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Philippine Supreme Court Jurisprudence > Year 2016 > February 2016 Decisions > G.R. No. 191185, February 01, 2016 - GUILBEMER FRANCO, Petitioner, v. PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Respondent.:




G.R. No. 191185, February 01, 2016 - GUILBEMER FRANCO, Petitioner, v. PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Respondent.

PHILIPPINE SUPREME COURT DECISIONS

THIRD DIVISION

G.R. No. 191185, February 01, 2016

GUILBEMER FRANCO, Petitioner, v. PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Respondent.

D E C I S I O N

REYES, J.:

The Constitution presumes a person innocent until proven guilty by proof beyond reasonable doubt. The prosecution cannot be allowed to draw strength from the weakness of the defense's evidence for it has the onus probandi in establishing the guilt of the accused - ei incumbit probatio qui elicit, non que negat � he who asserts, not he who denies, must prove.1chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

Nature of the Case

Before the Court is a Petition for Review on Certiorari2 under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court where petitioner Guilbemer Franco (Franco) assails the Decision3 dated September 16, 2009 of the Court of Appeals (CA), in CA-G.R. CR No. 31706, affirming the Decision4 dated February 27, 2008 of the Regional Trial Court (RTC) of Manila, Branch 15, in Criminal Case No. 05-238613. The RTC convicted Franco of the crime of Theft under an Information, which reads as follows:ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary
That on or about November 3, 2004, in the City of Manila, Philippines, the said accused did then and there willfully, unlawfully and feloniously, with intent to gain and without the knowledge and consent of the owner thereof, take, steal and carry away one (1) Nokia 3660 Model cellular phone worth Php 18,500.00 belonging to BENJAMIN JOSEPH NAKAMOTO Y ERGUIZA to the damage and prejudice of the said owner in the aforesaid amount of Php 18,500.00, Philippine Currency.

Contrary to law.5chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
On September 5, 2005, Franco, assisted by counsel, pleaded not guilty to the crime charged.6chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

The Facts

The evidence for the prosecution established the following facts:

On November 3, 2004 at around 11:00 a.m., Benjamin Joseph Nakamoto (Nakamoto) went to work out at the Body Shape Gym located at Malong Street, Tondo, Manila. After he finished working out, he placed his Nokia 3660 cell phone worth PI8,500.00 on the altar where gym users usually put their valuables and proceeded to the comfort room to change his clothes. After ten minutes, he returned to get his cell phone, but it was already missing. Arnie Rosario (Rosario), who was also working out, informed him that he saw Franco get a cap and a cell phone from the altar. Nakamoto requested everyone not to leave the gym, but upon verification from the logbook, he found out that Franco had left within the time that he was in the shower.7chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary

The gym's caretaker, Virgilio Ramos (Ramos), testified that he saw Franco in the gym but he was not working out and was just going around the area. In fact, it was just Franco's second time at the gym. Ramos even met him near the door and as Franco did not log out, he was the one who indicated it in their logbook. When Nakamoto announced that his cell phone was missing and asked that nobody leaves the place, he put an asterisk opposite the name of Franco in the logbook to indicate that he was the only one who left the gym after the cell phone was declared lost.8chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary

Nakamoto, together with Jeoffrey Masangkay, a police officer who was also working out at the gym, tried to locate Franco within the gym's vicinity but they failed to find him. They proceeded to the police station and while there, a report was received from another police officer that somebody saw Franco along Coral Street, which is near the gym and that he was holding a cell phone. They went to Coral Street but he was already gone. A vendor told them that he saw a person who was holding a cell phone, which was then ringing and that the person was trying to shut it off. When they went to Franco's house, they were initially not allowed to come in but were eventually let in by Franco's mother. They talked to Franco who denied having taken the cell phone.9chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary

Nakamoto then filed a complaint with the barangay but no settlement was arrived thereat; hence, a criminal complaint for theft was filed against Franco before the City Prosecutor's Office of Manila, docketed as I.S. No. 04K-25849.10chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary

In his defense, Franco denied the charge, alleging that if Nakamoto had indeed lost his cell phone at around 1:00 p.m., he and his witnesses could have confronted him as at that time, he was still at the gym, having left only at around 2:45 p.m.11 He also admitted to have taken a cap and cell phone from the altar but claimed these to be his.12chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

Ruling of the RTC

In its Decision dated February 27, 2008, the RTC convicted Franco of theft, the dispositive portion of which reads:ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary
IN VIEW OF THE FOREGOING, this Court finds [Franco], GUILTY beyond reasonable doubt of the crime of theft penalized in paragraph I of Article 309 in relation to Article 308 of the Revised Penal Code and hereby imposes upon him the penalty of imprisonment of two (2) years, four (4) months and one (1) day as minimum to seven (7) years and four (4) months as maximum and to pay the complainant Php 18,500.00.

SO ORDERED.13chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
The RTC did not find Franco's defense credible and ruled that his denial cannot be given evidentiary value over the positive testimony of Rosario.14chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary

Franco then appealed to the CA.15chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

Ruling of the CA

In affirming the RTC decision, the CA found the elements of theft to have been duly established. It relied heavily on the "positive testimony" of Rosario who declared to have seen Franco take a cap and a cell phone from the altar. The CA likewise gave credence to the testimony of Ramos who confirmed that it was only Franco who left the gym immediately before Nakamoto announced that his cell phone was missing. Ramos also presented the logbook and affirmed having put an asterisk opposite the name "ELMER," which was entered by the accused upon logging in. The CA stated that taken together, the foregoing circumstances are sufficient to support a moral conviction that Franco is guilty, and at the same time, inconsistent with the hypothesis that he is innocent.16 The CA further ruled that the RTC cannot be faulted for giving more weight to the testimony of Nakamoto17 and Rosario,18 considering that Franco failed to show that they were impelled by an ill or improper motive to falsely testify against him.19chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary

In his petition for review, Franco presented the following issues for resolution, to wit:ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary
I.

WHETHER THE HONORABLE [CA] ERRED IN GIVING WEIGHT AND CREDENCE TO THE PROSECUTION WITNESSES' INCONSISTENT AND IRRECONCILABLE TESTIMONIES.chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

II.

WHETHER THE HONORABLE [CA] ERRED IN AFFIRMING [FRANCO'S] CONVICTION DESPITE THE FACT THAT THE SAME WAS BASED ON FABRICATIONS AND PRESUMPTIONS.chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

III.

