Philippine Supreme Court Jurisprudence > Year 2020 > June 2020 Decisions > G.R. No. 246012 - ISMAEL G. LOMARDA AND CRISPINA RASO, PETITIONERS, V. ENGR. ELMER T. FUDALAN, RESPONDENT, BOHOL I ELECTRIC COOPERATIVE, INC., DEFENDANT.:

Assailed in this petition for review on certiorari¹ are the Decision² dated February 9, 2017 and the Resolution³ dated May 19, 2017 of the Court of Appeals (CA) in CA-G.R. CV No. 04480, which affirmed the Decision⁴ dated May 15, 2012 of the Regional Trial Court of Tagbilaran City, Bohol, Branch 49 (RTC) in Civil Case No. 7476, granting the complaint for damages filed by respondent Engr. Elmer T. Fudalan (respondent) against petitioners Ismael D. Lomarda (Lomarda) and Crispina Raso (Raso; collectively, petitioners).

The Facts

On September 27, 2006, respondent, through his wife, Alma Fudalan, applied for electrical service from BOHECO I Electric Cooperative Inc. (BOHECO I) to illuminate their farmhouse located in Cambanac, Baclayon, Bohol. At the pre-membership seminar, respondent paid the amount of P48.12 as membership fee and was advised to employ the services of an authorized electrician from BOHECO I.⁵ Accordingly, on October 7, 2006, respondent employed the services of Sabino Albelda Sr. (Albelda), a BOHECO I authorized electrician, who informed him that the electrical connection could only be installed in his farmhouse if he procures a certification from Raso, the Barangay Power Association (BAPA)⁶ Chairperson. Respondent then instructed his farmhand to get a certification from Raso but despite efforts to reach Raso, the latter was unavailable. Thus, respondent consented to the tapping of his electrical line to that of BAPA upon the assurance of Albelda that he would not be charged with pilferage of electricity because his electric usage shall be determined by the check meter of BOHECO I at the base of the drop line and shall be billed accordingly.⁷

In the morning of October 8, 2006, respondent still tried again to obtain Raso's certification. However, during their meeting, Raso allegedly got mad, vowed to never issue the said certification, and eventually then reported the matter to BOHECO I for disconnection.⁸

Feeling aggrieved, respondent and his wife went to BOHECO I on October 17, 2006 to complain about Raso's malicious actuations. They were attended to by the receiving clerk, petitioner Lomarda, who, after reviewing their documents, told them that he would conduct an ocular inspection of their farmhouse. The next day, respondent, together with his farmhand, went looking for Raso and confronted her about the latter's threat of disconnection. To appease them, Raso guaranteed not to order the disconnection of respondent's electricity; nevertheless, she still refused to issue the certification on the premise that respondent's farmhouse already had electricity. In the course of their conversation, Raso uttered, "Sabut sabuton lang ni nato," which translates to "let us just settle this."⁹

On November 5, 2006, respondent and his wife once more went to Raso to follow up on the issuance of such certification. They met at the purok center, where Raso was conducting a meeting with several purok members. Thereat, Raso asked why respondent's electricity has not yet been installed. Respondent took this to be a sarcastic and rhetorical remark because Raso was, in fact, the one withholding the issuance of the BAPA certification which was precisely the cause of the delay of the aforesaid installation.¹⁰

In another confrontation, Raso explained that she was about to issue the certification but was prevented by Lomarda, who allegedly apprised her of a pending complaint for premature tapping against respondent. To settle the misunderstanding, Raso directed respondent to discuss the matter with Lomarda at his house, and again uttered "Sabut sabuton lang ni nato." During their conversation, Lomarda told respondent that he earlier received a disconnection order issued a long time ago but misplaced the document, and that an ocular inspection of respondent's farmhouse will be conducted on November 6, 2006. When respondent informed Raso of the date of inspection, the latter once again remarked, "Sabut sabuton lang ni nato."¹¹

On the day of inspection, or on November 6, 2006, respondent was assured that his electricity will not be disconnected and that Raso will issue the certification, provided he would pay the amount of P1,750.00 or sign a promissory note. Respondent, however, refused to comply with the said conditions, reasoning that there was no official order from the concerned office. After respondent refused to pay, Lomarda allegedly posed in front of a camera and while pointing at the slot provided for the electric meter, shouted, "This is an illegal tapping." Thereafter, Lomarda, in the presence of policemen, the barangay treasurer, and other several passersby, ordered his linemen to cut off respondent's electricity.¹²

On November 9, 2006, respondent communicated with BOHECO I, through phone, and inquired about his electric dues. He was informed that there was no system loss or excess billed to the cooperative, and that his electric usage amounted only to P20.00.

