity within the third civil degree, or the common-law spouse of the parent of the victim. . . ."cralaw virtua1aw library
The trial court imposed the death penalty on accused-appellant based on its finding that Divina Corsanis, the victim’s mother, is the common-law spouse of Accused-Appellant. While the trial court correctly found accused-appellant to be the common-law spouse of the victim’s mother, the Information, however, did not allege accused-appellant as the common-law spouse of Divina, but that he was the step-father and guardian of the victim. Hence, the trial court cannot properly impose the death penalty considering that his being the common-law spouse of Divina Corsanis was not alleged in the Information. Unlike a generic aggravating circumstance which may be proved even if not alleged, a qualifying aggravating circumstance cannot be proved as such unless alleged in the information. It must be properly pleaded in order not to violate the constitutional right of the accused to be properly informed of the nature and cause of the accusations against him. 9 Specifically, in People v. Fraga, 10 this Court held that" (a)lthough the rape of a person under eighteen (18) years of age by the common-law spouse of the victim’s mother is punishable by death, this penalty cannot be imposed on Accused-Appellant. . . because his relationship was not what was alleged in the informations. What was alleged was that he is the step-father of the complainant."cralaw virtua1aw library
Neither can he be declared as a step-father as the court never made such a finding. The word "step", when used as prefix in conjunction with a degree of kinship, is repugnant to blood relationship and is indicative of a relationship by affinity. 11 Since accused-appellant and the victim’s mother were never married, no such relationship by affinity existed between accused-appellant and the victim.chanrob1es virtua1 1aw 1ibrary
Accused-appellant cannot also be considered as guardian for Cristy as no single evidence was presented to prove such fact.
Lastly, the victim, Cristina Gonzales a.k.a. Cristina Corsanis, should be awarded moral damages of P50,000.00, pursuant to prevailing jurisprudence. 12
WHEREFORE, the decision of the Regional Trial Court of Calamba, Laguna, Branch 36 in Criminal Case No. 4962-96-C finding accused-appellant Rodolfo dela Cuesta guilty beyond reasonable doubt of rape is AFFIRMED with the MODIFICATION that the penalty is reduced to reclusion perpetua. Accused-appellant is ordered to pay the victim P50,000.00 as civil indemnity and P50,000.00 as moral damages.
SO ORDERED.
Davide, Jr., C.J., Bellosillo, Melo, Puno, Vitug, Kapunan, Mendoza, Panganiban, Quisumbing, Purisima, Pardo, Buena, Gonzaga-Reyes, and De Leon, Jr., JJ., concur.
"That on or about August 10, 1996 and prior thereto, at Brgy. Maitim, Municipality of Bay, Province of Laguna and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the accused above-named being then the stepfather and guardian and while armed with a bolo, by means of force, violence and intimidation and with lewd designs, did then and there wilfully, unlawfully and feloniously have carnal knowledge with (sic) one CRISTINA GONZALES, a sixteen (16) year old girl, against her will and consent, to her damage and prejudice."cralaw virtua1aw library
On arraignment, Accused pleaded "not guilty." Trial on the merits ensued.chanrob1es virtua1 1aw 1ibrary
The victim’s birth certificate 2 indicates her name to be Cristy Corsanis, born on February 14, 1980. It appears that Cristy was sired by a certain Crispin Gonzales but a year after her birth, her mother Divina Corsanis became the common-law spouse of accused Rodolfo dela Cuesta.
The following facts were established:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
At around 10:00 o’clock in the morning of August 10, 1996 while Cristy was looking after their house at Brgy. Maitim, Bay, Laguna, together with her step-brothers and step-sisters, Accused ordered her step-brothers and step-sisters to go to the store. When accused and Cristy were left alone, the former forcibly undressed her and kissed her breast. Cristy struggled but her efforts were in vain as accused got his bolo and pointed it at her neck warning her, "Wag kang sisigaw at magsusumbong kundi ay papatayin kita at ang iyong nanay." He then tied her hands behind her back and proceeded to sexually assault Cristy. Accused was oblivious to Cristy’s entreaty, "Tay maawa na kayo sa akin, huwag ninyong gawin sa akin yan." Failing in her plea, Cristy tried to reason with the question, "Tay bakit mo ginagawa ito wala naman akong kasalanan sa inyo?"