WHETHER. THE HONORABLE [CA] ERRED IN ACCEPTING THE VALUE OF THE ALLEGEDLY STOLEN CELLULAR PHONE WITHOUT SUBSTANTIATING EVIDENCE.20chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
Ruling of the Court

Preliminarily, the Court restates the rule that only errors of law and not of facts are reviewable by this Court in a petition for review on certiorari under Rule 45 of the Revised Rules of Court. This rule applies with greater force when the factual findings of the CA are in full agreement with that of the RTC.21chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary

The rule, however, is not ironclad. A departure therefrom may be warranted when it is established that the RTC ignored, overlooked, misconstrued or misinterpreted cogent facts and circumstances, which, if considered, will change the outcome of the case. Considering that what is at stake here is liberty, the Court has carefully reviewed the records of the case22 and finds that Franco should be acquitted.

Failure of the prosecution to prove Franco's guilt beyond reasonable doubt

The burden of such proof rests with the prosecution, which must rely on the strength of its case rather than on the weakness of the case for the defense. Proof beyond reasonable doubt, or that quantum of proof sufficient to produce a moral certainty that would convince and satisfy the conscience of those who act in judgment, is indispensable to overcome the constitutional presumption of innocence.23chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary

In every criminal conviction, the prosecution is required to prove two things beyond reasonable doubt: first, the fact of the commission of the crime charged, or the presence of all the elements of the offense; and second, the fact that the accused was the perpetrator of the crime.24chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary

Under Article 308 of the Revised Penal Code, the essential elements of the crime of theft are: (1) the taking of personal property; (2) the property belongs to another; (3) the taking away was done with intent to gain; (4) the taking away was done without the consent of the owner; and (5) the taking away is accomplished without violence or intimidation against person or force upon things.25cralawred

The corpus delicti in theft has two elements, to wit: (1) that the property was lost by the owner; and (2) that it was lost by felonious taking.26 In this case, the crucial issue is whether the prosecution has presented proof beyond reasonable doubt to establish the corpus delicti of the crime. In affirming Franco's conviction, the CA ruled that the elements were established. Moreover, the RTC and the CA apparently relied heavily on circumstantial evidence.

To sustain a conviction based on circumstantial evidence, Section 4, Rule 133 of the Rules of Court provides that the following requisites must concur: (1) there must be more than one circumstance to convict; (2) the facts on which the inference of guilt is based must be proved; and (3) the combination of all the circumstances is such as to produce a conviction beyond reasonable doubt. With respect to the third requisite, it is essential that the circumstantial evidence presented must constitute an unbroken chain, which leads one to a fair and reasonable conclusion pointing to the accused, to the exclusion of others, as the guilty person.27chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary

The prosecution presented three (3) witnesses - Nakamoto, the complainant; Ramos, the gym's caretaker; and Rosario, another gym user.

Their testimonies established the following circumstances: (1) Nakamoto placed his cell phone on the altar,28 left and went to change his clothes, and alter ten minutes, returned to get his cell phone but the same was already missing;29 (2) Rosario saw Franco get a cap and a cell phone from the same place;30 and (3) Ramos saw Franco leave the gym at 1:15 p.m. and the latter failed to log out in the logbook.31 The RTC and the CA wove these circumstances in order to arrive at the "positive identification" of Franco as the perpetrator.32chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary

A perusal of their testimonies, however, shows that certain facts have been overlooked by both courts.

For one, it was only Rosario who saw Franco get a cap and a cell phone from the altar. His lone testimony, however, cannot be considered a positive identification of Franco as the perpetrator.33chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary

In People v. Pondivida,34 the Court held:ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary
Positive identification pertains essentially to proof of identity and not per se to that of being an eyewitness to the very act of commission of the crime. There are two types of positive identification. A witness may identify a suspect or accused in a criminal case as the perpetrator of the crime as an eyewitness to the very act of the commission of the crime. This constitutes direct evidence. There may, however, be instances where, although a witness may not have actually seen the very act of commission of a crime, he may still be able to positively identify a suspect or accused as the perpetrator of a crime as for instance when the latter is the person or one of the persons last seen with the victim immediately before and right after the commission of the crime. This is the second, type of positive identification, which forms part of circumstantial evidence, which, when taken together with other pieces of evidence constituting an unbroken chain, leads to only fair and reasonable conclusion, which is that the accused is the author of the crime to the exclusion of all others. x x x.35 (Emphasis omitted and underscoring ours)
Rosario's testimony definitely cannot fall under the first category of positive identification. While it may support the conclusion that Franco took a cell phone from the altar, it does not establish with certainty that what Franco feloniously took, assuming that he did, was Nakamoto's cell phone. Rosario merely testified that Franco took "a cell phone." He stated:ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary
Q:
How did you know that the said cell phone was taken by the accused?
A:
[W]e were then in a conversation when I asked him to spot or assist me with the weights that I intended to carry. We were then situated in an area very near the altar where his cap and cell phone were placed. After assisting me, he went to the area and took the cell phone and the cap at the same time.
Q:
[W]ho were you talking [sic] at that time?
A:
Guilbemer Franco.
Q:
It was also [G]uilbemer Franco who helped or spot you in the work out?
A:
Yes, sir.
Q:
And after assisting you, what did Franco do?
A:
He took the cell phone of Mr. Nakamoto and his cap at the same time and covered the cell phone by his cap and left the place.
Q:
Where was that cell phone of the private complainant placed at that time?
A:
At the top of the altar where is [sic] cap is also located.
Q:
How far was that altar from where you were working?
A:
Only inches.
Q:
It was directly in front of you?
A:
Yes, sir.
Q:
What did you do when the accused took the cap as well as the cell phone of the private complainant?
A:
None, sir. I thought the cap and cell phone was his.
Q:
How did you know that the cell phone belongs to the private complainant?
A:
After Mr. Nakamoto came out from the shower, he went directly to the altar to get his cell phone which was not there anymore and asked us where his cell phone and I told him that I saw Mr. Franco get a cell phone from that area.36 (Emphasis ours)
On cross-examination, Rosario also stated that he did not actually see Franco take Nakamoto's cell phone37 but on re-direct, he clarified that he did not see the cell phone of Nakamoto because he thought that the cell phone was owned by Franco.38chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary

What was firmly established by Rosarios testimony is that Franco took a cell phone from the altar. But Franco even admitted such fact.39 What stands out from Rosario's testimony is that he was unable to particularly describe at first instance what or whose cell phone Franco took from the altar. lie only assumed that it was Nakamoto's at the time the latter announced that his cell phone was missing. This was, in tact, observed by the RTC in the course of Rosario's testimony, thus:ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary
COURT:
What you actually saw was, [G]uilbemer Franco was taking his cap together with the cell phone placed beside the cap but you do not know that [the] cell phone was Bj's or Nakamoto's?
A:
[Y]es, Your Honor.
COURT:
You just presumed that the cell phone taken by Guilbemer Franco was his?
A:
Yes, Ma'am.40 (Emphasis ours)
Moreover, it must be noted that save for Nakamoto's statement that he placed his cell phone at the altar, no one saw him actually place his cell phone there. This was confirmed by Rosario -
COURT:
Q:
And on that day, you were able to see that Nakamoto on four incidents, when he logged-in, during work-out and when he went inside the C.[R].?
A:
Yes, sir.
Q:
Therefore, you did not see Nakamoto place his cell phone at the Altar?
A:
Yes, sir.41 (Emphasis ours)
Ramos, the gym caretaker, also testified that he did not see Franco take Nakamoto's cell phone and only assumed that the cell phone on the altar was Nakamoto's, thus -
Q:
And do you know who owns that cell phone put [sic] over the altar?
A:
Benjamin Nakamoto.
Q:
How do you know that it belongs to Benjamin Nakamoto?
A:
He is the only one who brings a cell phone to the gym.
x x x x
Q:
[D]id you actually see him take the cell phone of Nakamoto?
A:
I did not see him take the [cell] phone but as soon as the cell phone was lost, he was the only one who left the gym.42chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
Neither can the prosecution's testimonial evidence fall under the second category of positive identification, that is, Franco having been identified as the person or one of the persons last seen immediately before and right after the commission of the theft. Records show that there were other people in the gym before and after Nakamoto lost his cell phone. In fact, Nakamoto himself suspected Rosario of having taken his cell phone, thus:ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary
ATTY. SANCHEZ:
Q:
You said that you stayed inside the rest room for more or less 10 minutes?
A:
[Y]es, sir.
Q:
After 10 minutes, you don't know whether aside from Franco somebody went out from the gym because you were inside the c.r.?
A:
Yes. sir.
x x x x
Q:
As a matter of fact, one of your witness[es] who went near the place where your cell phone was placed was this Arnie Rosario?
A:
Yes, sir.
Q:
And it was only the accused and [Rosario] who were near the place where you said you placed the cell phone?
A:
Yes, sir.
Q:
You did not suspect [Rosario] to have taken the cell phone?
A:
I also suspected, sir.43 (Emphasis ours)
Moreover, the prosecution witnesses confirmed that the altar is the usual spot where the gym users place their valuables. According to Rosario:ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary
ATTY. SANCHEZ:
Q:
And in that place, you said there was a Sto. Nino?
A:
At the Altar.
Q:
Those who work-out in that gym usually place their things [on top of] the altar.
A:
Yes, sir.
Q:
Therefore, there were people who place their cell phones on top [of] the Altar?
A:
Yes, sir.
Q:
Aside from Nakamoto, other people place their things on top [of] the Altar?
A:
Yes, sir.44 (Emphasis ours)
The prosecution's evidence does not rule out the following possibilities: one, that what Franco took was his own cell phone; two, even on the assumption that Franco stole a cell phone from the altar, that what he feloniously took was Nakamoto's cell phone, considering the feet that at the time Nakamoto was inside the changing room, other people may have placed their cell phone on the same spot; and three, that some other person may have taken Nakamoto's cell phone.

It must be emphasized that "[c]ourts must judge the guilt or innocence of the accused based on facts and not on mere conjectures, presumptions, or suspicions."45 It is iniquitous to base Franco's guilt on the presumptions of the prosecution's witnesses for the Court has, time and again, declared that if the inculpatory facts and circumstances are capable of two or more interpretations, one of which being consistent with the innocence of the accused and the other or others consistent with his guilt, then the evidence in view of the constitutional presumption of innocence has not fulfilled the test of moral certainty and is thus insufficient to support a conviction.46chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary

Franco also asserts that the logbook from which his time in and time out at the gym was based was not identified during the trial and was only produced after Ramos testified.47 Ramos testified that when Nakamoto announced that his cell phone was missing and asked that nobody leaves the place, he put an asterisk opposite the name of Franco in the logbook to indicate that he was the only one who left the gym after the cell phone was declared lost.48chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary

Under the Rules on Evidence, documents are either public or private. Private documents are those that do not fall under any of the enumerations in Section 19, Rule 132 of the Rules of Court.49 Section 20 of the same Rule, in turn, provides that before any private document is received in evidence, its due execution and authenticity must be proved either by anyone who saw the document executed or written, or by evidence of the genuineness of the signature or handwriting of the maker.50chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary

In this case, the foregoing rule was not followed. The testimony of Ramos shows that the logbook, indeed, was not identified and authenticated during the course of Ramos' testimony. At the time when Ramos was testifying, he merely referred to the log in and log out time and the name of the person at page 104 of the logbook that appears on line 22 of the entries for November 3, 2004. This was photocopied and marked as Exhibit "C-1."51 Meanwhile, when Nakamoto was presented as rebuttal witness, a page from the logbook was again marked as Exhibit "D."52 The logbook or the particular page referred to by Ramos was neither identified nor confirmed by him as the same logbook which he used to log the ins and outs of the gym users, or that the writing and notations on said logbook was his.

The prosecution contends, meanwhile, that the RTC's evaluation of the witnesses' credibility may no longer be questioned at this stage.53 The Court is not unmindful of the rule that the assignment of value and weight to the testimony of a witness is best left to the discretion of the RTC. But an exception to that rule shall be applied in this ease where certain facts of substance and value, if considered, may affect the result.54 In Lejano v. People,55 the Court stated:ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary
A judge must keep an open mind. He must guard against slipping into hasty conclusion, often arising from a desire to quickly finish the job of deciding a case. A positive declaration from a witness that he saw the accused commit the crime should not automatically cancel out the accused's claim that he did not do it. A lying witness can make as positive an identification as a truthful witness can. The lying witness can also say as forthrightly and unequivocally, "He did it!" without blinking an eye.56chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
The facts and circumstances proven by the prosecution, taken together, are not sufficient to justify the unequivocal conclusion that Franco feloniously took Nakamoto's cell phone. No other convincing evidence was presented by the prosecution that would link him to the theft.57 The fact Franco took a cell phone from the altar does not necessarily point to the conclusion that it was Nakamoto's cell phone that he took. In the appreciation of circumstantial evidence, the rule is that the circumstances must be proved, and not themselves presumed. The circumstantial evidence must exclude the possibility that some other person has committed the offense charged.58chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary

Franco, therefore, cannot be convicted of the crime charged in this case. There is not enough evidence to do so. As a rule, in order to support a conviction on the basis of circumstantial evidence, all the circumstances must be consistent with the hypothesis that the accused is guilty. In this case, not all the facts on which the inference of guilt is based were proved. The matter of what and whose cell phone Franco took from the altar still remains uncertain.chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

Franco's defense of denial

The evidence of the prosecution must stand on its own weight and not rely on the weakness of the defense.59 In this case, Franco did not deny that he was at the Body Shape Gym on November 3, 2004, at around 1:00 p.m. and left the place at around 2:45 p.m.60 He did not even deny that he took a cell phone from the altar together with his cap. What he denied is that he took Nakamoto's cell phone and instead, claimed that what he took is his own cell phone.61 Denial may be weak but courts should not at once look at them with disfavor. There are situations where an accused may really have no other defenses but denial, which, if established to be the truth, may tilt the scales of justice in his favor, especially when the prosecution evidence itself is weak.62chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary

While it is true that denial partakes of the nature of negative and self-serving evidence and is seldom given weight in law,63 the Court admits an exception established by jurisprudence that the defense of denial assumes: significance when the prosecution's evidence is such that it does not prove guilt beyond reasonable doubt.64 The exception applies in the case at hand. The prosecution failed to produce sufficient evidence to overturn the constitutional guarantee that Franco is presumed to be innocent.chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

Value of the cell phone

It is also argued by Franco that the value of the cell phone must be duly proved with reasonable degree of certainty. On the other hand, the people contended that there has been a judicial admission of the same.65 This issue, however, is now moot and academic considering Franco's acquittal.chanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary

Conclusion

The circumstantial evidence proven by the prosecution in this case failed to pass the test of moral certainty necessary to warrant Franco's conviction. Accusation is not synonymous with guilt.66 Not only that, where the inculpatory facts and circumstances are capable of two or more explanations or interpretations, one of which is consistent with the innocence of the accused and the other consistent with his guilt, then the evidence does not meet or hurdle the test of moral certainty required for conviction.67chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary

WHEREFORE, the petition is GRANTED. The Decision of the Court of Appeals dated September 16, 2009 in CA-GR. CR No. 31706 is hereby REVERSED and SET ASIDE. Petitioner Guilbemer Franco is ACQUITTED of the crime of Theft charged in Criminal Case No. 05-238613 because his guilt was not proven beyond reasonable doubt.

No costs.

SO ORDERED.cralawlawlibrary

Velasco, Jr., (Chairperson), Peralta, Perez, and Jardeleza, JJ., concur.cralawlawlibrary

Endnotes:


1People v. Masalihit, 360 Phil. 332, 343 (1998).

2Rollo, pp. 10-30.

3 Penned by Associnte Justice Estela M. Perlas-Bernabe (now a member of this Court), with Associate Justices Amelita G. Tolentino and Stephen C. Cruz concurring; CA rollo, pp. 88-92.

4 Rendered by Presiding Judge Mercedes Posada-Lacap; records, pp. 62-66.

5 Id. at 1.

6Rollo, p. 34.

7 Id. at 33-34.

8 Records, pp. 64-65.

9 Id. at 63-64.

10Rollo, p. 34; TSN, February 8, 2006, pp. 14-15.

11 Records, p. 9.

12 TSN, January 29, 2007, p. 5.

13 Records, p. 66.

14 Id. at 65-66.

15 Id. at 70-71.

16Rollo, pp. 35-36.

17 TSN, February 8, 2006, pp. 1-19.

18 TSN, April 19, 2006, pp. 1-15.

19People, v. PFC Malejana, 515 Phil. 584, 597 (2006).

20Rollo, p. 17.

21Boneng, v. People, 363 Phil. 594, 600 (1999).

22People v. Agulay, 588 Phil. 247, 263 (2008).

23People v. Villanueva, 427 Phil. 102, 128 (2002).

24People v. Santos, 388 Phil. 993, 1004 (2000).

25 People v. Bustinera, G.R. No. 148233, June 8, 2004, 431 SCRA 284, 291.

26Tan v. People, 372 Phil. 93, 105 (1999).

27People v. Ayola, 416 Phil. 861, 872 (2001).

28 CA rollo, p. 88.

29 TSN, February 8, 2006, pp. 4-5.

30 Id. at 5; TSN April 19, 2006, p. 5.

31 TSN, August 28, 2006, pp. 6-7.

32 CA rollo, pp. 90-91.

33Rollo, p. 66.

34 G.R. No. 188969, February 27, 2013, 692 SCRA 217.

35 Id. at 222, citing People v. Caliso, 675 Phil. 742, 755 (2011).

36 TSN, April 19, 2006, pp . 4-5.

37 Id. at 111.

38 Id. at 12.

39 TSN, January 29, 2007, pp. 5-9.

40 TSN, April 19, 2006, p. 12.

41 Id. at 10.

42 TSN, August 28, 2006, pp. 6-7.

43 TSN, February 8, 2006, p. 11.

44 TSN, April 19, 2006, p. 10.

45People v. Anabe, 644 Phil. 261, 281 (2010).

46People v. Timtiman, G.R. No. 101663, November 4, 1992, 215 SCRA 364, 373, citing People v. Remorosa, G.R. No. 8 1768, August 7, 1091, 200 SCRA 350, 360.

47Rollo, p. 48.

48 Id. at 54-55.

49 Sec. 19. Classes of Documents. - For the purpose of their presentation in evidence, documents are either public or private.

Public documents are:

(a)
The written official acts, or records of the official acts of the sovereign authority, official bodies and tribunals, and public officers, whether of the Philippines, or of a foreign country;
(b)
Documents acknowledge before a notary public except last wills and testaments; and
(c)
Public records kept in the Philippines, or private documents required by law to be entered therein.

All other writings are private.

50Sanvicente v. People, 441 Phil. 139, 151 (2002).

51 TSN, August 28, 2006, pp. 7, 14.

52 TSN, March 19, 2007, p. 4.

53Rollo, p. 66.

54People v. Deunida, G.R. Nos. 105199-200, March 28, 1994, 231 SCRA 520, 532.

55 652 Phil. 512 (2010).

56 Id. at 581.

57Rollo, p. 24.

58People v. Anabe, supra note 45.

59People v. Tan, 432 Phil. 171, 199 (2002).

60Rollo, pp. 45-46.

61 TSN, January 29, 2007, pp. 5-6.

62People v. Ladrillo, 377 Phil. 904, 917 (1999).

63People v. Ca�ete, 364 Phil. 423, 435 (1999).

64People v. Mejia, 612 Phil. 668, 687 (2009).