Claiming that petitioners' acts tarnished his image, besmirched his reputation, and defamed his honor and dignity, respondent filed a complaint for damages before the RTC. Respondent alleged that petitioners confederated with one another to purposely delay the approval of his application for electric connection by: (a) withholding the issuance of the BAPA certification; (b) falsely accusing him of premature tapping and pilferage of electricity; and (c) demanding the payment of P1,750.00, when what was due him was only P20.00.¹³

For their part, petitioners contended that respondent committed premature tapping of electricity, when the latter consented to the tapping of his line to the service line of BAPA without a "turn-on" order from BOHECO I. Moreover, they claim that they cannot be faulted for the disconnection, since they gave respondent the option to pay the penalty or sign a promissory note, which the latter refused.¹⁴cralawred

The RTC Ruling

In a Decision¹⁵ dated May 15, 2012, the RTC found petitioners liable for damages under Article 21 of the Civil Code,¹⁶ and accordingly, ordered them to jointly and severally pay respondent the following amounts: (a) P451.65 as actual damages; (b) P200,000.00 as moral damages; (c) P100,000.00 as exemplary damages; (d) P50,000.00 as attorney's fees; and (e) P20,000.00 as litigation expenses.¹⁷

In so ruling, the RTC held that respondent could not have committed premature electrical connection or electric pilferage in violation of the existing rules and regulations of BOHECO I, considering that the installation of respondent's electrical connection was only done upon the advice of Albelda, who is an authorized electrician of BOHECO I. Moreover, the RTC pointed out that respondent was in good faith and exerted all his efforts to comply with the requirements of BOHECO I, while petitioners performed acts that are malicious, dishonest, and in gross bad faith. In particular, petitioners intentionally withheld the issuance of the required BAPA certification and worse, demanded the payment of P1,750.00, when what was due from respondent was only P20.00. Consequently, the RTC ruled that petitioners are liable under Article 21 of the Civil Code.¹⁸

Aggrieved, petitioners appealed to the Court of Appeals (CA).

The CA Ruling

In a Decision¹⁹ dated February 9, 2017, the CA affirmed the RTC Decision.²⁰

At the onset, the CA observed that respondent exerted all efforts to comply with the prescribed requirements in good faith. Moreover, it pointed out that respondent was not caught in flagrante delicto of premature tapping because he was the one who reported to Raso the fact of tapping, which was only done under the context that the approving authority was then unavailable to issue the certification despite respondent's efforts.²¹ On the other hand, the CA ruled that petitioners acted with malice and bad faith, as exhibited by their conduct before, during, and after the disconnection, which is contrary to morals, good customs, or public policy.

Undaunted, petitioners moved for reconsideration but was denied in a Resolution²² dated May 19, 2017; hence, this petition.

The Issue Before the Court

The issue for the Court's resolution is whether or not the CA correctly upheld the award of damages under Article 21 of the Civil Code.

The Court's Ruling

At the outset, it bears stressing that factual findings of the trial court, especially when affirmed by the CA, deserve great weight and respect, unless there are facts of weight and substance that were overlooked or misinterpreted and that would materially affect the disposition of the case.²³ Hence, finding no cogent reason to the contrary, their factual findings in this case are sustained.

Petitioners mainly argue that they should not be held liable for damages, considering that respondent made a premature and unauthorized tapping of his electrical connection. In this regard, they invoke the principle that he who comes to court must come with clean hands. Moreover, petitioners allege that respondent is not entitled to moral damages in the absence of evidence to show that the acts imputed against them caused respondent moral suffering.

The arguments of petitioners are untenable.

In this case, petitioners were found liable by both the RTC and CA for abuse of rights under Article 19, in relation to Article 21, of the Civil Code.