Cristy informed her mother about the incident but instead of coming to her succor, her mother refused to report the incident to the Barangay Captain, saying, "Tanga ka ba, gusto mo bang mabilanggo and tatay mo? Walang magpapalamon sa mga kapatid mo." Failing to get comfort and support from the one person whom she expects to come to her aid, Cristy herself reported the incident to the Barangay Captain and eventually gave her statement in the Municipal Hall of Bay, Laguna.chanrob1es virtua1 1aw 1ibrary
In an effort to stop her from filing the complaint, Cristy’s mother brought her to the house of accused’s sister in San Jose, Dasmariñas, Cavite. However, she was traced by policemen who brought her back to Sta. Cruz, Laguna, and eventually entrusted her to the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) at Alabang. Accused was thereafter arrested.
Dra. Evelyn Macapagal of the Laguna Provincial Hospital examined Cristy and found the following:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"Pelvic exam: normal external genitalia, nulliparous outlet, vagina admits two fingers with ease, cervix — close, firm, non tender body of uterus — small, no adnexal mass, no tenderness with vaginal bleeding (menstruation)" 3
In interpreting her findings, Dr. Macapagal testified that" [n]ormally, vagina admits one finger with difficulty. But in the case at bar, her vagina admits two fingers with ease, that means, not normal for her. Her hymen is not intact anymore." 4
Accused, on the other hand, tried to attribute motives for the filing of the complaint against him. He claimed that a certain Susan de Guzman, an employee of PAG-ASA, an organization that arranges for foster parents to give financial help to deserving beneficiaries, instigated Cristy to file the rape complaint against him. According to accused, Susan de Guzman had a special interest in the prosecution of the case against him because of a misunderstanding brought about by a $500.00 remittance from Cristy’s foster parent in which Cristy only got P2,000.00.
Accused also claimed that a certain Rosita Erasga of DSWD at Bay, Laguna instigated the filing of the complaint against him allegedly because of a misunderstanding with regard to the construction of the Pinatubo Housing Project at Bay, Laguna, of which he was the foreman.
Accused also cast aspersions on Cristy’s character by suggesting that she had two boyfriends, named Doroteo and Gary, as evidenced by a letter signed by Gary and a bus ticket.
Cristy’s mother corroborated accused’s testimony. She stated that on the day in question, she was at home washing clothes while accused was working at Silang, Cavite. On that very same day, she claimed that Cristy went to school for her Citizen Army Training (CAT) but when she verified from Cristy’s school adviser whether she really attended her CAT, she was told that Cristy was absent. She likewise averred that a certain Doroteo and a lesbian named Teresa were courting Cristy.chanrob1es virtua1 1aw 1ibrary
Jeffrey dela Cuesta, Cristy’s half brother, testified that on the day Cristy was allegedly raped, she attended her CAT while his father was in Dasmariñas, Cavite, working. He testified that he, together with his brothers and sisters, was at home during the date in question.
Noel Calle, Accused’s co-worker also claimed that on August 10, 1996, he and accused worked overtime at Silang, Cavite.
Finding accused guilty beyond reasonable doubt of rape, the trial court sentenced him to death and to pay the victim, Cristy Gonzales, P50,000.00 in damages. 5
In this automatic review accused-appellant posits that:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
I
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN NOT GIVING FULL CREDIT TO ITS OWN FINDING THAT THE TESTIMONY OF DR. EVELYN MACAPAGAL HAD NO DIRECT AND MATERIAL PROBATIVE VALUE TO PROVE THAT THE CRIME OF RAPE WAS COMMITTED.