65 TSN, February 8, 2006, p. 6.

66See People v. Manambit, 338 Phil. 57 (1997).

67Atienza v. People, G.R. No. 188694, February 12, 2014, 716 SCRA 84, 104-105.



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  • G.R. No. 198994, February 03, 2016 - IRIS MORALES, Petitioners, v. ANA MARIA OLONDRIZ, ALFONSO JUAN OLONDRIZ, JR., ALEJANDRO MORENO OLONDRIZ, ISABEL ROSA OLONDRIZ AND FRANCISCO JAVIER MARIA OLONDRIZ, Respondent.

  • G.R. No. 181186, February 03, 2016 - SIGUION REYNA MONTECILLO AND ONGSIAKO LAW OFFICES, Petitioners, v. HON. NORMA CHIONLO-SIA, IN HER CAPACITY AS PRESIDING JUDGE OF BRANCH 56 OF THE REGIONAL TRIAL COURT OF LUCENA CITY, AND THE TESTATE ESTATE OF DECEASED SUSANO RODRIGUEZ, REPRESENTED BY THE SPECIAL ADMINISTRATRIX, Respondents.

  • A.M. No. RTJ-13-2361 [Formerly OCA IPI No. 13-4144-RTJ], February 02, 2016 - OFFICE OF THE COURT ADMINISTRATOR, Complainant, v. PRESIDING JUDGE JOSEPH CEDRICK O. RUIZ, REGIONAL TRIAL COURT, BRANCH 61, MAKATI CITY, Respondent.

  • OCA I.P.I. No. 13-4148-P, February 10, 2016 - SPS. JOSE AND MELINDA CAILIPAN, Complainants, v. LORENZO O. CASTA�EDA, SHERIFF IV, REGIONAL TRIAL COURT, BRANCH 96, QUEZON CITY, Respondents

  • G.R. No. 205814, February 15, 2016 - SPOUSES ALFREDO TEA�O* AND VERONICA TEA�O, Petitioners, v. THE MUNICIPALITY OF NAVOTAS, REPRESENTED BY MAYOR TOBIAS REYNALD M. TIANGCO, AND MUNICIPAL TREASURER MANUEL T. ENRIQUEZ, Respondents.

  • G.R. No. 195145, February 10, 2016 - MANILA ELECTRIC COMPANY, Petitioner, v. SPOUSES SULPICIO AND PATRICIA RAMOS, Respondents.

  • G.R. No. 192075, February 10, 2016 - ROBERTO PALO Y DE GULA, Petitioner, v. PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Respondent.

  • G.R. No. 194548, February 10, 2016 - JUANA VDA. DE ROJALES, SUBSTITUTED BY HER HEIRS, REPRESENTED BY CELERINA ROJALES-SEVILLA, Petitioner, v. MARCELINO DIME, SUBSTITUTED BY HIS HEIRS, REPRESENTED BY BONIFACIA MANIBAY, Respondent.

  • G.R. No. 218396, February 10, 2016 - PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. NESTOR ROXAS Y CASTRO, Accused-Appellant.

  • G.R. No. 208343, February 03, 2016 - SPOUSES CEFERINO C. LAUS AND MONINA P. LAUS, AND SPOUSES ANTONIO O. KOH AND ELISA T. KOH, Petitioners, v. OPTIMUM SECURITY SERVICES, INC., Respondent.

  • G.R. No. 199194, February 10, 2016 - REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES, Petitioner, v. JOSE B. SARE�OGON, JR., Respondent.

  • A.C. No. 7618, February 02, 2016 - SPOUSES JONATHAN AND ESTER LOPEZ, Complainants, v. ATTY. SINAMAR E. LIMOS, Respondent.

  • G.R. No. 199371, February 03, 2016 - PETRON LPG DEALERS ASSOCIATION AND TOTAL GAZ LPG DEALERS ASSOCIATION, Petitioners, v. NENA C. ANG, ALISON C. SY, NELSON C. ANG, RENATO C. ANG, AND/OR OCCUPANTS OF NATIONAL PETROLEUM CORPORATION, Respondents.

  • G.R. No. 208451, February 03, 2016 - MANILA MEMORIAL PARK CEMETERY, INC., Petitioner, v. EZARD D. LLUZ, NORMAN CORRAL, ERWIN FUGABAN, VALDIMAR BALISI, EMILIO FABON, JOHN MARK APLICADOR, MICHAEL CURIOSO, JUNLIN ESPARES, GAVINO FARINAS, AND WARD TRADING AND SERVICES, Respondents.

  • G.R. No. 190846, February 03, 2016 - TOMAS P. TAN, JR., Petitioner, v. JOSE G. HOSANA, Respondent.

  • G.R. No. 204970, February 01, 2016 - SPOUSES CLAUDIO AND CARMENCITA TRAYVILLA, Petitioners, v. BERNARDO SEJAS AND JUVY PAGLINAWAN, REPRESENTED BY JESSIE PAGLINAWAN, Respondents.

  • G.R. No. 205764, February 03, 2016 - PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. LEE QUIJANO ENAD, Accused-Appellant.

  • G.R. No. 196651, February 03, 2016 - UWE MATHAEUS, Petitioner, v. SPOUSES ERIC AND GENEVIEVE MEDEQUISO, Respondents.

  • G.R. No. 207355, February 03, 2016 - JENNIFER A. AGUSTIN-SE AND ROHERMIA J. JAMSANI-RODRIGUEZ, Petitioners, v. OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT, REPRESENTED BY EXECUTIVE SECRETARY PAQUITO N. OCHOA, JR., ORLANDO C. CASIMIRO, OVERALL DEPUTY OMBUDSMAN, OFFICE OF THE OMBUDSMAN, AND JOHN I.C. TURALBA, ACTING DEPUTY SPECIAL PROSECUTOR, OFFICE OF THE SPECIAL PROSECUTOR, Respondents.

  • G.R. No. 209212, February 10, 2016 - PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Plintiff and Appellee, v. ROMEL SAPITULA Y PACULAN, Accused-Appellant.

  • G.R. No. 191185, February 01, 2016 - GUILBEMER FRANCO, Petitioner, v. PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Respondent.

  • A.M. OCA IPI No. 09-3210-RTJ, February 03, 2016 - JUVY P. CIOCON-REER, ANGELINA P. CIOCON, MARIVIT P. CIOCON-HERNANDEZ, AND REMBERTO C. KARAAN, SR., Complainants, v. JUDGE ANTONIO C. LUBAO, REGIONAL TRIAL COURT, BRANCH 22, GENERAL SANTOS CITY, Respondent.