"Article 19, known to contain what is commonly referred to as the principle of abuse of rights, sets certain standards which may be observed not only in the exercise of one's rights but also in the performance of one's duties." In this regard, case law states that "[a] right, though by itself legal because [it is] recognized or granted by law as such, may nevertheless become the source of some illegality. When a right is exercised in a manner which does not conform with the norms enshrined in Article 19 and results in damage to another, a legal wrong is thereby committed for which the wrongdoer must be held responsible."²⁴

"Article 19 is the general rule which governs the conduct of human relations. By itself, it is not the basis of an actionable tort. Article 19 describes the degree of care required so that an actionable tort may arise when it is alleged together with Article 20 or Article 21."²⁵ In Saudi Arabian Airlines v. CA,²⁶ the Court explained the relation of Article 19 and Article 21 of the Civil Code: ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

On one hand, Article 19 of the New Civil Code provides:

Art. 19. Every person must, in the exercise of his rights and in the performance of his duties, act with justice, give everyone his due, and observe honesty and good faith.

On the other hand, Article 21 of the New Civil Code provides:

Art. 21. Any person who willfully causes loss or injury to another in a manner that is contrary to morals, good customs or public policy shall compensate the latter for damages.

Thus, in Philippine National Bank vs. CA, this Court held that:

The aforecited provisions on human relations were intended to expand the concept of torts in this jurisdiction by granting adequate legal remedy for the untold number of moral wrongs which is impossible for human foresight to specifically provide in the statutes.

Although Article 19 merely declares a principle of law, Article 21 gives flesh to its provisions. Thus, we agree with private respondent's assertion that violations of Articles 19 and 21 are actionable, with judicially enforceable remedies in the municipal
forum.²⁷cralawlawlibrary

In Mata v. Agravante,²⁸ the Court pointed out that Article 21 of the Civil Code "refers to acts contra bonos mores and has the following elements: (1) an act which is legal; (2) but which is contrary to morals, good customs, public order or public policy; and (3) is done with intent to injure."²⁹

In this case, records show that respondent had consistently pursued all reasonable efforts to comply with the prescribed requirements for the installation of electrical connection at his farmhouse. As part of his application for electrical service with BOHECO I, he attended a pre�membership seminar wherein he duly paid the amount of P48.12 as membership fee. At the seminar, he was advised to employ the services of a BOHECO I authorized electrician, which he did by employing Albelda. As the CA pointed out, there were certain advantages to this course of action, considering that: (a) the said electrician is familiar with the rules and regulations of BOHECO I; (b) an inspection fee will not be charged if the wiring is done by him; and (c) BOHECO I shall provide a 30-meter service drop wire, and electric meter, free of charge, upon payment of the bill deposit.³⁰

Eventually, Albelda informed respondent that he could only install the electrical connection in respondent's farmhouse if the latter becomes a BAPA member and if he can obtain a certification as such from BAPA Chairperson Raso. Again, respondent took no time in obtaining this certification by instructing his farmhand to reach the aforesaid chairperson. Unfortunately, Raso was unavailable despite the farmhand's diligent efforts. Respondent, who was then put into a precarious situation, sought the advice of Albelda, the cooperative's authorized electrician, on how to deal with the matter. Albelda then assured him that if he will proceed with the tapping of his electrical line to that of BAPA, he would not be charged with pilferage of electricity and would be billed accordingly. Relying in good faith on the authorized electrician's advice on the matter, respondent then consented to the tapping but nonetheless, still instructed his farmhand to secure the certification from Raso to ensure compliance with the requirements for proper installation. Upon meeting with Raso, respondent, by his own volition, candidly brought to her attention the tapping of BAPA's line and duly explained to her the situation. This notwithstanding, Raso was quick to impute malicious actuations against respondent for proceeding with the tapping and reported the matter to BOHECO I for disconnection.