II
THE TRIAL COURT ALSO ERRED IN NOT DISCREDITING THE ENTIRE TESTIMONY OF COMPLAINANT CRISTINA GONZALES CONSIDERING; THAT SAID TESTIMONY WAS DIFFERENT FROM AND CONTRARY TO HER OWN SWORN STATEMENT GIVEN TO THE POLICE.
III
THE TRIAL COURT LIKEWISE ERRED IN NOT GIVING WEIGHT TO THE THEORY OF THE DEFENSE THAT THE CHARGE WAS CLEARLY FABRICATED, PRINCIPALLY INSTIGATED BY THE DSWD AND PROJECT PAG-ASA OFFICIALS WHO NURTURED ANGER AGAINST ACCUSED-APPELLANT.
IV
THE TRIAL COURT FURTHER ERRED IN COMPLETELY DISREGARDING THE TESTIMONIES OF COMPLAINANT’S OWN MOTHER, DIVINA CORSANES (sic), AND HALF-BROTHER, JEFFREY DELA CUESTA, THAT NO RAPE WAS COMMITTED ON AUGUST 10, 1996 BECAUSE CRISTINA GONZALES WAS IN SCHOOL AND THAT ACCUSED-APPELLANT WAS WORKING AS CARPENTER AT BIGA, SILANG, OR DASMARIÑAS, CAVITE.
V
THE TRIAL COURT FINALLY ERRED IN NOT ACQUITTING ACCUSED-APPELLANT OF THE CRIME CHARGED IN THE INFORMATION ON THE GROUND OF REASONABLE DOUBT.
The defense assails the credibility of Cristy by pointing out that the medical findings showed that she had no external abrasion, contrary to her testimony that she struggled by pushing accused-appellant’s arms away and kicking him while she was being undressed.chanrob1es virtua1 1aw 1ibrary
This contention is totally unmeritorious. First, the rape was committed on August 10, 1996, whereas the victim underwent medical examination on August 27, 1996 or seventeen (17) days later. Second, Cristy’s testimony shows that she was the one who pushed away and kicked accused-appellant and not the other way around. The absence of external signs of injury does not necessarily negate the commission of rape, especially when the victim was intimidated by the offender into submission. In this case, Accused-appellant pointed a bolo at her neck.
The defense argues that since the trial court declared that." . . the testimony of Dr. Evelyn Macapagal had no direct and material probative value to prove that the crime of rape was committed," then rape could not have been committed.
The above argument is too simplistic and takes the trial court’s conclusion out of context. This Court notes that, after the trial court concluded that Dr. Macapagal’s testimony had no direct and material probative value to prove that the crime of rape was committed, the trial court explained in the succeeding paragraph that:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"In the case of People of the Philippines v. Rodolfo San Juan, (G.R. No. 105556, April 4, 1997) the Honorable Supreme Court ruled that well-settled is the doctrine that lack of lacerated wound does not negate sexual intercourse. Moreover, the fact that hymenal lacerations were found to be healed and that no spermatozoa was found does not necessarily negate rape. A freshly broken hymen is not an essential element of rape. For that matter, in crimes against chastity, the medical examination of the victim is not an indispensable element for the successful prosecution of the crime, as her testimony alone, if credible, is sufficient to convict the accused."cralaw virtua1aw library
The defense claims that Cristy must have had previous sexual experience long before the date of the alleged rape, considering that Dr. Macapagal found that complainant’s vagina admits two (2) fingers with ease which should not be normally the case if indeed she was raped.
The defense’s reasoning is flawed if not misleading. Dr. Macapagal only testified that, in her experience as an examining physician, a vagina normally admits one examining finger with difficulty. She did not make any conclusion that Cristy must have had previous voluntary sexual contacts prior to the commission of the rape considering that her vagina admits two (2) fingers with ease. If at all, it indicates that sexual congress had indeed transpired.