  • A.C. No. 7594, February 09, 2016 - ADELPHA E. MALABED, Complainant, v. ATTY. MELJOHN B. DE LA PE�A, Respondent.

  • G.R. No. 207535, February 10, 2016 - PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. RICARDO LAGBO A.K.A RICARDO LABONG Y MENDOZA, Accused-Appellant.

  • G.R. No. 201073, February 10, 2016 - PHILIPPINE AIRLINES, INC. Petitioner, v. PAL EMPLOYEES SAVINGS & LOAN ASSOCIATION, INC., Respondent.

  • G.R. No. 180402, February 10, 2016 - COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Petitioner, v. PILIPINAS SHELL PETROLEUM CORPORATION, Respondent.

  • G.R. No. 208021, February 03, 2016 - OSCAR S. VILLARTA, Petitioner, v. GAUDIOSO TALAVERA, JR., Respondent.

  • G.R. No. 193748, February 03, 2016 - MERVIC REALTY, INC. AND VICCY REALTY, INC., Petitioners, v. CHINA BANKING CORPORATION, Respondent.

  • G.R. No. 181789, February 03, 2016 - GMA NETWORK, INC., Petitioner, v. NATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION, CENTRAL CATV, INC., PHILIPPINE HOME CABLE HOLDINGS, INC., AND PILIPINO CABLE CORPORATION, Respondents.

  • G.R. No. 202978, February 01, 2016 - PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. VICTOR P. PADIT, Accused-Appellant.

  • A.C. No. 9807, February 02, 2016 - ERLINDA SISTUAL, FLORDELISA S. LEYSA, LEONISA S. ESPABO AND ARLAN C. SISTUAL, Complainants, v. ATTY. ELIORDO OGENA, Respondent.

  • G.R. No. 180642, February 03, 2016 - NUEVA ECIJA I ELECTRIC COOPERATIVE INCORPORATED (NEECO I), Petitioner, v. ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, Respondent.

  • G.R. No. 194134, February 01, 2016 - JOSE ROMULO L. FRANCISCO, Petitioner, v. LOYOLA PLANS CONSOLIDATED INC., JESUSA CONCEPCION AND GERARDO B. MONZON, Respondents.

  • G.R. No. 187417, February 24, 2016 - CHRISTINE JOY CAPIN-CADIZ, Petitioner, v. BRENT HOSPITAL AND COLLEGES, INC., Respondent.

  • G.R. No. 170192, February 10, 2016 - PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. MARISSA BAYKER, Accused-Appellant.

  • G.R. No. 202187, February 10, 2016 - PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Appellee, v. ELISEO D. VILLAMOR, Appellant.

  • G.R. No. 210542, February 24, 2016 - ROSALINA CARODAN, Petitioner, v. CHINA BANKING CORPORATION, Respondent.

  • G.R. No. 215014, February 29, 2016 - REBECCA FULLIDO, Petitioner, v. GINO GRILLI, Respondent.

  • G.R. No. 215107, February 24, 2016 - REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES, REPRESENTED BY THE TOLL REGULATORY BOARD, Petitioner, v. C.C. UNSON COMPANY, INC., Respondent.

  • A.M. No. P-15-3300 (Formerly OCA I.P.I. No.12-4011-P), February 10, 2016 - JOSEPHINE E. LAM, Complainant, v. NILA M. GARCIA, JUNIOR PROCESS SERVER, MUNICIPAL TRIAL COURT, SIATON, NEGROS ORIENTAL, Respondent.

  • A.M. No. P-16-3423 [Formerly A.M. No. 13-9-89-MTCC], February 16, 2016 - RE: CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATION IRREGULARITY (IMPERSONATION) OF MS. ELENA T. VALDEROSO, CASH CLERK II, OFFICE OF THE CLERK OF COURT, MUNICIPAL TRIAL COURT IN CITIES, ANTIPOLO CITY.

  • G.R. No. 210233, February 15, 2016 - REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES, Petitioner, v. THE COURT OF APPEALS, SPOUSES RODOLFO SY AND BELEN SY, LOLITA SY, AND SPOUSES TEODORICO AND LEAH ADARNA, Respondents.

  • G.R. No. 206256, February 24, 2016 - ALBERT C. AUSTRIA, Petitioner, v. CRYSTAL SHIPPING, INC., AND/OR LARVIK SHIPPING A/S, AND EMILY MYLA A. CRISOSTOMO, Respondents.

  • G.R. No. 202695, February 29, 2016 - COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Petitioner, v. GJM PHILIPPINES MANUFACTURING, INC., Respondent.

  • A.C. No. 5325, February 09, 2016 - NEMESIO FLORAN AND CARIDAD FLORAN, Complainants, v. ATTY. ROY PRULE EDIZA, Respondent.

  • G.R. No. 201927, February 17, 2016 - VICENTE D. CABANTING AND LALAINE V. CABANTING, Petitioners, v. BPI FAMILY SAVINGS BANK, INC., Respondent.

  • G.R. No. 184332, February 17, 2016 - ANNA TENG, Petitioner, v. SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION (SEC) AND TING PING LAY, Respondents.

  • G.R. No. 198434, February 29, 2016 - HEIRS OF LEANDRO NATIVIDAD AND JULIANA V. NATIVIDAD, Petitioners, v. JUANA MAURICIO-NATIVIDAD, AND SPOUSES JEAN NATIVIDAD CRUZ AND JERRY CRUZ, Respondents.

  • G.R. No. 182629, February 24, 2016 - MERCEDES N. ABELLA, MA. THERESA A. BALLESTEROS AND MARIANITO N. ABELLA, Petitioners, v. HEIRS OF FRANCISCA C. SAN JUAN namely: GLICERIA SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO, BENIGNA SAN JUAN VASQUEZ, EVARISTO SAN JUAN, NIEVES SAN JUAN LUSTRE AND MATILDE SAN JUAN QUILONIO, Respondents.

  • G.R. No. 207389, February 17, 2016 - PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. FEDERICO DE LA CRUZ Y SANTOS, Accused-Appellant.

  • G.R. No. 216566, February 17, 2016 - MAGELLAN AEROSPACE CORPORATION, Petitioner, v. PHILIPPINE AIR FORCE, Respondent.

  • G.R. No. 175760, February 17, 2016 - REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES, Petitioner, v. SOGOD DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION, Respondent.

  • G.R. No. 199537, February 10, 2016 - REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES, Petitioner, v. ANDREA TAN, Respondent.