Faced with this predicament, respondent and his wife went to the cooperative to report Raso's actions. They were then attended by the receiving clerk, Lomarda, who told them that he would conduct an ocular inspection of the farmhouse. In the course of trying to comply with the requirements, both Raso and Lomarda gave respondent the roundabout by consistently assuring him that they were settling the matter ("Sabut sabuton lang ni nato"). The following excerpt of respondent's testimony during trial is instructive on this score: ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Q. Now, did Mrs. Raso tell you while that controversy was between you during that time that rather Mrs. Raso told you in visayan vernacular "Sabut saboton lang ni nato"? (sic)

A. Oh! Ye[s] (sic) she mentioned that p[hrase] (sic) which disturb me so much for 3 three (3) times (sic), 1.) when I went together with my farm help I went to her house on October 18 her parting words (sic) was don't worry you will not be disconnected "Sabut sa boton lang ni nato" and the other two (2) was on November 5 when I again look (sic) her which I found her at the purok center to ask for my certification again and her parting words is (sic) "Sabut saboton lang ni nato" and then she told me to go (sic) Mr. Lomarda because Mr. Lomarda has the final say whether she will give me my certification or not. And the 3rd, was again on the same date November 5 already night time when Mr. Lomarda told me that he is going to inspect the house on Monday so that I went back to Mrs. Raso to inform her that Mr. Lomarda is going to inspect the house on Monday and again Mrs. Raso told me that "Sabut saboton lang ni nato."

Q. Now, after hearing that statement "Sabut saboton lang ni nato", what did you ask Mrs. Raso what (sic) was that meaning of "Sabut saboton lang ni nato"?

A. I did not bother to ask her but in my mind it means money that Mrs. Raso together with Mr. Lomarda is out to victimize me to please me (sic) "[pangkwartahan] ko" (sic) because of that premature connection.³¹

In this regard, the CA aptly observed that "[c]onfronted with the crisis presented by [respondent], it is only proper for [petitioners] to tell him what corrective or remedial measures must be done to avoid the commission of any further infraction. Instead of doing so, x x x Raso made herself unavailable, which delayed the issuance of the certification. For his part, x x x Lomarda failed to immediately disclose the notice of disconnection to [respondent], under the pretext that he is yet to conduct an ocular inspection on the subject farmhouse."³²

Worse than their inaction and lack of forthrightness, petitioners even tried to extort from respondent the amount of P1,792.00 in exchange for the issuance of a certification and for the continued availment of their electrical services. However, respondent refused to accede to this condition since there was no official issuance coming from BOHECO I itself. In fact, upon reporting the matter to the cooperative, respondent, to his dismay, discovered that his electric usage amounted to only P20.00. Indeed, as the CA ruled, "[b]y setting these conditions, it is evident that [petitioners] were induced by an ill motive."

To further exacerbate the situation, petitioner Lomarda even caused a scene in the public's view which made it appear that respondent was an unscrupulous violator and thereupon, proceeded to disconnect his electricity that caused him embarrassment and humiliation. As the testimony of respondent during trial shows: ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Q. Now, Mr. witness to refresh your memory according to you on November 6, 2006 Mr. Ismale (sic) Lomarda went to your house at Cambanac, Baclayon, Bohol what did Mr. Lomardo do when he reached at (sic) your house?

A. It was in the afternoon of November 6 Mr. Lomarda bringing with him 2 Policemen (sic) they were also bringing with them camera taking pictures on the post where the electrical line was connected and there were many people around.

Q. Then after that what did Mr. Lomarda do?

A. Mr. Lomarda in hearing the window (sic) with all the people shouted that "kita mo ha" "kita mo ha" in our vernacular, "kita mo ha" at the same time pointing to the post where the electrical connection is made "kita mo ha" witness "ka ha" witness "ka ha" at the same time taking pictures.

Q. So, after that what did Mr. Lomarda do?

A. Mr. Lomarda demanded to (sic) me an amount of One Thousand Pesos (P1,750.00) (sic) according to him as payment of an allege penalty so that I will not be disconnected.

Q. Did you give that amount?

A. No.

Q. Then considering that you did not give that amount One Thousand (P1,750.00) (sic) what did Mr. Lomarda do?

A. Mr. Lomarda demanded or insisting (sic) that he is going to inspect the house and when I let him in inside the house he refuse (sic) and told me to sign first his report before he will enter the house.

Q. Did you sign the report?

A. I did not sign the report.

Q. Now considering that you did not sign the report, what did Mr. Lomarda do?

A. Mr. Lomarda instructed his line men because he was also bringing linemen to finally cut (sic). Days after I ask Mrs. Raso whether she will allow the disconnection which Mrs. Raso answered in the affirmative and after that Mr. Lomarda instructed his line man to finally cut (sic).