Next, the defense insists that the trial court should have discredited Cristy’s testimony during the trial, noting that said testimony was different from and contrary to her own sworn statement given to the police.chanrob1es virtua1 1aw 1ibrary
In particular, the defense invites the attention to the following inconsistencies: (a) on what the victim was doing prior to the arrival of accused-appellant; (b) on the manner or conduct of her struggle to resist the attempt on her virtue; and (c) on who were present when the rape was committed.
This Court does not find any inconsistency between Cristy’s testimony 6 given before the trial court, on the one hand, and her statement 7 before the police on the other hand. In her testimony, she narrated that she was watching their house when accused-appellant ordered her step-brothers and step-sisters out of the house before he started undressing her. In her sworn statement, she narrated that when accused-appellant arrived, she was washing clothes. Thereafter, Accused-appellant ordered her to get some clothes. While doing as she was told, Accused-appellant started to undress her.
Chronologically, there is no inconsistency or contradiction between Cristy’s testimony before the trial court and her sworn statement. Courts cannot just discredit a witness because there are gaps in her narration of facts, or because her narration was presented not in a chronological manner.
In this case, the alleged inconsistency or discrepancy is more apparent than real. In fact, the testimony fills the gaps in the victim’s narration of facts. This Court agrees with the Office of the Solicitor General’s observation, thus:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"Relevantly, in the instant case, when Cristina was called upon to testify on direct examination, she was immediately made to identify her affidavit after a few preliminary questions relating to her personal circumstances and identification of the accused (pp. 3-4, TSN, May 22, 1997). Cristina understood that her affidavit had substantially formed part of her testimony especially since her answers to questions that followed delved on supplying omissions or correcting minor details. Accordingly, during cross-examination, Cristina confirmed and clarified that:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
Q. And you want to convey to this Honorable Court that the answers to questions No. l, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, & 7 were all personally given by you in answer to all these (8) questions?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. And you still confirm or affirm under oath that this is what really happened to you on August 10, 1996 at 10:00 o’clock in the morning in Barangay Maitim, Bay, Laguna?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Now, I want you to read this statement all over again and please tell this Honorable Court whether you want to deduct or add anything from what you claimed happened to you on August 10, 1996?
A. None, sir.
Q. Are you sure of that?
A. I wish to add something but I will not take away anything from the statement. (pp. 10-11, TSN, June 5, 1997)"
Indeed, the alleged inconsistencies adverted to by appellant were mere minor details which were not mentioned in her affidavit. There are no material inconsistencies. There is nothing in Cristina’s affidavit that would indicate that she was alone in their residence when appellant arrived before the sexual abuse. Therefore, it cannot be held to be inconsistent with her declaration on the witness stand that she was in the company of her step-brothers and step-sisters until she was left alone because appellant told them to go to another store. As to the specific household chore she was attending to, it is submitted that the same was sufficiently explained and clarified by Cristina during cross-examination, thus:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"ATTY. DOMINGUEZ:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
Q. In your statement you said that when the accused arrived, you were washing clothes and not watching?
WITNESS:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
A. Yes, sir.
ATTY. DOMINGUEZ:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
Q. So what you stated last time that you were watching the house together with your brothers and sisters is not correct?
WITNESS:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
A. I was at the time washing clothes and at the same time me and my brothers and sisters were also watching the house.
Q. You never said anything about your brothers and sisters being in the house in your statement. Do you remember having forgotten that important fact?
FISCAL:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
On what aspect, your honor.
ATTY. DOMINGUEZ:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
What happened. She is supposed to narrate everything. The question is what happened to you. She narrated she was washing clothes when the accused arrived. In her statement, she was watching the house together with her brothers and sisters when the accused arrived and ordered them to go out. This is completely different from her written statement.
I am testing the credibility of the witness.
COURT:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
The witness may answer.