  • G.R. No. 179287, February 01, 2016 - PCI JIMMY M. FORTALEZA AND SPO2 FREDDIE A. NATIVIDAD, Petitioners, v. HON. RAUL M. GONZALEZ IN HIS CAPACITY AS THE SECRETARY OF JUSTICE AND ELIZABETH N. OROLA VDA. DE SALABAS, Respondents.; G.R. NO. 182090 - ELIZABETH N. OROLA VDA. DE SALABAS, Petitioner, v. HON. EDUARDO R. ERMITA, HON. MANUEL B. GAITE, P/INSP. CLARENCE DONGAIL, P/INSP. JONATHAN LORILLA,1 PO3 ALLEN WINSTON HULLEZA AND PO2 BERNARDO CIMATU, Respondent.

  • G.R. No. 206758, February 17, 2016 - MARICEL S. NONAY, Petitioner, v. BAHIA SHIPPING SERVICES, INC., FRED OLSEN LINES AND CYNTHIA MENDOZA, Respondents.

  • G.R. No. 195026, February 22, 2016 - CENTRAL MINDANAO UNIVERSITY, REPRESENTED BY ITS PRESIDENT, DR. MARIA LUISA R. SOLIVEN, Petitioner, v. REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES, REPRESENTED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES, Respondent.

  • G.R. No. 174462, February 10, 2016 - PHILIPPINE OVERSEAS TELECOMMUNICATIONS CORPORATION (POTC), PHILIPPINE COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE CORPORATION (PHILCOMSAT), Petitioners, v. SANDIGANBAYAN (3rd DIVISION), REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES REPRESENTED BY PRESIDENTIAL COMMISSION ON GOOD GOVERNMENT (PCGG), Respondents.

  • G.R. No. 199683, February 10, 2016 - ARLENE T. SAMONTE, VLADIMIR P. SAMONTE, MA. AUREA S. ELEPANO, Petitioners, v. LA SALLE GREENHILLS, INC., BRO. BERNARD S. OCA, Respondents.

  • G.R. No. 183486, February 24, 2016 - THE HONGKONG & SHANGHAI BANKING CORPORATION, LIMITED, Petitioner, v. NATIONAL STEEL CORPORATION AND CITYTRUST BANKING CORPORATION (NOW BANK OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS), Respondents.

  • G.R. No. 194960, February 03, 2016 - PRO BUILDERS, INC., Petitioner, v. TG UNIVERSAL BUSINESS VENTURES, INC., Respondent.

  • G.R. No. 203678, February 17, 2016 - CONCORDE CONDOMINIUM, INC., BY ITSELF AND COMPRISING THE UNIT OWNERS OF CONCORDE CONDOMINIUM BUILDING, Petitioner, v. AUGUSTO H. BACULIO; NEW PPI CORPORATION; ASIAN SECURITY AND INVESTIGATION AGENCY AND ITS SECURITY GUARDS; ENGR. NELSON B. MORALES, IN HIS CAPACITY AS BUILDING OFFICIAL OF THE MAKATI CITY ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT; SUPT. RICARDO C. PERDIGON, IN HIS CAPACITY AS CITY FIRE MARSHAL OF THE MAKATI CITY FIRE STATION; F/C SUPT. SANTIAGO E. LAGUNA, IN HIS CAPACITY AS REGIONAL DIRECTOR OF THE BUREAU OF FIRE PROTECTION-NCR, AND ANY AND ALL PERSONS ACTING WITH OR UNDER THEM, Respondents.

  • G.R. No. 174481, February 10, 2016 - THE PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. CRISTY DIMAANO Y TIPDAS, Accused-Appellant.

  • G.R. No. 218867, February 17, 2016 - SPOUSES EDMOND LEE AND HELEN HUANG, Petitioners, v. LAND BANK OF THE PHILIPPINES, Respondent.

  • G.R. No. 190534, February 10, 2016 - C.F. SHARP CREW MANAGEMENT, INC., RONALD AUSTRIA, AND ABU DHABI NATIONAL TANKER CO., Petitioners, v. LEGAL HEIRS OF THE LATE GODOFREDO REPISO, REPRESENTED BY HIS WIFE LUZVIMINDA REPISO, Respondents.

  • A.C. No. 10945 (Formerly CBD 09-2507), February 23, 2016 - ANGELITO RAMISCAL AND MERCEDES ORZAME, Complainants, v. ATTY. EDGAR S. ORRO, Respondent.

  • G.R. No. 208406, February 29, 2016 - PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Appellee, v. ALLAN RODRIGUEZ Y GRAJO, Appellant.

  • G.R. No. 177382, February 17, 2016 - VIVA SHIPPING LINES, INC., Petitioner, v. KEPPEL PHILIPPINES MINING, INC., METROPOLITAN BANK & TRUST COMPANY, PILIPINAS SHELL PETROLEUM CORPORATION, CITY OF BATANGAS, CITY OF LUCENA, PROVINCE OF QUEZON, ALEJANDRO OLIT, NIDA MONTILLA, PIO HERNANDEZ, EUGENIO BACULO, AND HARLAN BACALTOS, Respondents.

  • G.R. No. 203322, February 24, 2016 - PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Appellee, v. REMAN SARIEGO, Appellant.

  • G.R. No. 186102, February 24, 2016 - NATIONAL TRANSMISSION CORPORATION, Petitioner, v. HEIRS OF TEODULO EBESA, NAMELY: PORFERIA L. EBESA, EFREN EBESA, DANTE EBESA AND CYNTHIA EBESA, AND ATTY. FORTUNATO VELOSO, Respondents.

  • G.R. No. 192233, February 17, 2016 - PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Plaintiff and Appellee, v. SPO1 CATALINO GONZALES, JR., Accused-Appellant.

  • A.M. No. P-15-3393 [Formerly OCA IPI No. 13-4055-P], February 23, 2016 - SEGUNDINA P. NOCES-DE LEON AND LEONOR P. ALAVE, Petitioners, v. TERENCIO G. FLORENDO, SHERIFF IV, BRANCH 21, REGIONAL TRIAL COURT, VIGAN CITY, ILOCOS SUR, Respondent.

  • IPI No. 15-35-SB-J, February 23, 2016 - RE: VERIFIED COMPLAINT DATED JULY 13, 2015 OF ALFONSO V. UMALI, JR., Complainant, v. HON. JOSE R. HERNANDEZ, ASSOCIATE JUSTICE, SANDIGANBAYAN, Respondent.

  • A.M. No. P-15-3361 [Formerly OCA IPI No. 10-3381-P], February 23, 2016 - ATTY. JOHN V. AQUINO, Petitioner, v. ELENA S. ALCASID, CLERK III, REGIONAL TRIAL COURT, OFFICE OF THE CLERK OF COURT, OLONGAPO CITY, Respondent.