Q. And that was on November 6, 2006?

A. November 6, in the afternoon.

Q. Will (sic) Mrs. Raso present during the time when the line man of Mr. Lomarda cut your electrical connection?

A. Yes. Mrs. Raso was also present because she wanted me to sign a promissory note that if I have no cash to pay that P1,750.00 allege (sic) penalty then I should sign her promissory note so that I will not also be disconnected.³³ (Emphases supplied)

Under the foregoing circumstances, it is clear that petitioners should be held liable for damages under Article 19, in relation to Article 21, of the Civil Code. While it appears that petitioners were engaged in a legal act, i.e., exacting compliance with the requirements for the installation of respondent's electricity in his farmhouse, the circumstances of this case show that the same was conducted contrary to morals and good customs, and were in fact done with the intent to cause injury to respondent. Petitioners did not only fail to apprise respondent of the proper procedure to expedite compliance with the requirements, they also misled him to believe that everything can be settled, extorted money from him when only a meager amount was due, and worse, publicly humiliated him in front of many people which ended up in the disconnection of his electricity altogether. To be sure, the clean hands doctrine - which was invoked by petitioners herein - should not apply in their favor, considering that while respondent may have technically failed to procure the required BAPA certification and proceeded with the tapping, the same was not due to his lack of effort or intention in complying with the rules in good faith. As exhibited above, it was, in fact, petitioners' own acts which made compliance with the rules impossible. Hence, respondent was actually free from fault, negating the application of the clean hands doctrine, to wit:³⁴

Parties who do not come to court with clean hands cannot be allowed to profit from their own wrongdoing. The action (or inaction) of the party seeking equity must be "free from fault, and he must have done nothing to lull his adversary into repose, thereby obstructing and preventing vigilance on the part of the latter."³⁵

That being said, the awards of damages in favor of respondent are therefore warranted. In this case, both the RTC and the CA awarded actual, moral, and exemplary damages, including attorney's fees and litigation expenses.

Actual damages are such compensation or damages for an injury that will put the injured party in the position in which he had been before he was injured. They pertain to such injuries or losses that are actually sustained and susceptible of measurement. To justify an award of actual damages, there must be competent proof of the actual amount of loss.³⁶ In this case, the award of actual damages in the amount of P451.65 was based on the evidence presented as found by both the RTC and CA. Hence, finding no cogent reason to the contrary, and given that the same was supported by receipts,³⁷ the said award is sustained.

However, the Court finds otherwise with respect to the awards of moral and exemplary damages, as well as attorney's fees and litigation expenses (in the amounts of P200,000.00, P100,000.00, P50,000.00, and P20,000.00, respectively) which appear to be excessive considering the circumstances of this case. Notably, the amounts of moral and exemplary damages may be discretionary upon the court depending on the attendant circumstances of the case.³⁸

Under Article 2219³⁹ of the Civil Code, moral damages may be recovered, among others, in acts and actions referred to in Article 21 of the same Code. "[A]n award of moral damages must be anchored on a clear showing that the party claiming the same actually experienced mental anguish, besmirched reputation, sleepless nights, wounded feelings, or similar injury."⁴⁰ In this case, the aforementioned malicious acts, as proven through the evidence presented by respondent, clearly caused moral suffering to the latter, for which petitioners should be made liable. As intimated in one case,⁴¹ although mental anguish and emotional sufferings of a person are not quantifiable with mathematical precision, the Court must nonetheless strive to set an amount that would restore respondent to his moral status quo ante.⁴² In this regard, the Court finds it reasonable to award the amount of P50,000.00 as moral damages, considering the meager amount of actual damages awarded despite the public humiliation and distress suffered by respondent throughout his ordeal.

Meanwhile, case law states that "exemplary or corrective damages are imposed by way of example or correction for the public good, in addition to moral, temperate, liquidated, or compensatory damages. The award of exemplary damages is allowed by law as a warning to the public and as a deterrent against the repetition of socially deleterious actions." In this case, the Court finds the award of exemplary damages in the amount of P50,000.00 reasonable in order to serve as a reminder against unscrupulous persons - as herein petitioners - who take undue advantage of their positions to the detriment of the consuming public.