WITNESS:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
A. No, sir. (pp. 20-21, TSN, June 5, 1997)"
In reconstructing the events that led to the incident in question, courts should not expect the narration or presentation to be strictly chronological. Factors such as memory, length of time, intelligence, articulateness, and emotional condition all affect a witness’ narration of events. As long as the witness was found to be credible by the trial court, especially after undergoing a rigid cross-examination, any apparent inconsistency may be overlooked. This is especially true if the lapses concern trivial matters.chanrob1es virtua1 1aw 1ibrary
Corollarily, the defense alleges that the charge against accused-appellant was fabricated and instigated by Susan de Guzman of PAG-ASA and Rosita Erasga of DSWD who allegedly had axes to grind against Accused-Appellant.
The above theory by the defense is speculative. De Guzman and Erasga belong to organizations that would, by their mission and mandate, normally come to the aid of the victim and facilitate the prosecution of their case.chanrob1es virtua1 1aw 1ibrary
Also, the defense maintains that the trial court should not have disregarded the testimonies of complainant’s mother and half-brother that Cristy could not have been raped as she was then in school attending her CAT training and that accused-appellant was then working in Biga, Silang or Dasmariñas, Cavite.
The above argument holds no water. As clearly observed by the Office of the Solicitor General:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
". . . Cristina’s half brother’s declaration that she was in school at the time the rape incident occurred on August 10, 1996 is unreliable not only because he is incompetent to so testify on the matter, but also because it was denied by Cristina’s school adviser."cralaw virtua1aw library
x x x
It is understandable that Cristina’s mother would naturally concoct a story to save appellant. As may be recalled, Cristina testified that her mother was the one who dissuaded her from reporting the sexual abuse to the Barangay Captain, saying "TANGA KA BA, GUSTO MO BANG MAKULONG ANG TATAY MO WALANG MAGPAPALAMON SA MGA KAPATID MO" ; who hid Cristina in San Jose, Cavite obviously to prevent the complaint from being filed in court; and who manifested to the police and DSWD personnel, "SA INYO NA ANG ANAK KO, HUWAG LANG MAKUKULONG ANG ASAWA KO."cralaw virtua1aw library
Anent the accused-appellant’s alibi, the Office of the Solicitor General correctly concluded:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"Neither can we rely on the testimony of Noel Calle. He was obviously a friend trying to lend appellant a helping hand. His testimony is incredible. While he had a clear recollection that he and appellant worked overtime in Biga, Silang, Cavite from 5:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m. on August 10, 1996, a Saturday, the date the rape incident occurred, he did not have any recollection whether they worked overtime on other Saturdays near said date, thus:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
Q. On August 17, did you do any overtime work?
A. I cannot remember because it happened a long time ago.
Q. On August 24, did you do any overtime work?
A. That already escaped in my mind.
Q. How about on August 3, did you render any overtime work?
A. We reported for work but I cannot remember if we rendered overtime work, sir. (p. 7, TSN, Nov. 4, 1997)
Furthermore, Calle’s testimony does not clearly indicate the physical impossibility of appellant being in Bay, Laguna at 10:00 a.m. in the morning, and be present to work overtime in Biga, Silang, Cavite at 5:00 p.m. in the afternoon of the same day. What Calle only remembered is that they both worked overtime. But there is nothing in his testimony that appellant was already in Biga from the hours of 10:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. that same day."cralaw virtua1aw library
As repeatedly held by this Court:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"The defense of alibi is always viewed with suspicion and received with caution, not only because it is inherently weak and unreliable, but also because it can easily be fabricated. . . . For this defense to prosper, it must be convincing enough to preclude any doubt about the physical impossibility of the presence of the accused at the locus criminis or its immediate vicinity at the time of the incident. In other words, he must prove not only that he was somewhere else when the offense was committed, but also that it was physically impossible for him to have been at or near the crime scene. . . . In the absence of strong and convincing evidence, alibi could not prevail over the positive testimony of the victim, who had no improper motive to testify falsely against him." 8
However, we cannot agree with the trial court’s imposition of the death penalty. Article 335 of the Revised Penal Code provides, thus:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"ARTICLE 335. When and how rape is committed. — Rape is committed by having carnal knowledge of a woman under any of the following circumstances:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
1. By using force or intimidation.
x x x
The death penalty shall also be imposed if the crime of rape is committed with any of the following attendant circumstances:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
1. when the victim is under eighteen (18) years of age and the offender is a parent, ascendant, step-parent, guardian, relative by consanguinity or affinity within the third civil degree, or the common-law spouse of the parent of the victim. . . ."cralaw virtua1aw library
The trial court imposed the death penalty on accused-appellant based on its finding that Divina Corsanis, the victim’s mother, is the common-law spouse of Accused-Appellant. While the trial court correctly found accused-appellant to be the common-law spouse of the victim’s mother, the Information, however, did not allege accused-appellant as the common-law spouse of Divina, but that he was the step-father and guardian of the victim. Hence, the trial court cannot properly impose the death penalty considering that his being the common-law spouse of Divina Corsanis was not alleged in the Information. Unlike a generic aggravating circumstance which may be proved even if not alleged, a qualifying aggravating circumstance cannot be proved as such unless alleged in the information. It must be properly pleaded in order not to violate the constitutional right of the accused to be properly informed of the nature and cause of the accusations against him. 9 Specifically, in People v. Fraga, 10 this Court held that" (a)lthough the rape of a person under eighteen (18) years of age by the common-law spouse of the victim’s mother is punishable by death, this penalty cannot be imposed on Accused-Appellant. . . because his relationship was not what was alleged in the informations. What was alleged was that he is the step-father of the complainant."cralaw virtua1aw library
Neither can he be declared as a step-father as the court never made such a finding. The word "step", when used as prefix in conjunction with a degree of kinship, is repugnant to blood relationship and is indicative of a relationship by affinity. 11 Since accused-appellant and the victim’s mother were never married, no such relationship by affinity existed between accused-appellant and the victim.chanrob1es virtua1 1aw 1ibrary
Accused-appellant cannot also be considered as guardian for Cristy as no single evidence was presented to prove such fact.
Lastly, the victim, Cristina Gonzales a.k.a. Cristina Corsanis, should be awarded moral damages of P50,000.00, pursuant to prevailing jurisprudence. 12
WHEREFORE, the decision of the Regional Trial Court of Calamba, Laguna, Branch 36 in Criminal Case No. 4962-96-C finding accused-appellant Rodolfo dela Cuesta guilty beyond reasonable doubt of rape is AFFIRMED with the MODIFICATION that the penalty is reduced to reclusion perpetua. Accused-appellant is ordered to pay the victim P50,000.00 as civil indemnity and P50,000.00 as moral damages.
SO ORDERED.
Davide, Jr., C.J., Bellosillo, Melo, Puno, Vitug, Kapunan, Mendoza, Panganiban, Quisumbing, Purisima, Pardo, Buena, Gonzaga-Reyes, and De Leon, Jr., JJ., concur.
Endnotes:
1. Dated October 11, 1996, p. 50, Records.
2. Exhibit "1", Records, p. 99.
3. Exhibit "B", Records, p. 3.
4. TSN, July 28, 1997, pp. 6-7.
5. Penned by Judge Norberto Y. Geraldez of the Regional Trial Court of Calamba, Laguna, Branch 36.
6. TSN, May 22, 1997, p. 6.
7. Exhibit "A", Records, p. 4.
8. People v. Hofileña, G.R. No. 134772, June 22, 2000.
9. People v. Mamac, G.R. No. 130332, May 31, 2000.
10. G.R. No. 134130-33, April 12, 2000.
11. People v. Hofileña, supra.
12. People v. Amban, G.R. No. 134286, March 1, 2000; People v. Sapinoso, G.R. No. 122540, March 22, 2000; People v. Dreu, G.R. No. 126282, June 20, 2000; People v. de Guzman, G.R. No. 124368, June 8, 2000.