  • G.R. No. 185603, February 10, 2016 - REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES, Petitioner, v. LOCAL SUPERIOR OF THE INSTITUTE OF THE SISTERS OF THE SACRED HEART OF JESUS OF RAGUSA, Respondent.

  • G.R. No. 208404, February 24, 2016 - PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. VICENTE LUGNASIN AND DEVINCIO GUERRERO, Accused-Appellants.

  • G.R. No. 183529, February 24, 2016 - OFELIA C. CAUNAN, Petitioner, v. PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES AND THE SANDIGANBAYAN, Respondents.

  • G.R. No. 207816, February 24, 2016 - PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. RAUL YAMON TUANDO, Accused-Appellant.

  • G.R. No. 171041, February 10, 2016 - REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES, Petitioner, v. MOLDEX REALTY, INC., Respondent.

  • G.R. No. 188720, February 23, 2016 - QUEZON CITY PTCA FEDERATION, INC., Petitioner, v. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, REPRESENTED BY SECRETARY JESLI A. LAPUS, Respondent.

  • A.C. No. 8037, February 17, 2016 - RE: DECISION DATED AUGUST 19, 2008, 3RD DIVISION, COURT OF APPEALS IN CA-G.R. SP NO. 79904 [HON. DIONISIO DONATO T. GARCIANO, ET AL. V. HON. PATERNO G. TIAMSON, ETC., ET AL.], Petitioner, v. ATTY. JOSE DE G. FERRER, Respondent.

  • G.R. No. 220481, February 17, 2016 - VICTOR S. LIMLINGAN AND EMMANUEL A. LEYCO, Petitioners, v. ASIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT, INC., Respondent.; G.R. No. 220503 - ASIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT, INC., Petitioner, v. VICTOR S. LIMLINGAN AND EMMANUEL A. LEYCO, Respondents.

  • G.R. No. 208976, February 22, 2016 - THE HONORABLE OFFICE OF THE OMBUDSMAN, Petitioner, v. LEOVIGILDO DELOS REYES, JR., Respondent.

  • A.C. No. 10605, February 17, 2016 - BIENVENIDO T. CANLAPAN, Complainant, v. ATTY. WILLIAM B. BALAYO, Respondent.

  • G.R. No. 209180, February 24, 2016 - REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES, Petitioner, v. REGHIS M. ROMERO II AND OLIVIA LAGMAN ROMERO, Respondents.; G.R. NO. 209253 - OLIVIA LAGMAN ROMERO, Petitioner, v. REGHIS M. ROMERO II, Respondent.

  • G.R. No. 208948, February 24, 2016 - JOSE B. LURIZ, Petitioner, v. REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES, Respondents.

  • G.R. No. 173921, February 24, 2016 - PHILIPPINE AIRLINES, INC., Petitioner, v. ISAGANI DAWAL, LORNA CONCEPCION, AND BONIFACIO SINOBAGO, Respondents.; G.R. No. 173952 - ISAGANI DAWAL, LORNA CONCEPCION, AND BONIFACIO SINOBAGO, Petitioners, v. NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS COMMISSION, PHILIPPINE AIRLINES, INC., AVELINO L. ZAPANTA, AND CESAR B. LAMBERTE, Respondents.

  • A.M. No. P-16-3419 [Formerly OCAIPI No. 11-3648-P], February 23, 2016 - AUGUSTO V. SANTOS, Complainant, v. SHERIFF IV ANTONIO V. LEA�O, JR., SHERIFF III BENJIE E. LACSINA, SHERIFF III ALVIN S. PINEDA, Respondent.

  • G.R. No. 184288, February 16, 2016 - ERIC N. ESTRELLADO AND JOSSIE M. BORJA, Petitioners, v. KARINA CONSTANTINO DAVID, THE CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION, HIPOLITO R. GABORNI AND ROBERTO S. SE, Respondents.

  • G.R. No. 175210, February 01, 2016 - MARIO JOSE E. SERENO, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF THE ASSOCIATION OF PETROCHEMICAL MANUFACTURERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC. (APMP), Petitioner, v. COMMITTEE ON TRADE AND RELATED MATTERS (CTRM) OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMIC AND DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (NEDA), COMPOSED OF THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL OF THE NEDA SECRETARIAT, THE EXECUTIVE SECRETARY, THE SECRETARIES OF TRADE AND INDUSTRY, FINANCE, FOREIGN AFFAIRS, AGRICULTURE, ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES, BUDGET AND MANAGEMENT, TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION, LABOR AND EMPLOYMENT, AGRARIAN REFORM, THE GOVERNOR OF THE BANGKO SENTRAL NG PILIPINAS AND THE CHAIRMAN OF THE TARIFF COMMISSION, AND BRENDA R. MENDOZA IN HER CAPACITY AS DIRECTOR OF THE TRADE, INDUSTRY & UTILITIES STAFF, Respondents.

  • G.R. No. 170631, February 10, 2016 - CARAVAN TRAVEL AND TOURS INTERNATIONAL, INC., Petitioner, v. ERMILINDA R. ABEJAR, Respondent.

  • A.C. No. 8667, February 03, 2016 - INOCENCIO I. BALISTOY, Petitioner, v. ATTY. FLORENCIO A. BRON, Respondent.

  • IPI No. 14-222-CA-J, February 23, 2016 - RE: COMPLAINT OF ATTY. MARIANO R. PEFIANCO AGAINST JUSTICES MARIA ELISA SEMPIO DIY, RAMON PAUL L. HERNANDO, AND CARMELITA SALANDANAN-MANAHAN, OF THE COURT OF APPEALS CEBU.

  • G.R. No. 193176, February 24, 2016 - PRESIDENTIAL COMMISSION ON GOOD GOVERNMENT, Petitioner, v. OFFICE OF THE OMBUDSMAN, RENATO D. TAYAG, ISMAEL M. REINOSO, GENEROSO TANSECO, MANUEL MORALES, RUBEN B. ANCHETA, GERONIMO Z. VELASCO, TROADIO T. QUIAZON, JR., FERNANDO MARAMAG, EDGARDO TORDESILLAS, ARTURO R. TANCO, JR., GERARDO SICAT, PANFILO O. DOMINGO, POTENCIANO ILUSORIO, MANUEL B. SYQUIO, RAFAEL M. ATAYDE, HONORIO POBLADOR, JR., GEORGE T. SCHOLEY,1 TIRSO ANTIPORDA, JR., CARLOS L. INDUCTIVO, AND TEODORO VALENCIA, Respondents.