As regards attorney's fees and litigation costs, "Article 2208 of the New Civil Code of the Philippines states the policy that should guide the courts when awarding attorney's fees to a litigant. As a general rule, the parties may stipulate the recovery of attorney's fees. In the absence of such stipulation, this article restrictively enumerates the instances when these fees may be recovered," to wit: ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 2208. In the absence of stipulation, attorney's fees and expenses of litigation, other than judicial costs, cannot be recovered, except:

(1) When exemplary damages are awarded; x x x

In view of the award of exemplary damages, the Court finds it proper to award attorney's fees and litigation costs but in the reduced amount of P25,000.00.

In fine, the Court holds that petitioners, as joint tortfeasors under Article 21 of the Civil Code, are jointly and severally liable to pay respondent the following amounts: (a) P451.65 as actual damages; (b) P50,000.00 as moral damages; (c) P50,000.00 as exemplary damages; and (d) attorney's fees and litigation expenses in the amount of P25,000.00.

WHEREFORE, the petition is DENIED. The Decision dated February 9, 2017 and the Resolution dated May 19, 2017 of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. CV No. 04480 are hereby AFFIRMED WITH MODIFICATION in that petitioners Ismael G. Lomarda and Crispina Raso are ordered to jointly and severally pay respondent Elmer Fudalan the following amounts: (a) P451.65 as actual damages; (b) P50,000.00 as moral damages; (c) P50,000.00 as exemplary damages; and (d) attorney's fees and litigation expenses in the amount of P25,000.00.

SO ORDERED.

Hernando, Inting, Delos Santos, and Gaerlan,^*JJ., concur.chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

Endnotes:

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^* Designated additional member per Special Order No. 2780 dated May 11, 2020.

¹Rollo, pp. 7-15.

² Id. at 18-33. Penned by Associate Justice Pamela Ann Abella Maximo with Associate Justices Pablito A. Perez and Gabriel T. Robeniol, concurring.

³ Id. at 34-38.

⁴ See id. at 22-23, 58-60.

⁵ Id. at 18-19.

⁶ Formerly Electric Consumers Association (see id. at 19).

⁷ Id.

⁸ Id.

⁹ See id. at 19-20.

¹⁰ See id. at 20.

¹¹ Id.

¹² Id. at 20-21.

¹³ Id. at 21.

¹⁴ See id. at 21-22.

¹⁵ The RTC Decision is not attached. See id. at 22-23, 58-60.

¹⁶ See id. at 59-60.

¹⁷ See id. at 22-23.

¹⁸ See id. at 58-60.

¹⁹ Id. at 18-33.

²⁰ Id. at 32.

²¹ See id. at 25-27.

²² Id. at 34-38.

²³Almojuela v. People, 734 Phil. 636, 651 (2014).

²⁴Albenson Enterprises Corp. v. CA, 291 Phil. 17, 27 (1993).

²⁵Arco Pulp and Paper Co. v. Lim, 737 Phil. 133, 149 (2014).

²⁶ 358 Phil. 105 (1998).

²⁷ Id. at 120.

²⁸ 583 Phil. 64 (2008).

²⁹ Id. at 70.

³⁰ See rollo, p. 19.

³¹Rollo, pp. 27-28.

³² Id. at 28.

³³ Id. at 29-30.

³⁴DPWH v. Quiwa (Resolution), 681 Phil. 485 (2012).

³⁵ Id. at 489-490.

³⁶B.F. Metal Corporation v. Spouses Lomotan, 574 Phil. 740, 749 (2008).

³⁷ (a) Official Receipt dated September 27, 2006, in the amount of P48.12 (see Exhibit "A", records, p. 16); (b) Receipt dated November 9, 2006, in the amount of P20.00 (see Exhibit "G", id. at 22); (c) Receipt dated November 8, 2006, in the amount of P350.00 (see Exhibit "N", id. at 140); and (d) Receipt dated April 29, 2007, in the amount of P33.53 (see Exhibit "O", id. at 141).

³⁸ See Monzon v. IAC, 251 Phil. 695, 703-704 (1989).

³⁹ Art. 2219. Moral damages may be recovered in the following and analogous cases:

x x x x

(10) Acts and actions referred to in Articles 21, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 34 and 35.

x x x x

⁴⁰International Container Terminal Services, Inc. v. Chua, 730 Phil. 475, 495 (2014).

⁴¹People v. Salafranca, 682 Phil. 470 (2012).

⁴² Id. at 484.chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary